Readings In Philippine History PDF

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Learning Objectives  To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline  To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing exist...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Learning Objectives  To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline  To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives  To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidence and sources  To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the Philippines. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY HISTORY? WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY HISTORY? Studying history is essential because it clarifies modern events and issues, many of which have historical roots. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 1. Understanding the Present: History provides context for understanding current events and issues. Many contemporary political, social, and economic problems have deep roots in the past. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 2. Learning from the Past: By studying history, we can learn from past successes and mistakes. This can inform better decision-making in the present and future. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 3. Cultural Awareness: History helps us appreciate the diversity and richness of human cultures. It fosters an understanding of different traditions, values, and customs, promoting empathy and tolerance. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 4. Identity and Heritage: Knowing history helps individuals and societies understand their identity and heritage. It connects people to their ancestors and cultural roots, providing a sense of belonging and continuity. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 5. Critical Thinking: Analyzing historical events and sources develops critical thinking skills. Students learn to evaluate evidence, identify bias, and construct well- supported arguments. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF STUDYING HISTORY 6. Avoiding Repetition of Mistakes: By understanding the causes and consequences of past events, societies can avoid repeating the same mistakes. This is particularly relevant in areas such as conflict, governance, and environmental management. WHY DO WE STUDY HISTORY?  WHY DO WE STUDY HISTORY? We study history because it does not leave us. History helps us comprehend how past events shaped the present. Lessons from the past teach us not just about ourselves and how we came to be, but also how to avoid mistakes and forge better routes for our society. HISTORIAN Historians are scholars who research, interpret, and write about the past. They use historical materials including papers, artifacts, and records to build narratives and explain the complexity of human history. Historians may specialize on specific time periods, places, or themes, such as political history, social history, economic history, and cultural history. PURPOSE OF HISTORIAN: 1. Preservation of Knowledge: Historians preserve the collective memory of societies. By documenting and interpreting past events, they ensure that knowledge is not lost over time. PURPOSE OF HISTORIAN: 2. Understanding Change and Continuity: Historians help us understand how societies have changed over time and what factors have contributed to continuity. This understanding can provide valuable insights into how and why societies evolve. PURPOSE OF HISTORIAN: 3. Learning from the Past: By analyzing past successes and failures, historians provide lessons that can inform current decision-making. Understanding historical contexts helps prevent the repetition of past mistakes. PURPOSE OF HISTORIAN: 4. Critical Thinking and Analysis: The work of historians involves critical analysis of sources and evidence. This process develops critical thinking skills and teaches how to evaluate information, identify biases, and construct well- supported arguments. PURPOSE OF HISTORIAN: 5. Educating the Public: Historians play a crucial role in education, both in academic settings and through public history initiatives like museums, documentaries, and books. They make history accessible and engaging for a broad audience. Historians rely on surviving records “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.” Historians rely on surviving records “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.” DEFINITION OF HISTORY Study of past events presented in chronological order and with explanation. DEFINITION OF HISTORY Derived from the GREEK word “HISTORIA” which means “KNOWLEDGE” acquired through inquiry or investigation. DEFINITION OF HISTORY Is the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. DEFINITION OF HISTORY History also focused in writing about wars, revolutions, and other important breakthroughs. NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY It means that a written document can prove a certain historical event, and then it cannot be considered as a historical fact.  