Nervous System Study Guide PDF

NERVOUS SYSTEM Topic Outline 1. Nervous System Division 2. Nerve Tissue 3. Types of Neurons 4. Nerve and Nerve Tracts 5. Nerve Impulse 6. Spinal Cord 7. The Brain 8. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 9...

NERVOUS SYSTEM Topic Outline 1. Nervous System Division 2. Nerve Tissue 3. Types of Neurons 4. Nerve and Nerve Tracts 5. Nerve Impulse 6. Spinal Cord 7. The Brain 8. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 9. Cranial Nerves 10. The Autonomic Nervous System Learning Objectives Anatomy & Physiology After studying this topic, you will be able to: Name the division of the nervous system and the parts of each, and state the general functions of the nervous system Name the parts of a neuron and state the function of each Explain the importance of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and neuroglia in the central nervous system Describe the electrical nerve impulses, and describe impulse transmission at synapses Describe the types of neurons, nerves, and nerve tracts State the name and numbers of the spinal nerves and their destinations State the functions of the parts of the brain and be able to locate each part on a diagram Name the meninges and describe their locations State the location and functions of cerebrospinal fluid Name the cranial nerves, and state their functions Explain how the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system enables the body to adapt to a stressful situation Explain how the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system promotes normal body functioning in a relaxed situation. Introduction The nervous system, a remarkable creation of God, orchestrates our body's activities, from basic functions to complex thoughts. It uses nerve impulses to control tissues, organs, and systems, allowing us to perceive and react to our surroundings and internal changes. This intricate system reflects divine design and intelligence. This study guide describes the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. The general functions of the nervous system are to detect changes and feel sensations, initiate appropriate responses to changes, and organize information for immediate or later use. These functions of the nervous system are directly related to the normal physiology of other organ systems and to the homeostasis of the body as a whole. Activating Prior Knowledge 1. The nervous system sends signals at speeds up to 268 miles per hour, allowing instant communication throughout the body. 2. The brain contains about 86 billion neurons, forming a vast network that controls every thought, movement, and sensation. 3. The brain can adapt and reorganize itself, a feature known as neuroplasticity, allowing learning and recovery from injuries. 4. The nervous system enables reflex actions, which are automatic and protect the body from harm without conscious thought. 5. The brain can store vast amounts of information, with some estimates suggesting it can hold up to 2.5 petabytes, showcasing God's intricate design. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 1  Discussion of Key Concepts Functions of the Nervous System 1. Detect changes & feel sensations 2. Organize & store information 3. Initiate responses to changes Division of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous System (PNS): Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves Nerve Tissue 1. Neurons: nerve cells; the functional unit of the nervous system. a. Cell body: contains the nucleus & other organelles. Regulates the functioning of the neuron. b. Nerve cell processes (extensions): i. Dendrites: carry impulses toward the cell body ii. Axon: carries impulses away from the cell body Myelin Sheath: multilayered lipid & protein covering formed by Schwann cells in the PNS Anatomy & Physiology & oligodendrocytes in the CNS, around axons of many peripheral & CNS neurons. It allows rapid conduction of impulses. Nodes of Ranvier: the spaces between the individual Schwann cells, or segments of the myelin sheath. 2. Neuroglia (glial cells): the non-neuronal cells of the CNS. a. Oligodendrocytes: produce the myelin sheath to electrically insulate axons of the CNS neurons. b. Microglia: capable of movement & phagocytosis of pathogens & damaged tissue. c. Astrocytes: support neurons, help maintain proper chemical environment for generation of impulses; help form the blood-brain barrier to prevent potentially harmful substances from affecting brain neurons. d. Ependyma: line the ventricles of the brain & central canal of the spinal cord; involved in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). White matter: nerve tissue within the CNS that consists primarily of myelinated axons of many neurons. Gray matter: nerve tissue within the CNS that consists primarily of cell bodies of neurons. Types of Neurons 1. Sensory (afferent) neurons: carry impulses from receptors to the CNS. 2. Motor (efferent) neurons: carry impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands. Effectors: any organ such as muscle or gland, activated by motor neurons. Nerve: a bundle of neuronal axons & or dendrites and associated connective tissues located outside the CNS. 1. Sensory nerve: made only of sensory neurons. 2. Motor nerve: made only of motor neurons 3. Mixed nerve: contains both sensory & motor neurons. Nerve Tract: a bundle of nerve axons within the CNS. Often referred to as White Matter: a tract may be ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) Nerve Impulse (nerve action potential): self-propagating wave of electrical current, which carries information along the nerve. Stimulus: any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber. State or Events 1. Polarization (the neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse): the neuron membrane has a (+) charge outside and a (-) charge inside. 