One Health Approach & Related Topics - Human Health Reviewer PDF

FINALS One Health Approach Aims to have a better outcome for the health of humans, animals, & environment We need protect one in order to protect all It was in 2004 when this was used to design or implement the approach. Organizations World Health Organization (WHO)...

FINALS One Health Approach Aims to have a better outcome for the health of humans, animals, & environment We need protect one in order to protect all It was in 2004 when this was used to design or implement the approach. Organizations World Health Organization (WHO) ○ Focuses on human health, especially in preventing and controlling diseases that affect humans. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ○ Focuses on food security, agricultural sustainability, and zoonotic disease prevention related to livestock and food production. World Organization for Animal Health (Formerly known as Office International des Epizooties or OIE) ○ Specializes in animal health and works to prevent the spread of animal diseases that can affect humans. United Nations Development Programme (UNEP) ○ Addresses environmental factors affecting human and animal health, including pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Zoonotic Diseases Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. Examples: ○ Dengue ○ Ebola ○ Flue-viruses ○ Rabies Zoonosis Agents An infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. 60% existing, 75% emerging Antimicrobial Resistance It refers to the ability of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) to resist the effects of antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics). Scope: Broad—covers all types of microorganisms and various antimicrobial drugs. Examples:  ○ Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (resistant to antibiotics and other treatments). ○ Drug-resistant malaria (resistant to antimalarial drugs). ○ Fungal infections resistant to antifungals (e.g., Candida auris) Antibiotic Resistance It is when bacteria change and become able to survive and grow in the presence of antibiotics that were previously effective against them. Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria change and become able to survive and grow in the presence of antibiotics that were previously effective against them. overused and misused antibiotics Scope: Narrow—concerns only bacteria and antibiotics. Examples: ○ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ○ Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to multiple antibiotics. ○ Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Causes of Antibiotic Resistance Over prescription Overuse Misuse Unnecessary use in agriculture Not taking as prescribed Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics Lack of rapid laboratory tests Related SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-Being Health - state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of a disease or infirmity. Well-being - it describes the situation in which you are free to choose, to do, and what you value Wellness - holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being ○ Fuels the body, engages the mind, and also nurtures the spirit 8 dimensions of wellness 1. Emotional 2. Financial 3. Social 4. Spiritual 5. Occupational 6. Physical 7. Intellectual  8. Environmental Health Hazards Health Challenges Wellness risks usually are expressed as probabilities or chances ○ P’wedeng mangyari sa’tin or not Categories Chemical Hazard ○ Pollution, human-made products Natural Hazard ○ Natural disasters Cultural Hazard ○ Environment, unsafe working conditions, highways, criminal assaults, poverty Lifestyle Hazard ○ Human choice, lifestyle, poor food choices, smoking, drinking, unsafe sex Biological Hazard ○ Disease ○ Agent that can cause disease to another (also known as pathogen like viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, protozoa) Infectious Diseases It can be transferrable, contagious, communicable Transmits from one organism to another Non-infectious Disease It cannot be transmitted, not contagious, non-communicable Genetics Diseases Examples: Asthma, Cancer, Diabetes Transmissible Can be transferred Non-Transmissible It does not spread from one person to another Bacterial Infection/Disease Non-contagious Single-celled organisms Targets specific parts of the body/localized  Prevented through antibiotic Parts of the Bacteria: flagella (is used by some bacterias to move); cilia (hairlike structure) Examples: UTI, STI/STD, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis Viral Infection Contagious Targets the whole system of the body/systemic Prevented through vaccines Smaller, invades the genetic machinery of a cell, then replicates throughout the body Part of the Virus: Enveloped in proteins and can be used for creation of vaccines Examples: COVID, Colds, etc. Difference of Virus and Bacteria Bacteria are single cells that can survive on their own, inside or outside the body. Can be harmful or beneficial Viruses cause infections by entering and multiplying inside the host's healthy cells. Pathogens (Ways How To Get Them) Pets Livestock Wild animals Insects Food Water Air In-borne/genetics Number of Cases (per diseases) Pneumonia: 3.2 million HIV/AIDS: 8.9 million Measles: 1.6 million Tubercolosis: 1.3 million Malaria: 780,000 Hepatitis B: 600,000 Why are less developed areas susceptible to infectious diseases? No proper healthcare systems Not enough money for treatment Areas are very close together Not susceptible  Not receiving proper treatment We are not a mask-wearing country Difference between outbreak, epidemic and pandemic Outbreak is usually used when diseases happen in a more limited geographic area. If an outbreak of a disease spreads quickly to more people than experts would expect and moves into a large geographic area, it is often then called an epidemic. If the disease spreads to other countries, it is often called pandemic. Top 10 Causes of Death Worldwide Heart disease Cancer Stroke Lower Respiratory Infections Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Diarrhea Diseases Tuberculosis HIV/Aids Preterm complications Road injury Top 10 Causes of Death in Philippines Heart disease Cerebrovascular diseases Cancer Pneumonia Diabetes Chronic lower respiratory disease Tuberculosis Nephritis Hypertension without heart involvement Preterm complications SDG, Good Health and Well Being Relationship Cannot be achieved yet because 2030 is near Covid-19 Coronavirus Disease SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Wuhan, China (the first recorded case of COVID-19) It has a spike protein that envelops the virus and it was used for the creation of the virus. Timeline of COVID-19