Chapter 5 Study Guide - Eukaryotes, Microbiology, Biology | PDF

5.1 Overview of Eukaryotes 1.​ All Eukaryotes Have: -​ Cell membrane -​ Nucleus -​ Mitochondria -​ Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Golgi apparatus -​ Vacuoles -​ Cytoskeleton -​ Glycolax 1.​ Some Eukaryo...

5.1 Overview of Eukaryotes 1.​ All Eukaryotes Have: -​ Cell membrane -​ Nucleus -​ Mitochondria -​ Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Golgi apparatus -​ Vacuoles -​ Cytoskeleton -​ Glycolax 1.​ Some Eukaryotes have: -​ Cell Wall -​ Locomotor appendages -​ Chloroplasts 1.​ Endosymbiosis: -​ Relationships in which a organism resides within a host cell and provides a benefit to the host cell -​ Bacterial & Eukaryotic cells emerged from an from an earlier cell type known as the last common ancestor (LCA) -​ Bacteria or Archaea cell parasitized another descendant cell of the LCA making mitochondria & chloroplasts this can explain why they have circular DNA, 80s, ribosomes, two-layer membrane 2.​ Eukaryotes of Medical Microbiology -​ Fungi: many are unicellular, a few are multicellular -​ Protozoa: ALL unicellular -​ Helminths: multicellular worms;egg & larvae unicellular 5.2 Form and Structure of External Boundary Structures 5. Flagella: -​ 10x thicker, structurally more complex, and covered by an extension of the cell membrane (9+2 arrangement of microtubules)  6. Cilia: -​ Shorter little hairs that can be used for feeding, filtration, and movement -​ More numerous only found in a single group of protozoa & certain animal cells 7. Cell Wall: -​ Fungi and algae have different chemical compositions of bacteria cell walls -​ Fungi have inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and other layers of glycans 8. Cytoplasmic membrane, cell membrane, plasma membrane: -​ Phospholipids contain proteins and sterols of various kinds giving them rigidity (important for those that lack a cell wall). They have the same function in bacteria of being selectively 5.3 Internal Structures Cell Structure Description of structure Function Nucleus Double-membrane organelle with Control center of the cell pores -Nuclear Envelope: separates nucleus from the cytoplasm - Nucleolus: found within the nucleus where RNA is transcribed - Contain chromatin/chromosomes and histone proteins - Important for mitosis & meiosis Endoplasmic Tunnels of saccules Used for transport and storage Reticulum -RER: studded ribosomes tunnels used for storage/synthesis of proteins - SER: close tubular network without ribosomes that processes nutrients and synthesizes/stores lipids Golgi Body Stack of flattened disc shapes stacks Packaging and shipping of proteins and lipids. Also give rise to lysosomes Lysosomes Sac of hydrolytic enzymes Digest food particles, protect against invaders, remove cell debris from damaged organelles Vacuoles Membrane bound sacs of fluid or Digest excrete, & store fats or glycogen solid particles Mitochondria Smooth continuous outer membrane Provide constants supply of energy for cellular that forms inner folded membrane activities - circular DNA - 70s Ribosome Chloroplasts Double- membrane organelle with Algae and plant cells convert light energy into fluid filled space chemical energy - Thylakoids: perform light dependent reactions - Grana: stacks of thylakoids - Stroma: watery fluid Ribosomes Protein and rRNA Site of protein synthesis - scattered in cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and RER - 80s Cytoskeleton Crisscrossed flexible framework Anchors organelles, moves RNA & vesicles, permits shape changes, and movement in cells Actin Filament: thin protein strands, cell movement, contraction, crawling, pinching during cell division, formation of cellular extensions Microtubules: hollow rigid tubes responsible for cell movement, shape, intracellular transport, and cell division Intermediate Filaments: ropelike structures, for structural reinforcement of cells and organelles 5.4 The Fungi 9. Macroscopic Fungi: -​ Mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi 10. Microscopic Fungi: -​ Mold and yeasts 11. Morphological types: -​ Yeasts and hyphae 12. Yeasts: -​ Round oval shape using asexual reproduction 13. Hyphae: -​ Long, threadlike cell bodies found in filamentous fungi or molds ​ Pseudohyphae: chain of yeasts 14. Heterotrophic: -​ Organisms that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs -​ Fungi are often found nutritionally poor or adverse environments (high salt, sugar, and temperatures) -​ Can be parasites and need a live host -​ Saprobe: Obtain material from remnants of dead plants, animals, or aquatic habitats (only some fungi) -​ Dimorphic: some can fungi can take on yeasts or hyphae form depending environmental conditions -​ 300 fungi cause disease to human, but can be apart of the human microbiome 15. Mycoses: -​ Animal disease caused by fungi -​ Acquire materials from a wide variety of organic materials called substrates -​ 300 fungi cause disease to human, but can be apart of the human microbiome -​ Candia: is apart of our normal microbiome but it can become opportunistic causing infection 5.6 The Helminths 16. Helminths: -​ Tapeworms. Flukes, roundworms ​ Major groups: Flatworms (tapeworms; thin segmented trematodes) & roundworms (cylindrical, unsegmented nematodes) ​ Not ALL parasitic by nature ​ Many live free in soil and water, but most disease causing spend their life in the GI tract ​ Life cycle: fertilized eggs, larval, and adult stage 17. Life cycle stages: -​ Egg stage: Worms lay eggs inside host body & leave through feces into soil,water,& food -​ Larva stage: The eggs hatch into larvae (young worms) in the environment or inside another host (intermediate secondary host) -​ Adult stage: Once inside a final host larvae mature into adult worms affecting the GI tract, blood, and muscles by stealing nutrients, damaging tissues, and disrupting normal bodily function -​ Human are usually the definitive final host and continue to reproduce in the host -​ Human become infected through unbroken skin or ingestion that can come from food, soil, water, or other infected animals -​ Protozoa 18. Protozoa Locomotion: -​ Pseudopods: False feet that give them amoeboid motion, serve as feeding structures, the always move in the direction they want to go -​ Also have flagella and cilia