2. Depolarization (generated by a stimulus): entry of Na+ ions and reversal of charges on either side of the membrane. 3. Propagation of the impulse from the point of stimulus. Saltatory Conduction: the rapid transmission of a nerve impulse from one node of Ranvier to the next; characteristic of myelinated neurons. 4. Repolarization (immediately follows depolarization): exit of K + ions & restores the (+) charge outside & (-) charge inside the membrane. The Na+ ions are returned outside & the K+ ions are returned inside by the sodium & potassium pump. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 2 Synapse: point of junction for the transmission of nerve impulses. The space between the axon of one neuron & dendrites or cell body of the next neuron. Neurotransmitter: chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a synaptic junction (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, dopamine, serotonin). Spinal Cord Enclose in the vertebral canal. Length extends from the foramen Magnum to the I.V. disc between the 1 st & 2nd lumbar vertebrae. (Cross-section) Internal H of gray matter contains primarily cell bodies of motor neurons & interneurons; external white matter consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons. Central canal: contains Cerebrospinal Fluid (the liquid that circulates around the brain & spinal cord) & is continuous with the ventricles of the brain. Functions of the spinal cord 1. Conduct sensory impulses through the ascending (sensory) tracts to the brain. 2. Conduct motor impulses from the brain through the descending (motor) tract to the motor (efferent) neurons that supply the muscles or glands. 3. Reflex activities. A reflex is a simple, rapid, and autonomic response involving very few neurons. Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs Anatomy & Physiology Cauda Equina: the lumbar & sacral nerves that extend below the end of the spinal cord. Each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots. The Posterior (dorsal) Root: is made of sensory neurons that carry impulses into the spinal cord. On each posterior root is a Posterior (Dorsal) root ganglion: an enlarged part of the posterior root that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. Ganglion: means a group of cell bodies outside the CNS. The Anterior (Ventral) Root is a motor root: it is made of motor neurons carrying impulses from the spinal cord to muscle and glands. The cell bodies of motor neurons are in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Because posterior (sensory) & anterior (motor) roots are combined to form the spinal nerve, all spinal nerves are mixed nerves. Distribution of Spinal Nerves Plexus: a network of nerves, which then distribute branches to the body parts. 1. Cervical plexus: supplies motor impulses to muscles of the neck & receives sensory impulses from the neck to the back of the head. Phrenic nerve: arises from the cervical plexus that activates the diaphragm. 2. Brachial plexus: supply shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. 3. Lumbosacral plexus: supplies nerve to the lower extremities. Sciatic nerve: the largest branch. Reflex: is an involuntary response to a stimulus Reflex arc: the most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system, connecting a receptor & an effector. Basic Components: 1. Receptor: detects changes (the stimulus) & generates impulses. 2. Sensory neuron or Afferent neuron: a cell that transmits impulses from receptor toward CNS. 3. Integrating center: one or more regions of gray matter in the CNS. Contains one or more synapses. 4. Motor neuron or Efferent neuron: a cell that carries impulses from CNS to the effector 5. Effector: a muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response. Brain: the part of the central nervous system within the cranial cavity Main Parts: 1. Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain. Divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres by a deed groove called a Longitudinal fissure. 2. Diencephalon: the area between the cerebral hemisphere and brain stem. Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus & pineal gland. 3. Brain Stem: connects the cerebrum and diencephalons with the spinal cord. 3 Parts: a. Midbrain: upper portion of the brain stem b. Pons: connects the midbrain with the medulla c. Medulla Oblongata: connects the brain with the spinal cord 4. Cerebellum: located below the back part of the cerebral hemisphere; and is connected with the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by means of pons. Covering of the Brain and the Spinal Cord: Meninges 1. Dura mater: the thickest and the toughest outermost layer of the meninges. Lines the skull and the vertebral canal. 2. Arachnoid mater: the middle layer of the meninges. Loosely attached to the pia mater by web-liked fibers allowing a space for the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the two membranes. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 3  3. Pia mater: is a very thin membrane and it is the innermost layer on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Made of delicate connective tissue in which there are many blood vessels. The blood supply to the brain is carried, to a large extent, by the pia mater. Subarachnoid space: space between the arachnoid and the pia mater. It contains the CSF, the fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord. The functions of CSF are: 1. Support neural tissue 2. Act as a cushion for the CNS 3. Carries nutrients to CNS neurons and transports or removes waste products from the cells. Ventricles: space within the brain that forms CSF Choroid Plexus: a network of capillaries in each ventricle that forms the CSF by filtration of blood plasma. Four Ventricles: 1. Two Lateral Ventricles: largest ventricles located in the two cerebral hemispheres. Interventricular Foramen: opening that will communicate ® & (L) Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle. 2. Third Ventricle: is surrounded by diencephalon. Cerebral Aqueduct: a tunnel through the midbrain that permits CSF to flow from the 3 rd and 4th Anatomy & Physiology ventricles. 