STS - Unit 3 PDF

Human Flourishing  Objectives 1. Describe man. 2. Enumerate the needs of human. 3. Define human flourishing. 4. Explain the pillars of Well-Being Theory  Human - The human being is an individual person that m...

Human Flourishing  Objectives 1. Describe man. 2. Enumerate the needs of human. 3. Define human flourishing. 4. Explain the pillars of Well-Being Theory  Human - The human being is an individual person that makes up the society and is responsible for the researches and innovation available today. - Aristotle said, “Man is a rational animal because he can think and use reason consistently.”  Human Flourishing - Human Flourishing is defined as an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue one’s efforts. - Eudaimonia or Flourishing or Happiness – is the highest good of human endeavors - The concept of religion and belief in God are also anchored to Human Flourishing.  Well-Being Theory - Martin Seligman formulated the Well-Being Theory where human flourishing is not only focused on the happiness of individuals alone but also in psychological well-being. - Human Flourishing rests on 5 pillars: PERMA  Positive Emotions - This includes pleasure, rapture, ecstasy, warmth, comfort, and other emotions that contribute to the “pleasant life.” - These are based on the emotions that later fade away when emotions are gone. - We may feel very happy at one point and after several hours experience sorrow and pain. - Emotion is an effective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow, fear, hate, or the like, is experienced, as distinguished from cognitive and volitional states of consciousness.  Engagement - This is all about the flow: being one with the music, time stopping, and the loss of self- consciousness during an absorbing activity, experiences which contribute to the :engaged life.” - Being fully engaged means doing everything with enthusiasm.  Relationships - The feeling of satisfaction, flourishing or well-being can be experienced when we are in a relationship or with other people. - Other people are the best antidote to the downs of life and the single most reliable up. - The last time you laugh out loud or have that emotional joy, or great feeling because of an accomplishment, usually shared with ‘other people’ is an example.  Accomplishment - Accomplishment is defined as something that is successful, or that is achieved after a lot of work or efforts. - The “achieving life” is dedicated to accomplishment for the sake of accomplishment. Technology and the Evolution of Human Society  Objectives 1. Describe how human society has evolved through time 2. Classify the various technologies 3. Explain how technologies can be replaced and passed on from individual to individual 4. Explain how S & T serve as keys in the economic development of the country  Technology - Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem. - Evolution of human society includes the following: Hunters and gatherers Shifters and farmers Manufacturing and processing Future man-made world  Classification of Society - Alvin Toffler classified societies based on the concept of waves where each wave propels the older societies and cultures aside - The three societies according to waves are: 1. First Wave 2. Second Wave 3. Third Wave  Classification of Technology According to Process Energy Technology - This technology involves processes that could create or generate, convert and distribute energy with the main purpose of yielding high efficiency without causing negative effects to human and environment. - Examples include oil, coal, wind, water, geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear fusion and solar energy. Equipment Technology - This technology involves the design, fabrication and invention of instruments, tools, gadgets and machines. - Some examples of this technology are motor, engines, plow, mills, spinning wheels, robots, fermentors, laser and computer-controlled machines.  Classification of Technology According to Process Information Technology - This technology is primarily concerned with tools and gadgets including computer systems and their applications to mange, process and distribute information - Information technology also includes typewriter, books, newspaper, television, telephone, cellphone, radio, printer, and laser. Life Technology - This technology benefits humans in terms of health and food security. - These are made primarily for preservation, maintenance, treatment and reproduction of living things. - These include traditional and modern technologies in animal breeding, herbal medicines, surgery, vaccine, antibiotics, artificial and organ transplants, and genetic engineering.  MRI MACHINE XRAY MACHINE ULTRA SOUND MACHINE CT SCAN MACHINE  Classification of Technology According to Process Materials Technology - This technology is concerned with extraction, fabrication and synthesis of materials specifically for the benefit of mankind. - Examples are steel, plastics, brass, iron, copper, ceramics, aluminums, polymers and synthetics. (Dep’t of Materials, Science & Eng’g).  Changing Technology Technology Substitution - replacement of technologies - happens when technologies which may have been used for a long period of time are replaced by the new and better version especially with respect to the performance  Changing Technology Technology Diffusion - happens when technologies are being adopted by individuals even after innovations come - The more individuals adopted the technology innovation, the greater is the measure of diffusion process - Partial replacement of telephones by cellular phones - Cell phones are gradually replaced by more sophisticated ones  What will happen if the government will not invest in Science & Technology? 1. Technology would remain underdeveloped and the country will be left behind. 2. The country will not prosper and can’t sustain lives of people. 