Middle East Contributions to Science and Philosophy

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What significant contribution did the Middle East make during the rise of Islam in the 17th century?

Systematic approach to agriculture

Discovery of electricity

Innovation in translating Greek philosophy and science (correct)

Development of modern democracy

Which agricultural technique was NOT utilized by Mesoamerican civilizations?

Crop rotation

Terrace farming

Irrigation techniques

Hydroponics (correct)

Which medical advancement is attributed to African contributions?

Salicylic acid (correct)

Radiotherapy

Open-heart surgery

Antibiotic discovery

What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution?

Intellectual achievements leading to changes in scientific inquiries Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is known for developing a solar calendar consisting of 365 days?

Mayan Civilization Signup and view all the answers

What was Nicolaus Copernicus known for in the context of the Scientific Revolution?

Model of the universe with the sun at its center Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fields was NOT explicitly encouraged for exploration in the Middle East?

Environmental science Signup and view all the answers

Which invention is Charles Babbage known for?

First modern computer Signup and view all the answers

What significant step was taken to improve the quality of education during the American Regime?

Creation of the Department of Public Instruction Signup and view all the answers

Which bureau was created in 1901 and served as the primary research institution?

Bureau of Science Signup and view all the answers

What act was passed by the Philippine Commission to support high school students in professional studies?

Teachers' Scholarship Act Signup and view all the answers

During which period was the Philippine Commonwealth inaugurated?

Commonwealth Period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the advancement of science and technology during the American Regime?

Mainstreaming technology in the economy Signup and view all the answers

What was the terminal grade for elementary school established during the Commonwealth Period?

Grade VII Signup and view all the answers

Which educational institution was established as a training ground for Filipino teachers?

Philippine Normal School Signup and view all the answers

Which act recognized the increasing number of private schools as educational institutions in 1917?

Private School Act Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the intellectual revolution preceding Socrates?

Natural speculation Signup and view all the answers

What paradigm shift did the Copernican Revolution propose?

The sun is the center of the solar system Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is emphasized in the Darwinian Revolution?

Natural selection drives evolution Signup and view all the answers

What does 'survival of the fittest' refer to in the context of the Darwinian Revolution?

Adaptability to changing environments ensures survival Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an intellectual revolution?

A significant transformation in societal beliefs due to new ideas Signup and view all the answers

What did Copernicus challenge with his heliocentric model?

The geocentric view of the universe Signup and view all the answers

How did the Darwinian theory describe the relationship among living organisms?

They are connected through a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

What institution converted to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to address national development needs?

Department of Science and Technology Signup and view all the answers

What was established to address the Philippines' economic and financial challenges after gaining independence?

National Economic Council Signup and view all the answers

Which agency was created in the Philippines in 1952 to focus on volcanology?

Commission on Volcanology Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant result of establishing various science institutions in the Philippines?

Increased opportunities for local science manpower Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following institutes was established in 1964 to advance research in the Philippine coconut industry?

Philippine Coconut Research Institute Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the National Science Development Board following Executive Order 128 in 1987?

It was elevated to Cabinet level Signup and view all the answers

Which council was NOT one of the four research and development councils formed under the NSTA?

Philippine Council for Technology Innovations Signup and view all the answers

Which field of study had the lowest job opportunities among graduating students in the Philippines according to historical trends?

Science and engineering Signup and view all the answers

What significant agency focusing on science was established in 1958?

National Science Development Board Signup and view all the answers

What field of study did Jose Rizal specialize in during his advanced studies in Europe?

Medicine and Ophthalmology Signup and view all the answers

Which significant educational institution for agriculture was established in the Philippines in 1889?

Manila School of Agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What was a negative consequence of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade from 1565 to 1813?

Neglect of the handicraft industries Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following diseases was NOT studied during the Spanish regime?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the 'Father of the Philippine Pharmacy' due to his extensive work on medicinal plants?

Leon Ma. Guerrero Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Contributions to Science and Technology

Islam reached its height in the 17th century, leading to a flourishing of science and technology in the Islamic world relative to the West.
Muslim rulers facilitated the translation of Greek works, fostering advancements in various fields including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
The Middle East is often called the "Cradle of Civilization," being home to some of the oldest cultures and civilizations.

Inventions

Notable inventions include:
- Paper
- Compass
- Gunpowder
- Mechanical clocks
- Animal harnesses
- Water power

Contributions from Africa

Key medical advancements included:
- Salicylic acid and kaolin for medicinal use
- Techniques for vaccination and autopsy
- Innovations in surgery including bullet removal and skin grafting
- Dental practices like filling cavities and creating false teeth
- Use of anesthesia and tissue cauterization.

Mesoamerican Contributions

Advanced agricultural techniques such as:
- Crop rotation, slash-and-burn, and terrace farming
- The use of chinampas (floating gardens) and various irrigation methods.

Pre-Columbian Civilizations

Mayan Civilization:
- Built houses from palm leaves and poles, used cocoa beans as currency.
- Developed a sophisticated solar calendar with 365 days.
Aztec Civilization:
- Constructed impressive high temples and created a social calendar matching the Mayan 365-day structure.
Incan Civilization:
- Employed terraced fields and canals for farming; crops included chili and avocado.
- Made clothing from llama and alpaca fibers.

Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, positioning the Sun at the center of the universe.
Johannes Kepler established the law of planetary motion, showing planets orbit elliptically with variable speeds.
Galileo Galilei contributed to the understanding of motion, velocity, and inertia.

Filipino Education and Regimes

Under Spanish rule, observations of local flora for medicinal purposes were documented by missionaries.
UST established schools of medicine and pharmacy in 1871, with Leon Ma. Guerrero recognized as the "Father of Philippine Pharmacy."
The American regime enhanced science education by establishing public schools and professional institutions, promoting higher education among Filipinos.

Economic Developments During Spanish and American Regime

The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade (1565-1813) impacted local agricultural and industrial development.
By the end of the 19th century, public infrastructure projects, including waterworks and transportation systems, were introduced in Manila.
The establishment of various government bureaus under the American regime supported agricultural and scientific research.

National Development Post-Independence

The establishment of several science institutions post-1946 contributed to local scientific development.
The National Science Development Board was reorganized into the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in 1987 to meet growing technological demands.

Intellectual Revolutions

The intellectual revolution involves shifts in human perceptions instigated by developments in science and technology.
Copernican Revolution: Established the heliocentric model, displacing Earth from the center of the universe.
Darwinian Revolution: Offered the theory of evolution by natural selection, asserting that organisms adapt over time, leading to "survival of the fittest."

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the significant contributions of the Middle East to science and philosophy, highlighting inventions such as paper, the compass, and gunpowder. This quiz also delves into the rise of Islam and how it influenced scientific flourishing in the Islamic world compared to the West.