Lesson 2- Historical Antecedents.pdf

01/09/2024 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology 1 At the end of the topic, students will be able to: Objectives 1. discuss the historical antecedents of...

01/09/2024 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology 1 At the end of the topic, students will be able to: Objectives 1. discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across time; and 2. explain how scientific and technological inventions shaped and were shaped by various social context. 2 1  01/09/2024 Topics Ancient Modern Middle Ages Period Ages 3 An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. Thus, historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today. 4 2  01/09/2024 ❑Focuses on how S & T have changed across time ❑Impacts 5 Introduction The study of the history of science and technology provides us with valuable insights into the foundations of modern society. It will explore key milestones and innovations that have shaped our world. 6 3  01/09/2024 Science and Technology The driving force Make difficult and behind this continuous Play major roles in our complicated tasks progress is the desire everyday life easier and done with to raise the quality of little effort and time life of the people 7 Prehistoric Innovations Before the advent of written records, prehistoric humans developed innovative tools and techniques that helped them survive and thrive in their environments. From stone tools to fire-making, these early innovations set the stage for future scientific advancements. 8 4  01/09/2024 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology : PRIORITIES -ANCIENT TIMES 9 ANCIENT TIMES Transportation and Communication and Navigation Record Keeping 10 5  01/09/2024 Transportation and Navigation Going places and discover new horizons Search for food, trade Navigation assisted them and allowed them to return home Animals → ancient wheel Sumerians 11 Communication Communicate with natives to facilitate trade and prevent conflicts Record-keeping is needed to remember the places It is vital to keep records of their history and culture so they can establish their identities 12 6  01/09/2024 ANCIENT TIMES Security Mass Production Increase food production to meet Weapons and armors – for security population demand and protection 13 ANCIENT TIMES Engineering and Architecture Health Engineering – build structures that would meet their specific needs and wants Conservation of life – discovery of cures and prevention of Architecture – elaborate architectural designs were diseases signs of technological advancements 14 7  01/09/2024 ANCIENT TIMES Engineering and Architecture Style = technological advances (signature of civilization) Status symbol Nation identity 15 ANCIENT TIMES Aesthetic ▪ people become visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and ornaments in their body 16 8  01/09/2024 Early Civilizations 17 Sumerian Civilization ▪ Sumerian is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. ▪ Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things 18 9  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization ▪ 3500-2000 BCE ▪ Known for high degree of cooperation ▪ Desire to develop things with connection to science and technology ▪ Kingship created by gods 19 Sumerian Civilization 20 10  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization Cuneiform ▪ Oldest form of writing; great contribution for the writing system ▪ A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using instruments and then left to dry ▪ Allowed Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value 21 Sumerian Civilization Wheel ▪ Were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes ▪ Wheel and axle made food production easier; milling is faster 22 11  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization Sailboats ▪ Means of transportation through waterways ▪ Mode of transportation that requires not much human resource 23 Sumerian Civilization Sumerian Plow ▪ Was invented to dig the ground where seeds would be planted ▪ Farmers were able to cultivate larger parcels of land faster for mass food production 24 12  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization Roads and Pavement ▪ Sumerians developed the first roads ▪ Same technology in making sunbaked bricks ▪ Poured bitumen to smoothen the roads 25 Sumerian Civilization The Great Ziggurat of Ur ▪ Also called the mountain of god ▪ Was constructed using sunbaked bricks ▪ Served as the sacred place of their chief god; only priests were allowed to enter ▪ Has intricate and elaborate Sumerian architecture 26 13  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization Uruk City ▪ First true city in the world ▪ Built by using mud or clay from the river, mixed with reeds to form sunbaked bricks ▪ Bricks were used to make houses 27 Sumerian Civilization Image result for food Dikes and Irrigation Image result for flooding in the desert One of the most beneficial engineering work. 28 14  01/09/2024 Sumerian Civilization Irrigation and Dikes ▪ Built to be able to maintain food production ▪ Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to fields and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers 29 Babylonian Civilization The city of Babylon was the capital of the ancient land of Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia. Situated on the Euphrates River about 50 miles south of modern Baghdad With tremendous wealth and power; monumental size and appearance The ground is very fertile and produces wild barley, chickpea, and sesame. The land is also rich with dates, apples, and other fruit as well as fish and birds Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architects 30 15  01/09/2024 Babylonian Civilization Hanging Gardens of Babylon ▪ Made of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines ▪ Were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture Hanging Gardens of Babylon (600 BC) 31 Babylonian Civilization Hanging Gardens of Babylon: ORIGIN According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens were built alongside a grand palace known as The Marvel of Mankind, by the Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. 