3. They depend on other country for their basic requirements. The Good Life  Objectives 1. Identify intellectual values 2. Define public good 3. Compare and contrast the politico-ethical and politico-economic concept of public good 4. Explain the green economy 5. Determine ways on how to promote green economy  Intellectual Virtues - Intellectual Virtues are excellent personal traits or character strengths which are deemed to be morally good for thinking and learning and are often associated with knowledge and cognitive ability. (King, 2014) - Key Features: They are acquired They are excellent character traits They involve human emotions, intentions, motivations and values They are aimed at cognitive goods They are means between two extremes  Pleasure - Pleasure is a positive, enjoyable, or worth seeking mental state that gives a feeling of satisfaction and enjoyment  Happiness - Happiness is a state of well-being and contentment living a good life with a sense of meaning and deep satisfaction - Aristotle describes happiness as a product of 2 aspects; pleasure and a life well-lived  Public Good - A public good is an item or service that may be consumed without reducing the amount available for others, and cannot be withheld from those who do not pay for it. - Two concepts of Public Good: 1. Politico-ethical sense 2. Politico-economic sense Public Good from the Politico-Ethical Sense Examples National defense Education Public Health Public ports and highways Social services  Public Good Public Good from the Politico-Economic Sense Microeconomy - This public good pertains to the benefits derived by an individual or a firm form a government project. - Ex. A Lamppost Macroeconomy - This public good includes those service and profit-oriented industrial and business firms.  Communal People and the Public Good - National good is considered synonymous to communal good - In some cases, a communal public good might not jibe or maybe in conflict with the national public good. - Issue: A Dam construction in a community means loss of ancestral lands and abandonment of traditional means of livelihood  Types of Public Goods “PUBLIC” Public Goods “PRIVATE” Public Goods “MIXED“ Public Goods Public “Bads”  “PUBLIC” Public Good - They are non-rival and non-excludable, are basic or essential - Examples are national security, education, health services, trade and industry, and the like - These may also include street lights, law and order, and national defense Shared (Non-rival) Consumption - A ship steering by the light from the lighthouse does not reduce the ability of other ships to steer by that light Non-Excludability - No practical way to exclude ships that don’t pay from using the light house  “PRIVATE” Public Good - Private Public Goods are set up by the private sector either solely or in participation with the government - This has rivalry and excludability  “MIXED” Public Good - Mixed public goods are undertaken by some private organizations or civil societies for the common good of the communal or national public - They are basically service oriented  Public “BADS” - Public “BADS” are negative goods which are general public scorns, and in many cases, are avoided or not tolerated by both the private and public sectors - Some of these are corruption, pollution, crimes, and the like  Ecological Footprint - The ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, i.e., the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. - It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world or its biocapacity. - It is a measure of human impact on Earth’s ecosystem and reveals the dependence of the human economy on natural capital. - The ecological footprint is defined as the biologically productive area needed to provide for everything people use: fruits and vegetables, fish, wood, fibers, absorption of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use, and space for buildings and roads. When Technology and Humanity Cross  Objectives 1. Explain the relationship between technology and society 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology 3. Relate human rights and the emerging technological dilemmas  Society Today and the Past Through Technology, Society today possess characteristics such as: Willingness to transformation Desire to transmit and dominate information Having ease and comfort in life  Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology Advantages: Disadvantages: Improved communication, easy access It brings complications in relation to to information and social networking social being as: Improved housing, lifestyle and Job loss and human displacement entertainment World destruction weapons Convenience in education Increased loneliness Convenience in traveling Competency Change in health industry Efficiency and productivity Initiates creativity and innovation  Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas - Recent technologies and innovations should not hinder any individual from enjoying any of the rights mentioned in the Universal declaration of Human Rights - In 2015 & 2016, the Reilly Center for Science Technology and Values at the University of Notre Dame released some of what it considers as emerging policies in relation to science and technology. - Some of these are as follows: 1. Real-time Satellite Surveillance Imagery - Launched by several companies such as Planet Labs, Skybox Imaging, and Digital Globe to record the status of the entire Earth in real time or near real-time - Satellite generated images are said to be helpful in planning for and solving humanitarian problems, solve crimes and disaster risk reduction but if these data would reach the hands of the potential leftists, this might clearly violate the privacy of human life  Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas 2. Colonizing Mars: An Astronaut Bioethics - The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and a private company; Mars One, worked together for a space mission to colonize the planet Mars - In 2018, Mars One planned to launch a robotic mission to Mars and by 2025 four humans will be sent on a one-way mission with the goal of establishing the first community outside the Earth 3. Wearable Technology - A category of electronic devices that can be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, implanted in the user's body, or even tattooed on the skin  Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas 4. State-sponsored Hacktivism and “Soft War” - Soft war is unarmed force using cyber war and hacktivisim with the aim of transforming cultural values and identities of the society to achieve political ends 5. Enhanced Pathogens - Potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that are likely highly transmissible and capable of wide, uncontrollable