Historical Antecedent PDF

Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO The engineering field all...

Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO The engineering field allows humans to build structures that address WEEK 1-2 their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today and continually awe people. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT The development of engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others might see architecture as a mere style, but INTRODUCTION during ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of the technological advancement of a particular civilization. In ★​ Science and technology play major roles in our lives. generations to come, architecture will be considered a status symbol ★​ The developments in science and technology are not just among nations. products of people’s imagination, they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION different time periods. Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient ANCIENT TIMES Mesopotamia. They are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and desire for great things. TRANSPORTATION CUNEIFORM Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go to places and discover new horizons. They traveled to It is the first writing system. It is a system that utilizes word pictures search for food and find better locations for their settlements. They and triangular symbols which are carved up on clays. It allowed also traveled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value. they lacked. Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed them to return home after URUK CITY they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people. It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it is erected. The COMMUNICATION construction is a big challenge for them. They made the city using only mud or clay from the river mixed with reeds, producing Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover sun-baked bricks. and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and Known as the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that document the trades they made with each other. they constructed the City of Uruk. The Ziggurat served as a sacred place of their chief god where only their priests were allowed to WEAPONS AND ARMORS enter. Weapons and armor were important as well in the discovery of new IRRIGATION AND DIKES places of the establishment of new alliances with other tribes. At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met Sumerians built this to bring water to farmlands and at the same others with different cultures and orientations. time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works. ENGINEERING SAILBOATS GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 1 SOCIETY  Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO The main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. It was used to carry large quantities of products and Earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization. Egypt was not the first was able to cover large distances. to develop a system of writing, they were able to make things easier for the world. Before Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used WHEEL where keeping and transporting them was a major problem. Clay tablets were very heavy, and delicate to handle. So bringing them to places was a challenge. Papyrus was a plant that grew along the Nile The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work River that they produced into thin sheets so they could write on it. and food processes. With the use of this, production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less time INK THE PLOW When the Egyptians invented papyrus/paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a result, they invented ink by combining soot It was invented to dig the earth at a faster pace. As the plow breaks with different chemicals to produce ink of different colors. It is used the ground, the farmer just drops the seeds, and the work is done to record history, culture, and codified laws. It must be tamper-proof already. so that people cannot simply tinker with those written down by authorities. ROAD HIEROGLYPHICS To have faster and easier travel, Sumerians developed the first roads. The flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They Egyptians developed a system of writing using symbols. Although used sun-baked bricks that they laid on the ground. some say the hieroglyphics were adapted from the early writing system in Mesopotamia., the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided by their gods. It was the language that tells the BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. It emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians COSMETICS were great builders, engineers, and architects. The function of cosmetics for the ancient Egyptians was for both HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON health and aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot It is a structure made up of layers of gardens that contain several or malachite with the mineral galena. If they wear this, they believe species of plants, trees, and vines. According to legends, the great that they are protected from evil and it is a sign of holiness. Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to WIG prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION those who want to try new hair trends. During ancient Egyptian times, it is worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian purposes. It is used to protect the shaved heads of wealthy Civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. Moreover, it was engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from engineering accumulation of head lice. technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now considers essential. WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA PAPER/PAPYRUS GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 2 SOCIETY  Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO It utilizes gravity, which affects the flow of water from one vessel to legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contribution to the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant today can be how much time has elapsed since it is full. It was widely used as a attributed to the Roman Empire. timekeeping device in ancient times. NEWSPAPER GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA AND GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements It was done by thousands of slaves, peasants, and prisoners of war of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of using their bare hands, ropes, ramps, and sleds. The pyramid still paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and stands today as evidence of scientific expertise and technical skills in then publicly displayed. When paper was invented, it became easier geometry, engineering, architecture, and manpower management. for Romans to “publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizens. This way, they enjoyed access to government GREEK CIVILIZATION information the same way we benefit from present-day newspapers. Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known BOUND BOOKS/CODEX as the birthplace of Western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy It became easier for civilizations to write down everything that and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since civilization has contributed much to the world, especially in the paper did not easily break and was lightweight. Aside from Romans fields of science and technology. writing down information about history and politics, literature also changed from clay tablets to parchment paper. According to sources, ALARM CLOCK Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. One of the most utilized gadgets today. Although the alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present-day alarm clock, the ROMAN ARCHITECTURE only similarity is to tell an individual when to stop and when to start. It used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made Most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire. Roman use of water/small stones/sand that dropped into drums which architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were sounded the alarm. Plato used his own version of the alarm clock able to adapt new building and engineering technology. In this where he used four water vessels lined up vertically. manner, they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and WATERMILL stronger infrastructures. Their known architectures were churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and It is used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a