32 16  01/09/2024 Babylonian Civilization Were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Actually Real? ▪ Some historians believe they were purely mythical, while others think they may have existed in a city other than Babylon ▪ The lack of any solid archaeological evidence and that they were merely a pigment of ancient Greek minds and lore. ▪ On the other hand, if it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war, erosion or earthquake. 33 Egyptian Civilization 34 17  01/09/2024 Egyptian Civilization Located in North Africa Noted for the infrastructures established by the pharaohs Contributed to practical things that the world considers as essential 35 Egyptian Civilization 36 18  01/09/2024 Egyptian Civilization Paper or Papyrus ▪ Not the first to develop system of writing (Clay tablets) ▪ Papyrus was a plant that grew along the Nile river ▪ Lightweight, strong, durable and portable ▪ Easier documentation and record-keeping 37 Egyptian Civilization Ink ▪ Invented by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors ▪ Must withstand the elements of nature and tamper-proof 38 19  01/09/2024 Egyptian Civilization Hieroglyphics ▪ System of writing developed by Egyptians ▪ A character used in a system of pictorial writing; “the words of God” ▪ Was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of Egypt, and they were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of the pyramids and other structures 39 Egyptian Civilization Shadoof ▪ Used to irrigate land ▪ Hand operated to lift water ▪ Efficient farming 40 20  01/09/2024 Egyptian Civilization Water Clock/Clepsydra ▪ Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other ▪ The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full ▪ Time-keeping device 41 Egyptian Civilization Cosmetics and Wigs 42 21  01/09/2024 Egyptian Civilization Cosmetics ▪ Was for health and aesthetic reasons ▪ Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases ▪ Kohl was created by mixing malachite with mineral galena ▪They also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. 43 Egyptian Civilization Wig ▪ Were worn for health and wellness ▪ Used to protect the heads of the wealthy from harmful rays of the sun 44 22  01/09/2024 Greek Civilization 45 Greek Civilization ❖ Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe ❖ Known as the birthplace of western philosophy ❖ Contributed much to the fields of science and technology 46 23  01/09/2024 Greek Civilization 47 Greek Civilization Alarm Clock ▪ Used large complicated mechanisms ▪ Made use of water (sands) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm 48 24  01/09/2024 Greek Civilization Water Mill ▪ Considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greeks ▪ For agricultural processes like milling of grains 49 Greek Civilization Antikythera mechanism ▪ ancient Greek astronomical calculator ▪ used to calculate and display information about astronomical phenomena ▪ described as the oldest known example of an analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance 50 25  01/09/2024 ANCIENT TIMES: Roman Civilization 51 Roman Civilization ▪Strongest political and social entity in the west ▪Cradle of politics and governance 52 26  01/09/2024 Roman Civilization Newspaper : Gazettes Hard bound Book or Codex 53 Roman Civilization Newspaper ▪ Major contribution ▪ Gazettes-1st newspaper containing announcements of empire ▪ Engraved in metal or stone tablets 54 27  01/09/2024 Roman Civilization Bound Book or Codex ▪ Paper allows documentation to be much easier ▪ For record keeping ▪ Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book ▪ Bound papyrus pages covered by animal skin- Codex 55 Roman Civilization Architecture 56 28  01/09/2024 Roman Civilization Roman architecture Pioneer – since they adapted new building and engineering technology or architectural designs 57 Roman Civilization Roman Numerals Aeolipile Hero of Alexandria 58 29  01/09/2024 Roman Civilization Roman numerals ▪ Old number systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements ▪ Romans devised their own number system 59 Roman Civilization Aeolipile ▪ Known as a Hero's engine ▪ Precursor of steam engine ▪ A simple, bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated 60 30  01/09/2024 Significance of Ancient Civilizations and Knowledge Ancient Egyptians made significant contributions to science and technology, including the invention of hieroglyphic writing and the development of astronomy and medicine. Mesopotamian civilizations pioneered advancements in agriculture, mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. Ancient Greeks made important strides in philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences, laying the groundwork for modern scientific methodologies. 61 MIDDLE AGES 5th century – 15th century Advancement of Science and Technology new inventions introduction of new innovations Emergence of scientific thinking and method 62 31  01/09/2024 MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES Wars were prevalent There was a war during this time, great It is the period of between religion and technology was needed Known as Dark colonization and science; started with in the fields of Age. massive invasions and weaponry, navigation, adventure. mass food and farm migrations. productions, and health. 63 MIDDLE AGES Heavy plough/plow Harness clay soil Turned European agriculture and economy on its head 64 32  01/09/2024 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization Image result for gunpowder and gun Gunpowder Silk 65 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization GUNPOWDER SILK Created by alchemist to achieve immortality – Produced by silkworms Elixir of Life Used to make paper and clothing “Huoyao” – Chinese term meaning fire potion Opened China to the outside world Accidental: mixed charcoal, sulfur and Cultural, economic and scientific exchanges potassium nitrate → black powder Bridged gap between the west and the middle Produce heat and gas in an instant kingdom Preferred long range weapon. 66 33  01/09/2024 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization TEA PRODUCTION Tea = beverage produced from pouring hot boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. 