Study Guide 3 PDF

**Study Guide 3** **Prepare for Exam 3** Chapter 11 ========== **11.1 Describe the synapomorphies that define eukaryotes?** \- membrane bound nucleus \- endosymbiosis = organelles **11.2 Describe what protozoans are, what their body plan is like, and identify some features that are common to p...

**Study Guide 3** **Prepare for Exam 3** Chapter 11 ========== **11.1 Describe the synapomorphies that define eukaryotes?** \- membrane bound nucleus \- endosymbiosis = organelles **11.2 Describe what protozoans are, what their body plan is like, and identify some features that are common to protozoans.** \- body plan: acoelomate \- other features: locomotion = flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia; can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, no cell wall (contains a nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, extrusomes (trichocyte- eject threads, toxicyst- eject filaments with toxins, and ancoracyst- immobilize prey)) outer membrane is selectively permeable. **11.3 Describe how ameboid movement occurs.** \- pseudopodia \- outer layer of gel-like ectoplasm surrounds inner, more fluid like endoplasm hydrostatic pressure of endoplasm pushes against ectoplasm involves interaction of actin and actin-binding proteins **11.4 Describe the sliding filament hypothesis** \- dynein arms bind to tubulin subunit bend to move the tubulin subunit up release and bind to subunit below repeats rapidly reverse **11.5 Define the following:** Lobopodia- large with ectoplasm and endoplasm Filopodia- thin extensions of ectoplasm Axopodia- arrays of microtubules extend the cytoplasm Trichocyst- ejection of threads Pellicle- longitudinal microtubules form flexible proteinaceous strip under cells Phagocytosis- ingestion of food particles Contractile vacuole- expulsion of water **11.6 Describe the following forms of asexual reproduction that occurs in protozoans:** Binary fission- 2 identical individuals Budding- progeny smaller than adult Schizogeny- form multiple individuals (multiple fission) Sporogeny- multiple fission preceded by union of gametes to form spores or sporozoites **11.7 Describe ways in which sexual reproduction occurs in protozoans.** \- asexual- fission (binary fission, budding, multiple fission, sporogeny, and conjugation) \- sexual- form haploid gamete cells or gamete nuclei (syngamy- one gamete fertilizes another, autogamy- gametes arise and fuse within parent, and conjugation- exchange gamete nuclei (macronuclei degenerates and micronuclei undergoes meiosis exchange of male pronuclei miotic divisions of the diploid nucleus followed by miotic divisions of the cell creating 4 daughter cells)) *11. 8 For each of the following groups in bold:* *A) name the synapomorphy(ies) that define the group (if one exists)* *B) describe the features of the group* *C) name an example or examples of organisms in that group.* ***Phylum Euglenozoa:*** - ***Synapomorphy- locomotion flagella, pellicle, and stigma*** - ***Other features- some autotrophic and some parasitic*** - ***Example- euglena*** **Phylum Stramenopiles** - **Synapomorphy- 2 different flagella with one being tuffed** - **Other features-** - **Example- diatoms and brown algae** **Clade Alveolata** Phylum **Ciliophora** - Synapomorphy- all are multinucleate - Other features- all have cilia, have a pellicle, some with trichocytes or toxicyst, all heterotrophic, most are free-living some can be sessile or colonial, and some can be commensal or parasitic - Example- paramecium **Phylum Dinoflagellata** - **Synapomorphy- 2 flagella in body grooves** - **Other features- nearly 50% are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic, naked or with external cellulose plates and ornamentation, some are bioluminescent, and contain zooxanthellae which is mutualistic symbionts of coral, clams, and anemones** - **Example- ceratium** Phylum **Apicomplexa** - Synapomorphy- presence of apical complex (forms part of he glideosome), contains alveoli ( membrane bound sacs below the cell membrane), and alveolins (type of structural protein) - Other features- all are parasitic, locomotion via glideosome, and complex life cycle - Example- plasmodium Clade Rhizaria - No synapomorphy but most are ameboid with pseudopods, all are heterotrophic, free-living, and has tests - \- other features- - Example- radiolarian **Phylum Foraminifera** - **Synapomorphy- heterotrophic and fossil** - **Other features-** - **Example- globorotalia** **Phylum Radiolaria** - Synapomorphy- - Other features- - Example- Phylum **Amebozoa** - Synapomorphy- - Other features- - Example- Phylum **Viridiplantae** - Synapomorphy- contains both chlorophyll A and B, cell walls, and cellulose - Other features- photosyntheitc - Example- volvox Chapter 12 ========== **12.1 What are choanoflagellates and discuss the importance of choanoflagellates in understanding hypotheses multicellular animals.