3. Fourth Ventricle: located at the back of the pons → Central canal of the spinal cord→ Cranial & Spinal Subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord → Arachnoid villi: fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater → Cranial venous sinuses (superior sagittal sinus) reabsorbs back into the blood → CSF becomes plasma again. Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex: the gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, consists of cell bodies of neurons, that impulses are received and analyzed. Form the basis of knowledge. Responsible for conscious thought, reasoning, and abstract mental functions; conscious and voluntary actions originate. Internal to gray matter is white matter, made primarily of myelinated axons that connect the lobes of the cerebrum to one another and to all parts of the brain. The cerebral cortex is folded extensively, forming elevated portions known as gyri or convolution, which are separated by shallow & deep groves called sulci or fissures. This folding permits the presence of millions of more neurons in the cerebral cortex. Important Sulcus: 1. Central sulcus: lies between the frontal and parietal lobes at each hemisphere at a right angle to the longitudinal fissure. 2. Lateral sulcus: curves along the side of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. Corpus Callosum: is a band of nerve fiber that connects the left and right hemispheres. Located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure. Acts as a bridge between the right and left hemispheres, permitting impulses to cross from one side of the brain to the other. Basal Ganglia: masses of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere. Help initiate & terminate movements. Help regulate the muscle tone required for specific body movements & control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles, such as automatic arm swings while walking. Dopamine: neurotransmitter secreted by the neurons of basal ganglia. Lesion of the basal ganglia results in movement disorder. Limbic System: a part of the cerebrum, sometimes called the “emotional brain”, concerned with various aspects of emotion and behavior. Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere 1. Frontal Lobe: lies in front of the central sulcus. Contains the Motor Area: an area that generates the impulses for voluntary movements. Because of the way in which motor fibers cross the opposite sides in the CNS. The left motor area controls movement on the right side of the body and the right motor area controls the left side of the body. Broca’s area (motor speech area): located in front of the lowest part of the motor cortex. Controls the movement of the mouth involved in speaking. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 4  2. Parietal Lobe: occupies the upper part of each hemisphere and lies behind the central sulcus. Contains the Sensory Area: an area that receives impulses from receptors in the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, and interprets cutaneous sensation. These areas also receive impulses for proprioception (joint & muscle position). The estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes also takes place in the parietal lobe. 3. Temporal Lobe: lies below the lateral sulcus and folds under the hemisphere on each side. Auditory Area: receives and interprets impulses from receptors in the inner ear for hearing. Olfactory Area: located in the medial part of the temporal lobe: receives impulses from receptors from the nose for the sense of smell. 4. Occipital Lobe: lies behind the parietal lobe and extends to the cerebellum. Visual Area: receives and interprets impulses from the retina of the eye. Association areas: in all lobes, for abstract thinking, reasoning, will, judgment, learning, memory, and personality. Hippocampus: part of the temporal lobe located under the lateral ventricles. It is essential for the formation of memory. Diencephalon: located between the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. 1. Thalamus: superior to the hypothalamus and inferior to the cerebrum. Main relay center for sensory impulses ascending to the cerebral cortex. Sensory impulses going to the brain (except for the sense of Anatomy & Physiology smell) follow the neuron pathways that first enter the thalamus and direct them to a particular area of the cerebral cortex. The thalamus may also suppress unimportant sensations. 2. Hypothalamus: located superior to the pituitary gland and inferior to the thalamus. Functions: a. Control the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). b. Production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytoxin. These hormones are then stored in the posterior pituitary gland. ADH: enables the kidney to reabsorb water back to the blood and thus help maintain blood volume. Oxytoxin: causes contraction of the uterus to bring about labor and delivery. c. Production of releasing hormones that stimulate the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. d. Regulation of the body temperature by promoting responses such as sweating in a warm environment and shivering in a cold environment. e. Regulation of food & water intake. The hypothalamus responds to changes in blood nutrient levels. f. Regulation of body (circadian) rhythm such as secretion of hormones, sleep cycles, changes in mood or mental alertness. 