residential houses. necessary form of food processing. Because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, mass production of rice, cereals, ROMAN NUMERALS flours, and the like became common. It is better than mills powered by farm animals because it only requires access to river/flowing Although other number systems had been established before water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of Roman numerals, these old systems could not keep up with high water attached to it could be installed. calculation requirements. Because of this, Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard ROMAN CIVILIZATION counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade counters. The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the West. It was considered to be the cradle of CHINESE CIVILIZATION politics and governance during that period. Because it is so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 3 SOCIETY  Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was Asia, if not the world. Also known as the Middle Kingdom, China is needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm located in the Far East of Asia. it was famous among other ancient production, and health. The wars have resulted in population civilizations because of its silk trade. decline, but during the latter part, there was a rise in population. SILK PRINTING PRESS It is one of the things that connected Far East China to the world. After developing woodblock printing, Johan Gutenberg was able to Chinese developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast to produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, creation of a product for trade. The silk trade opened China to the attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed rest of the world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exchanges. It bridged the gap between the Western world and the exact impression on the paper. Middle Kingdom. MICROSCOPE TEA PRODUCTION Due more people that transferred to polluted and populated urban It is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over areas, it resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first attention. The experts must understand the sickness through tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. It was developed when an investigation thus they need a device that could magnify things unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred invisible to the eye. The same with the eyeglasses, Zacharias tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel-based Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With mechanism attached to a wooden/ceramic pot. this, they can observe organisms that normally cannot be viewed with the naked eye. GREAT WALL OF CHINA TELESCOPE The only man-made structure that could be seen from outer-space., the Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive Since the Middle Ages is considered an Age of Exploration, the need infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep the for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made with stone, oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showed the extent of wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. This helps in Chinese engineering at that time. the observation of remote objects. Together with the telescope the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier. GUNPOWDER WAR WEAPONS Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium Since war was widespread in this period, all sides must develop nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally weaponry not only as offensive tools but also as defensive invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts instruments. For open areas, people developed crossbows and of heat and gas in an instant. It is widely used to propel bullets from longbows so that they could attack enemies at long ranges, keeping guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. themselves safe because of walls and fortresses. While in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something MEDIEVAL /MIDDLE AGES to protect themselves by iron body armor. It is known as the Dark Age. it is the period of colonization and TREBUCHET adventure. There is a war between religion and science. The start of the Middle age was marred by massive invasions and migrations. GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 4 SOCIETY  Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO It was used by the French to pull down ropes or pivot and to discovered the maxillary sinus, the moderator band, and the heart counterbalance weight. and ventricles of the brain, making precise anatomical drawings. SPECTACLE LENS ANDREAS VESALIUS Replaced the magnifying glasses in terms of usage, to view small He published the book “On the Fabric of the Human Body” he was a letters on writings. surgeon and anatomist who laid out in detail the first scientifically accurate description of human anatomy. He is considered as the WINDMILL founder of modern medicine. Were used as mills proper, for grinding corn into flour. GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT MAGNETIC COMPASS Inventor of the first mercury thermometer Important advance in navigation because it allowed mariners to ROBERT HOOKE determine their direction even if clouds obscured their usual astronomical cues such as the North Star. it uses a magnetic needle He conducted experiments in artificial respiration using a dog that can turn freely so that it always points to the north pole of the providing that air is essential to respiration. He also made the Earth’s magnetic field. Knowing where north is allows the other deception of cells. directions to be determined as well. B.​ Trade and Commerce MODERN TIMES CALCULATOR The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. Circumstances in modern times require a faster way to compute People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that require animals to to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier communicate and compute should be developed to establish arithmetic calculations but also resulted in the development of connections among nations. more complex processing A.​ Survival — includes health, food, medicine, defense. PETROLEUM REFINERY PASTEURIZATION At first, people used animal oils to generate light to illuminate their homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was with the demand. Because of this, Samuel Kier was able to invent greater for dairy products, especially milk since they spoil faster. kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist found as the “illuminating oil” because it was used first to provide lighting a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process to homes of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that cause spoilage. GAS LIGHTING LEONARDO DA VINCI 1792 by William Murdoch He was interested in astronomy, geology, anatomy, and mechanics. BUNSEN BURNER He is the first Modern Anatomist. He dissected bodies and GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 5 SOCIETY  Week #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT GEC700 2ND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. NIMFA MARCELO By Robert W. Von Bunsen ★​ 1906 — Crystal radio, animated cartoon film, motion picture, and AM radio PHOTOGRAPH ★​ 1940 — 1st colored TV ★​ 1945 — atomic bomb, artificial kidney ★​ 1957 — developed laser, Sputnik orbits the Earth 1839 by Nicéphore Niépce ★​ 1958 — 1st nuclear power plant ★​ 1961 — manned spacecraft ELECTRIC LIGHT ★​ 1962 — mini computer, robotics ★​ 1969 — moon landing, video cassette 1879 by Thomas Edison ★​ 1970 — computer floppy disk ★​ 1972 — video disk, video game C.​ Transportation ★​ 1973 — ★​ 1761 — canals running from coal mine ★​ 1769 — steam automobile (Nicolas Cugnot) ★​ 1788 — Steamboat (John Fitch) ★​ 1800 — Roman method of road building ★​ 1802 — Macadamizing (John) ★​ 1802 — steam locomotive (Richard Treyrthick) ★​ 1838 — steamship ★​ 1885 — gasoline-powered automobile (Karibenz and Gotiljeb Daimter) D.​ Communication ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH 1882 Samuel F.B Morse (beginning of digitalization). Words carry a deeper meaning THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC CABLE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE USA 1866 by Cyrus Field TELEPHONE 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell RADIO 1901 by Guglielmo Marconi Important Inventions during the Modern Age ★​ 1902 — air condition by Willis Carrier ★​ 1903 — airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright GEC700: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND WEEK #1-2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT 6 SOCIETY