** ====================================================================================================================================== \- choanoflagellates- type of cells that is solitary or colonial -cell-to-cell signaling proteins in multicellular animals **12.2 What are the synapomorphies that define Phylum Porifera?** ================================================================= \- synapomorphies- cellular level of organization with no tissue, possess choanocytes, and internal system of pores and canals 12.3 Describe the basic features of sponges in terms of their grade of organization and body symmetry. \- **12.4 How are the following classes of sponges distinguished?** Class Calcipongiae (aka Calcarea)- calcium carbonate spicules Class Hexactinellida (Hyalophongiae)- 6-rayed siliceous spicules Class Demospongiae- silaceous spicules that are no 6-rayed **12.5 Describe how sponges acquire and digest food.** \- suspension feeders that contain choanocytes which are flagellated 'collar cells' \- flagella beats and pulls water in through the ostia 'collar' or microfibrils trap particles choanocytes phagocustize particles and pass them to archeocytes for digestion digestion is intracellular **12.6 Describe the three types of canal systems in sponges:** Asconoid- simplest, the choanocytes line spongocoel Syconoid- spongocoel wall is folded and choanocytes line radial canal Leuconoid- most complex, choanocytes line internal chambers **12.7 Describe the function of each cell type in a sponge:** Pinacocyte- outer layer also called the pinacoderm Archaeocytes- amoeboid cells that split into 3 different cells (sclerocytes, spongocytes, and collencytes) Sclerocytes- secrete spicules Spongocytes- secrete spongin Collenocytes- secretes collagen Choanocytes- create current flow Mesohyl- extracellular gelatinous matrix **12.8 Describe asexual reproduction in sponges via fragmentation, budding, and gemmules** \- fragmentation- somatic embryogenesis \- budding- external buds \- gemmules- inter buds **12.9 Describe the basic method of sexual reproduction in most sponges** \- gametes arise from choanocytes. In most sponges sperm is released phagocytized by archeocytes carried to oocytes parent releases ciliated larva. But in others egg and sperm are released and form paraenchymula **12.10 What is a parenchymula?** \- parenchymula- ciliated larva Chapter 13 ========== **13.1 What are the synapomorphies that define Phylum Cnidaria?** \- synapomorphies- radial symmetry, diploblastic (no mesoderm and no endoskeleton), life cycle with a sessile poly or a mobile medusa, and cnidocytes (stinging cells) **13.2 Describe the body plan of cnidarians.** \- polyp- sedentary, solitary, or colonial. Feeding polyp is the hydranth and reproductive poly is gonangia \- medusa- motile and sexual reproduction \- ectoderm- cnidocytes, epitheliomuscular cells, gland and sensory cells \- mesoglea- gelatinous middle layer that provides support ad elastic skeleton \- endoderm- gastrodermis that has cnidocytes and gland cells secrete digestive enzymes \- no excretory or respiratory systems **13.3 Distinguish between polyp and medusa forms.** \- polyp- sedentary, solitary, or colonial \- medusa- motile form and sexual reproduction **13.4 Describe feeding and digestion in cnidarians.** \- feeding- mostly carnivores \- polyp- capture prey with tentacles and mouth is in the center \- medusa- mouth at the end of the manubrium (oral arms bring food to the manubrium) \- digestion- gastrovascular cavity (blind gut) \- extracellular digestion- enzymes create a digestive broth \- intracellular- cells of gastrodermis engulf particles **13.5 Describe the key distinguishing features for each of the following classes of cnidarians:** Class Anthozoa- medusa is not present, gut with septal filaments, and contains a siphonoglyph Class Scyphozoa- polyp is reduced, edge of bell scalloped and forms lapets with sense organs in between, rhopalium (sense organ) contains statocyst (balance organs) and sensory pits, and food is captured by oral arms Class Hydrozoa- perisarc is a chitinous covering, mostly marine and colonial, and poly predominates **13.6 Define the following:** Gastrozooids- feeding polys in class hydrozoa Gonangium- reproductive polyp Manubrium- connection of the mouth to the bell Rhopalia- balance organ Gastrovascular cavity- blind gut Cnidocytes- stinging cells Scyphistoma- fixed polyp-like stage in the life cycle Strobila- segmented part of the body of a tapeworm Zooxanthellae- mutualistic symbionts of corals, clams, and anemones **13.7 Describe the differences between hexacorallian corals and octocorallian corals.** \- hexacorallian- sea anemoones and hard corals with hexamerous symmetry (multiples of 6) \- octacorallian- soft corals and ocotmerous symmetry (multiples of 8) 13.8 Compare the life cycle of *Obelia* and *Aurelia*. Name the stages in these life cycles. Which is the asexual stage, and which is the sexual stage? Which is the predominant form for each of these species? **13.9 In what ways are ctenophores different from cnidarians?