spread in human populations and highly virulent, making them likely to cause significant morbidity and/or mortality in humans. - Gains of function researches have beneficial impacts such as understanding the virus and the mode of treating such viruses - On the other hand, this kind of research could be potentially an avenue of exposing the virus into the general population that could give a devastating effect  Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas 6. Non-Lethal Weapons - Are not designed to kill but they remain to be an emerging ethical and policy dilemma 7. Robot Swarms - Researchers from Harvard University focused on the development of “Kilobots”, a group of robots capable of communicating with each other and perform simple tasks that do not require any human intervention - This idea was inspired by the swarm behavior of social insects with a goal of using them in environmental cleanups or in responding to disasters - The risk of this technology is the tendency of these robots to malfunction and cause harm and accidents  Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas 8. Artificial Life Forms - Synthetic biology focused on custom-building of synthetic life forms by introducing synthetic DNA to an existing organism 9. Brain-to-brain Interfaces - Direct communication from one brain to another without the use of speech but using an Electroencephalography (EEG) Machine that detects brain activity in the sender and a trans-cranial magnetic stimulation coil that controls movement in the receiver thereby performing the act as direct sender - Ethical issues arise in the use of such technologies, some of which concerns the kind of neurosecurity that can be used to prevent accidental sharing or removal of information from an individual brain, intellectual property rights and the liability between the sender and receiver if one commits a mistake Why Does the Future Not Need Us?  Objectives 1. Trace the stages of technological history on earth 2. Discuss human displacement possibilities due to technological advancement; and 3. Explain how technology leads human beings to extinction  Stages of Technology The 4 stages of technology by Schultz (2016), include: 1. Proto-technology - This focuses on the time when early tools were developed before civilization 2. Classical technology - This concentrates on the rise of agricultural technologies and the establishment of communities and cities that enabled the survival of civilization  Stages of Technology 3. Modern technology - This is fueled by science concepts and principles date back 500 years ago 4. Postmodern Technology - This replaces naturally occurring products with technologically developed ones - Examples: Gasoline-powered automobiles Jet engines Synthetic fertilizers Plastics (PVC – banned 1979) Chloroflourocarbons – (discontinued 1994) Synthetic detergent Insecticides Plastics (polysterene and polyesters)  Technology Driven Extinction and Displacement Two Scenarios of Extinction: 1. Usual course of life as individuals age and replaced by other species more adapted to the changing world 2. Disappearance of the ecological niche due to the abrupt changes man has inflicted in the ecosystem  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Ozone layer depletion through chloroflourocarbons (CFC) Usage of fossil fuel to global warming and climate change Nuclear war and nuclear contamination Plastics Petroleum-based fertilizer Habitat destruction  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction CFC destroyed the ozone layer that protects the planet from the UV radiation from the sun - The Montreal Protocol - The production and consumption of compounds that depletes ozone in the stratosphere (CFC, Carbon Tetrachloride, Halons, Methyl Chloroform) are to be phased out by 2030 - By 2065, the ozone layer is expected to recover fully from all CFC damages  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Usage of fossil fuel to global warming and climate change - Top climate scientists have predicted and projected increase of 2oC would be felt by 2050. - This will cause drastic weather and climate phenomenon across the regions of the globe. - Example: The Permian Mass - The Permian-Triassic Extinction also known as the Great Dying occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago - 96% of all species were extinct - Caused by rapid increase of terrestial and ocean surface temperature. - Extinction - Movies on Extinction: - Jurassik World: Fallen Kingdom - Rio (2011) featured Blue macaw birds  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Nuclear war and nuclear contamination - Nuclear reactors have been used in different industries as a source of energy in spite of the known threat of contamination when they malfunction. - Major accidents: Chernobyl nuclear power facility in Ukraine on April 26, 1986 causing death and leaving thousands of people exposed to harmful radiations. Bombing of Hiroshima during WWII in Aug 6, 1945.  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Plastics - Plastics were regarded as one of the most versatile and useful products in history as they are non-toxic to man. However, they were found toxic to the environment, as they do not decompose the natural way. - Decomposition happens but a very slow process. - Plastics in the ocean have already killed about 100,000 marine species as they have mistakenly eaten as food.  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Petroleum-Based Fertilizers - Petroleum-based fertilizers are non toxic especially when they are used solely to increase crop yield and income. - Continuous use of such fertilizers, however, pollute nearby rivers and other bodies of water. - Accumulated amounts of fertilizer components such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus cause eutrophication where algal blooms result to oxygen depletion, cloudiness and foul smell of water. - These effect indirect extinction.  Modern Technological Advancement and the Impact of its Implementation and Possible Threat to Extinction Habitat Destruction - According to Kulbert (2014), Anderson and Wilson (2002), the interdependency of each form cannot be recreated once it is destroyed. - Habitat destruction like: Land alteration Deforestation Some agricultural practices (kaingin) Science, Technology, and Society