3. Pineal Gland: located on the posterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain; secretes melatonin. Brain Stem 1. Midbrain: extends from the pons to the hypothalamus and encloses the cerebral aqueduct. Function: acts as relay centers or integration of visual and auditory reflexes. 2. Pons: lies between the midbrain and the medulla; in front of the cerebellum. It is composed largely of myelinated nerve fibers, which serve to connect the cerebellum with the brain stem as well as the cerebrum above and the spinal cord below. Function: regulates respiration with medulla oblongata to produce normal respiration. Origination of CN: V, VI, VII, & VIII. 3. Medulla Oblongata: located between the pons and the spinal cord. It appears white externally, like pons, it contains many myelinated nerve fibers. Internally, it contains a collection of cell bodies called nuclei or centers. Functions a. Respiratory Center: regulates breathing b. Cardiac Center: helps regulate the rate and force of the heartbeat. c. Vasomotor Center: regulates the diameter of blood vessels by contraction of the smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls, thereby controlling blood flow and blood pressure. Also, in the medulla are the reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, & vomiting. Origination of CN: IX, X, XI, XII. 4. Reticular Formation: A network of small groups of neuronal cell bodies (gray matter) intermingled with small bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) beginning in the medulla oblongata & extending superiorly through the central part of the brain stem. Reticular Activating System: a portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex. Concerned with the level of consciousness – from the states of sleep, drowsiness, and relaxation to full alertness & attention. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 5 Cerebellum: is separated from the medulla and pons by the fourth ventricle and is inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Made up of three parts: the middle portion (vernix) and the two lateral hemispheres. Functions 1. To aid in the coordination of voluntary muscles so that they function smoothly and in an orderly fashion. 2. To aid in the maintenance of balance in standing, walking, and sitting, as well as during more strenuous activities. Message from the internal ear and from sensory receptors in tendons and muscles aid the cerebellum. 3. To aid in the maintenance of muscle tone so that all muscle fibers are slightly tensed and ready to produce necessary changes in position as quickly as may be necessary. Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs emerge from the brain stem or other parts of the brain. CN I, II, VIII: contains only sensory fibers CN III, IV, VI, XI, and XII: contain all or mostly motor fibers CN V, VII, IX, and X: contain both sensory and motor fibers (mixed nerves) Cranial Nerves Function(s) I. Olfactory Sense of Smell Anatomy & Physiology II. Optic Sense of Vision/ Sight III. Oculomotor Movement of the eyeball, elevation of the upper lid; constriction of pupils in bright light or for near vision IV. Trochlear Movement of the eyeball (control the superior oblique muscle) V. Trigeminal Sensation for the entire face, scalp & teeth; contraction of chewing muscle VI. Abducens Movement of the eyeball (control the lateral rectus muscle) VII. Facial Sense of taste (anterior 2/3 tongue); contraction of facial muscles; secretion of saliva VIII. Acoustic Cochlear branch: sense of hearing; (Vestibulocochlear) Vestibular branch: sense of equilibrium. IX. Glossopharyngeal Sense of taste (Posterior 1/3); controls muscles of the throat; secretion of saliva X. Vagus Controls muscles of the throat; PNS stimulation to thoracic and abdominal organs (decrease heart rate; contraction alimentary tube (peristalsis); increase digestive secretion) XI. Spinal Accessory Contraction of neck & shoulder muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius); motor to larynx XII. Hypoglossal Movement of the tongue Autonomic Nervous System The portion of the PNS that consists of the motor portion of some cranial & spinal nerves. Making up the ANS are visceral motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands. An ANS pathway consists of two neurons that synapse in a ganglion: Preganglionic neurons: from the CNS to the ganglia Postganglionic neurons: from the ganglia to the effectors Two Divisions 1. Sympathetic Division (Thoracolumbar division): dominates during stress situations; responses prepare the body to meet physical demands. The sympathetic pathway begins in the spinal cord with cell bodies in the thoracic & lumbar regions. Arise from the spinal cord at the level of the 1 st thoracic nerve down to the level of the 2 nd lumbar spinal nerve. From this part of the cord, nerve fiber extends to the sympathetic ganglia where they synapse with a 2nd set of neurons (postganglionic neurons), the fiber of which extends to the glands & involuntary muscle tissue. The postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system acts on the effectors by releasing the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. 