HISTORIOGRAPHY Historiography is the study of the methods, interpretations, and theories employed in the writing of history. It is a methodical investigation into how historical knowledge is formed, developed, and interpreted over time. Historiography investigates the principles, assumptions, biases, and procedures used by historians in their study and writing, providing insight into the HISTORIOGRAPHY Is the history of history. It covers how historians have studied and developed history including its sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches. HISTORIOGRAPHY It focuses on how a certain historical text was written, who wrote it. What was the context of its publication, what historical method was employed, what sources were used. HISTORIOGRAPHY HISTORIOGRAPHY It refers to the study of the methods, theories, and principles used in historical research and writing. It is the study of how history is constructed, analyzed, and interpreted. HISTORIOGRAPHY HISTORIOGRAPHY Focus: Historiography focuses on the methodologies, approaches, biases, and interpretations that historians employ in their study of history. It examines the evolution of historical scholarship over time, including changes in historical paradigms, schools of thought, and the influence of cultural, social, and political HISTORICAL SOURCES Historical sources are the materials that historians use to understand and interpret the past. They serve as evidence for reconstructing historical events, analyzing society changes, and creating narratives about the past. Historical sources can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary sources, each serving a different role in historical study.  HISTORICAL SOURCES PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Primary sources are original, Secondary sources are firsthand accounts or direct proof interpretations, analyses, or of events, individuals, or works of syntheses of primary sources created art from the period under by historians or scholars after the consideration. They are fact. They offer commentary, generated by eyewitnesses or discussion, and evaluation of participants in the events or times historical events based on primary being investigated. sources.  PRIMARY SOURCES Are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied. Primary sources allow direct access to historical events while also providing true insights into the thoughts, experiences, and settings of the period.  PRIMARY SOURCES Documents: Letters, diaries, official records, treaties, birth certificates, government reports. Artifacts: Tools, clothing, machinery, buildings, artwork. Visual Sources: Photographs, paintings, maps, films. Oral Histories: Interviews, speeches, recorded memories. Literary Works: Books, manuscripts, poems written during the period in question.  SECONDARY SOURCES Are those sources produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material Secondary sources serve to explain primary sources by providing a broader analysis and connecting particular occurrences to bigger historical stories.  SECONDARY SOURCES Books and Articles: History textbooks, scholarly articles, biographies, reviews. Documentaries: Films or programs that analyze historical events using primary sources and expert commentary. Critiques: Essays and critiques that discuss and interpret primary sources or historical events. Examples of primary and secondary sources of data. Primary Sources Secondary Sources 1. ERIEVINTSW 6. OIBLBIRAGIEHPS 2. HTPOARPHSOG 7. OSTXEBKTO 3. EEPSHCES 8. OCENMMATIESR 4. ITRASCTFA 9. CYLENCPOEDAI 5. ECORDRSGNI 10. ICIODTANIESR Examples of primary and secondary sources of data. Primary Sources Secondary Sources 1. ERIEVINTSW(interviews) OIBLBIRAGIEHPS(bibliographie s) 2. OSTXEBKTO(textbooks) HTPOARPHSOG(photographs) 3. EEPSHCES(speeches) OCENMMATIESR(commentarie s) 4. ITRASCTFA(artifacts) CYLENCPOEDAI(encyclopedia) 5. ECORDRSGNI(recordings ICIODTANIESR(dictionaries)  PRIMARY SOURCES A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources provide the original materials on which other research is based and enable students and other researchers to get as close as possible to what actually happened during a particular event or time period. Published materials can be viewed as primary resources if they come from the time period that is being discussed, and were written or produced by someone with firsthand experience of the event. Often primary EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES: Autobiographies and memoirs Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork Internet communications on email, blogs, and newsgroups Photographs, drawings, and posters Works of art and literature magazine and newspaper articles and ads published at the time Speeches and oral histories Original documents (birth certificates, property deeds, trial transcripts) Artifacts of all kinds, such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture, etc. Audio recordings, DVDs, and video recordings  SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. A secondary source is generally one or more steps removed from the event or time period and are written or produced after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. Secondary sources often lack the freshness and immediacy of the original material. On occasion, secondary sources will collect, organize, and repackage primary source information to increase usability and speed of delivery. EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES: Bibliographies Biographical works Reference books, including dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and atlases Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews) History books and other popular or scholarly books Works of criticism and interpretation Commentaries and treatises  “In order to know the destiny of the people, it is necessary to open the book of its past.” - Jose Rizal