1st tea was for the Emperor Chinese inventor created a machine that shreds tea leaves into strips China is known for tea exportation and has since became the most popular beverage in the world. 67 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization GREAT WALL OF CHINA Once considered to be the only man-made structure visible from space. Largest and most extensive structure built in China. To keep invaders at bay Stone bricks, wood, earth, mud Pride of the nation and crowning glory 68 34  01/09/2024 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization Chinese taels Paper Money Ancient Chinese Coins 69 MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization PAPER MONEY ▪ 17th century ▪ An offshoot of the invention of block printing – stamping ▪ Replaced the use of gold and silver as currencies ▪ Paper money are convenient to carry around especially for merchants 70 35  01/09/2024 MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES Mechanical Clock Spinning Wheel 71 MIDDLE AGES Spinning Wheel ▪ Used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually to cloth ▪ Invented by Indians (6th-11th century) ▪ Breakthrough of linen production ▪ Led to Spinning Jenny Mechanical Clock ▪ Clockwork technology developed in Europe ▪ For accurate time-keeping 72 36  01/09/2024 Middle Ages Inventions The Middle Ages/ Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of numerous transformative inventions, including the steam engine, telegraph, and spinning jenny. Impact The Middle Ages/Industrial Revolution revolutionized manufacturing, transportation, and communication, leading to unprecedented societal and economic changes. 73 MODERN TIMES 74 37  01/09/2024 MODERN TIMES Printing Press ▪ Johan Gutenberg ▪ A more reliable way of printing using a cast type. ▪ He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. 75 MODERN TIMES Pasteurization- the challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they spoil faster. ❑ Louis Pasteur- a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist found a way to solve the problem. ❑ He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that causes spoilage Louis Pasteur 76 38  01/09/2024 MODERN TIMES Petroleum Refinery Modern times= power Animal oil Used to generate light Samuel Kier Samuel Kier Invent kerosene by refining petroleum Kerosene (illuminating oil) Light →heat Petroleum Refinery 77 MODERN TIMES Telephone Communication /connections Trade and exploration City maintenance Alexander Graham Belle Allows quick accessSamuel to aKier person and reply can be quickly made to decisions that are time sensitive. Telephone 78 39  01/09/2024 MODERN TIMES Calculator = paved the way to the development of complex processing machines line computer 1642 = Blaise pascal (18 yr old) Sharp EL-8 Sharp EL-8 in 1971 = $350 Calculator Blaise Pascal 79 MODERN TIMES COMPUND MICROSCOPE Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the 1st microscope 1590 Dutch spectacle maker Putting together several lenses in a tube Far greater than a simple magnifying glasses =#X-10X Important tool in medicine, forensics, tissue analysis, genetics, microbiology 80 40  01/09/2024 MODERN TIMES MODERN TIMES Telescope Most important for astronomy Could magnify objects 20 times larger Galileo Galilei Telescope 81 MODERN TIMES JACQUARD LOOM Most critical drivers of the industrial revolution Joseph Marie Jacquard (French) Simplify textile manufacturing 82 41  01/09/2024 MODERN TIMES ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright 83 MODERN TIMES Television John Logie Baird (Scottish) Televised objects in outline (1924) Recognizable human faces ( 1925) Moving objects (1926) Projected color images (1928) 84 42  01/09/2024 Modern Technological Advancements 85 MODERN TIMES FOCUS: Important Inventions during the Modern Age 1. Survival ❖ Energy alternatives 2. Trade & Commerce ❖ Genetic Engineering 3. Transportation ❖ Computer and Microelectronics 4. Communication ❖ Medicine 86 43  01/09/2024 Inventions that Shaped the World Electricity The discovery and application of electricity revolutionized industry, transportation, and communication. Computers Computers have become an integral part of our lives, transforming fields such as business, science, and entertainment. Penicillin The accidental discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives through the development of antibiotics. Internet The invention of the internet has connected the world, allowing for instant communication, information sharing, and global collaboration. 87 Impacts of Science and Technology Healthcare Communication Advancements in science and Technological advancements technology have led to have transformed significant improvements in communication, making it faster, healthcare, from new more accessible, and enabling treatments and diagnostics global connections like never to precision medicine and before. medical imaging. 88 44  01/09/2024 Challenges and Ethical Considerations Privacy AI Climate Change The rapid collection The development of Science and technology and analysis of artificial intelligence have a crucial role to personal data raise presents both play in addressing the concerns about exciting possibilities challenges of climate privacy and the and ethical dilemmas, change, from renewable ethical use of such as the impact energy solutions to information. on jobs and potential sustainable agriculture. biases. 89 Guide Questions: 1. Why is it important to know the inventions/discoveries of the previous generation for the advancement of science and technology? 2. Give a major scientific and technological developments in the world (or in the Philippines) that created a large impact on your daily life. 90 45  01/09/2024 CONCLUSION The development of Scientific and Science and Science and Technological Technology was borne Technology also developments affected out of the needs of influenced the society. the environment. society. 91 Check your understanding….. 9/1/2024 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS 92 92 46  01/09/2024 Reminders for next meeting 1. First Long Quiz – Introduction and Historical Antecedents ◦ bring your gadget (iLS) 2. Next Lesson Topic: Industrial Revolution 01/09/2024 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS 93 93 Thank you! 94 47