2. Parasympathetic Division (Craniosacral division): dominates in relaxed situations to permit normal functioning. Cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons are in the brain stem and sacral part of the spinal cord. Their axons are in the CN 3, 7, 9, 10 & some sacral nerves, and extend to the parasympathetic ganglia that are usually located near or within the walls of the effector organs. The pathway continues along the 2nd set of neurons (postganglionic neurons) that stimulate the involuntary muscle tissue and glands. These neurons released the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 6  EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Effector Sympathetic System Parasympathetic System Irish of the eye Dilation of pupils Constriction of pupils Sweat glands Stimulation ( secretion) None Heart  rate & strength of beat  rate & strength of beat Bronchi of Lungs Dilation Constriction Salivary glands  secretion  secretion Digestive glands Inhibition Stimulation Stomach & Intestine  peristalsis  peristalsis for normal digestion Kidney Decrease activity None Urinary bladder Relaxation Contraction & emptying Liver Increases released of glucose None Penis Ejaculation Erection Adrenals Stimulation None Blood vessels to: Skeletal muscles Dilation Constriction Skin & viscera None Constriction Anatomy & Physiology Respiratory system Constriction Digestion Dilation Constriction Dilation Activity Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Name and briefly describe the meninges. 2. Name the principal parts of the brain and their subdivisions. 3. Name the brain ventricles and the structures that connect them. 4. Describe the functions of the hypothalamus. Interactive Link https://tinyurl.com/4h3tx6t6 https://tinyurl.com/yp292n9p Key Terms 1. Afferent neuron - carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system 2. Autonomic Nervous System - division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions 3. Cerebral Cortex - a thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum 4. Cerebrospinal fluid- the fluid bathing the brain and spinal cord 5. Cranial nerves - the 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain 6. Efferent neuron - transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery; opposite of afferent 7. Gray matter - nerve tissue within the central nervous system that consists of the cell bodies of neurons 8. Parasympathetic - division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for ‘rest and repair’ 9. Reflex - involuntary action 10. Spinal nerves- the 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord 11. Sympathetic - division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for “fight or flight” 12. Ventricles - cavity or chamber 13. White matter - nerve tissue within the central nervous system that consists of myelinated axons and dendrites of interneuron Summary The nervous system regulates a wide range of activities, from the simplest to the most complex. Nerve impulses, which are generated and transmitted by the nervous system, exemplify the body's chemical level of organization. These impulses control the function of tissues, organs, and organ systems, enabling us to perceive and respond to both external and internal changes. Detecting these changes is the role of the sense organs, which will be discussed in the next study guide. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 7  Review Questions 1. The middle layer of the meninges is called: a. Pia mater c) Arachnoid mater b. Dura mater d) Visceral mater 2. Which is the most superior portion of the brainstem: a. Pons c) Medulla oblongata b. Midbrain d) Cerebral aqueduct 3. Which of the following lobes primarily processes information related to concentration, planning, and problem-solving? a. Temporal c) Frontal b. Occipital d) Parietal 4. Which lobe primarily processes information related to vision? a. Temporal c) Frontal b. Occipital d) Parietal 5. Which structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain? a. Cerebral aqueduct c) Choroid plexus b. Interventricular foramen d) Arachnoid villi 6. Which structure reabsorbs CSF? Anatomy & Physiology a. Choroid plexus c) Arachnoid villi b. Cerebral aqueduct d) Pia mater 7. Which cranial nerve carries information regarding balance and equilibrium? a. Vagus c) Vestibulocochlear b. Trigeminal d) Spinal accessory 8. Which cranial nerve is motor to the trapezius muscle? a. Trigeminal c) Facial b. Spinal accessory d) Vagus 9. Which of the following is not an effect of the sympathetic nervous system? a. Pupils dilate c) Respiration increases b. Heart rate increases d) Digestion increases 10. Which type of neuron produces myelin in the central nervous system? a. Bipolar neuron c) Oligodendrocyte b. Schwann cell d) Multipolar neuron Critical Thinking 1. A patient had their left lung removed due to cancer. To minimize the empty space left in the thoracic cavity, the left side of the diaphragm was intentionally paralyzed, allowing the abdominal organs to push the diaphragm upward into the vacant space. Which nerve must be cut to paralyze the left half of the diaphragm? 2. A patient sustained brain damage in a car accident, and physicians suspect the cerebellum is affected. Based on the known functions of the cerebellum, how could you determine its involvement? What symptoms would you expect to observe? 3. Identify the cranial nerve that, if damaged, results in the following symptoms: a. Inability to move the tongue b. Loss of vision in one eye c. Loss of sensation on one side of the face d. Inability to move the facial muscles on one side e. A dilated pupil in one eye that does not constrict Readings and References Tortora, G. J. (9th Ed.). Introduction to the Human Body: The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley. Mader, S. S. (7th Ed.). Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education. Memmler, R. L., Cohen, B. J., & Woods, M. A. (7th Ed.). Structures and Function of the Human Body. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Scanlon, V. C., & Sanders, T. (5th Ed.). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. F.A. Davis Company. Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (8th Ed.). Anatomy and Physiology. Mosby. Regan, J., & Russo, A. (9th Ed.). Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education. Marieb, E. N. (11th Ed.). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Pearson. All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited. 8