** \- ctenophores- 8 comb-like plates of cilia, diploblastic, posses 2 tentacles which do not sting, complete gut with intracellular and extracellular digestion, and bioluminescent \- cnidarians- radial symmetry, diploblastic, life cycle with polyp and medusa, and has cnidocytes which are stinging cells. 13.10 Describe movement, feeding, digestion, and respiration in ctenophores. What are colloblasts? \- feeding- -digestion- intracellular and extracellular \- respiration- Chapter 14 ========== **14.1 What is the defining feature of Protostomia? What defines the clade Lophotrochozoa?** \- Protostomia- mouth develops before their anus in the embryotic development \- lophotrochozoa- have a trochophore larva and possess a lophophore **14.2 Describe the body plan, symmetry, digestive system and osmoregulatory system in Phylum Platyhelminthes?** \- body plan- acoelomate (body cavity is filled with paraenchyma -symmetry- bilateral -digestive system- incomplete digestive system with a single opening that serves as the mouth and anus \- osmoregulatory system- protonephridia with flame cells **14.3 What is cephalization?** \- cephalization- distinct head **14.4 Describe key differences between Class Turbellaria, Class Trematoda, and Class Cestoda.** \- turbellaria- epidermis is ciliated with dual gland adhesive organs, movement is via cilia and muscles, intra and extracellular digestion, excretion via diffusion, and osmoregulation is via protonephridia with flame cells \- Trematoda- parasitic with 2 hosts, blind gut (gastrovsular tract), reproductive, nervous excretory and muscular system -cestoda- parasitic and no digestive system **14.5 Describe movement, feeding, digestion, osmoregulation, and excretion in turbellarians.** \- movement- cilia and muscles -feeding- carnivores -digestion- blind gut with intra and extracellular digestion \- osmoregulation- protonephridia with flame cells -excretion- diffusion **14.6 What is a syncytial tegument?** \- epidermis is not comprised of individual cells and fuse to form multinucleate covering **14.7 Describe the stages in the life cycle of a liver fluke, and be sure you know the following** terms: Miracidium- free swimming larva that is in the second stage of life in treamtodes Sporocyst- a spore secreted by protozoans in sporogeny Redia- a larva produced within the sporocyst of trematodes that produces another generation of larvae like itself and develops into a cercaria Cercaria- free swimming larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from an intermediate host to another host Metacercariae- encysted juvenile trematode that usually infect the final host **14.8 Define the following terms:** Scolex- attachment Strobila- buds Proglottid- reproductive segments Cysticerci- illness cause my an infection of the parasite taenia solium **14.9 Know the life cycle of the beef tapeworm. Why is cysticercosis so much worse than a tapeworm infection?** \- human eats undercooked meat cysticercus evaginates / lodges in the intestines reproductive proglottids in feces proglottids release oncospheres (shelled larva) egg hatches in cow juvenile cysticerci encyst in muscles \- worse than a tapeworm infection because it can lead to serious health complications **14.10 What is the synapomorphy that defines Clade Gnathifera? Which two phyla that we learned about belong to this clade?** \- synapomorphy- complex cuticular 'jaws' \- phylum chaetognatha and phyum rotifera **14.11 What are some unique features of chaetognaths (Phylum Chaetognatha)? What type of body plan and organ systems do they have?** \- features- marine, planktonic, and posses a thin cuticle \- body plan- coelomate and mouth is not from the blastopore \- organs- no respiratory or excretory systems, complete digestive sysem, and a nervous system **14.12 While chateognaths are currently considered protostomes, what features do they share with deuterostomes?** \- the mouth is not from the blastopore **14.13 What are the synapomorphies of Phylum Rotifera?** \- synapomorphies- toes with adhesive glands **14.14 What type of body plan is found in Phylum Rotifera?** \- pseudocoelom (mesoderm lines on side) **14.15 Describe how rotifers feed. What type of digestive and osmoregulatory system do they have?** \- feed via mastax which grinds food \- digestive- complete digestive tract \- osmoregulatory- protonephridial tubes with flame cells **Chapter 15** **15.1 Why are the ectoprocts and brachiopods referred to as lophophorates?** \- they both posses a lophophore **15.2 What is a lophophore and what functions does it serve?** \- lophophore- crown of ciliated tentacles \- function- feeding and respiration **15.3What is the synapomorphy of Phylum Ectoprocta?** \- synapomorphy- anus outside the lophophore **15.4 Describe the body plan of an ectoproct. Describe the digestive, vascular and excretory systems.** -body plan- coelomate \- digestion- complete gut \- vascular- no vascular organs -excretory- no excretory organs **15.5 What is a statoblast?** \- germinative cells **15.6 What is the synapomorphy of Phylum Brachiopoda?** \- synapomorphy- dorsal and ventral shells **15.67 What type of body plan is found in brachiopods?** \- coelomate body plan