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Lesson 01: Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology SUN-BAKED BRICKS: - The Sumerians were able to build the first true city called Uruk...

Lesson 01: Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology SUN-BAKED BRICKS: - The Sumerians were able to build the first true city called Uruk, and their -Why study STS? Ziggurat (temple of God) using “sun Science and technology have long existed baked bricks”. since ancient times. These advances in - These bricks were made of mud or clay the history of technology stimulated from the river, which they mixed with SOCIETIES to adopt new ways of living reeds for reinforcement. and governance. Science drives the discovery and understanding of natural phenomena, leading to the development of technology, which makes a society improve and prosper. Our society right now is the result of discoveries and technology developed in the past. CUNEIFORM: - It is the earliest known writing system Historical Antecedent refers to an event in and was originally developed to write the history that existed or happened before, Sumerian language. especially as the cause or origin of something that - It utilized pictures and triangular came later. symbols which are carved on clay bricks A smartphone cannot exist without the and then left to dry or sun-baked. first telephone. A high-rise building in the city cannot exist without the invention of the first brick. - Therefore, it is important to look back at the Science and Technology of our past in order for us to understand and appreciate what we have right now in our modern society. Science and Technology: Across Time Ancient Times Medieval/Middle Ages Modern Age SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION: - 4500-1900 BCE - The earliest known civilization - Located in the southern Mesopotamia - Relied on Tigris and Euphrates Rivers IRRIGATION: to develop their civilization.  - The Sumerians created levees (mounds of BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION: earth) to hold back the floods from their - 1894 – 539 BCE fields and cut canals to channel river - Like the Sumerians, the Babylonian water to the fields. civilization emerged near the Tigris and - This process helped in the mass Euphrates Rivers. production of food items through - The Babylonians were great builders, farming. engineers, and architects. - They used the innovations of the Sumerians, added to them, and built an empire. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLON: - Structure made up of layers of gardens that contained several species of plants SAILBOAT: and trees - It is the main mode of transportation - King Nebuchadenezzar II built the through waterways such as rivers and gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis seas. - No physical evidence has been found to - Sailboats were used to carry large prove the existence of the structure, quantities of products, covering large except in stories of historians and distances of travel. paintings WHEEL: - The first wheels were not made for CODE OF HAMMURABI: transportation but for farm work and - A collection of 282 rules that established food processes standards for commercial interactions as - Farmers were able to mill grains with less well as fines and punishment for crimes effort in less time. - “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” Whoever commits an injury should be PLOW: punished in the same manner as that - Invented to dig the earth at a faster pace. injury. - As the plow breaks the ground, the - Hammurabi’s Code was carved onto a farmer would just drop the seeds and massive, finger-shaped black stone pillar. farm work would already be done. - Farmers were able to mass produce food EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: without taking so much effort and time. - 3100 BCE – 332 BCE - Located in North Africa - The civilization developed along the Nile ROADS: River. The river's annual flooding - Constructed with the same technology ensured reliable, rich soil for growing used in making the sun baked bricks that crops. they laid down on the ground - Flow of traffic became faster and more PAPYRUS: organized,improving transportation and - Material similar to thick paper that was movement in cities used in ancient times as a writing  surface. It was made from the pith or - Archipelago in the southeastern part of reed of the papyrus plant the Europe - It made writing easier for the world, - Known as the birthplace of western replacing clay tablets that were very philosophy fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle - Greek civilization flourished along the Aegean Sea. The sea provided means of INK: transportation, trade, and - Egyptians invented ink by combining communication, connecting various soot with pigments, which was mixed city-states and islands. with a binder (gum Arabic) and suspended in water, vegetable oil, or WATER MILL: vinegar - They were commonly used in agricultural - Ink was invented because Egyptians processes like milling of grains which was shifted from engraving to writing in a necessary form of food processing papyrus. during that time. HIEROGLYPHICS: ROMAN CIVILIZATION: - Egyptian system of writing using symbols - 753-476 BCE that may represent the objects that they - The civilization grew from a small town depict but usually stand for particular on the Tiber River in central Italy into a sounds or group of sounds vast empire that ultimately embraced - Hieroglyphics were carved at the walls of England, most of continental Europe, pyramid and other important Egyptians most of Asia, Northern Africa, and the structures islands of Mediterranean COSMETICS: NEWSPAPER/GAZETTES: - used for health and aesthetic reasons - Gazettes contained announcements of - Egyptians wore Khol around the eyes to the Roman Empire to the people. prevent and even cure eye diseases - The announcements or news were - Kohl was created by mixing soot or engraved in metal or stone tablets and malachite with mineral galena (lead then publicly displayed for the Romans sulfide) to access information easily. - They also believed that wearing make-up protects them from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. AQUEDUCTS: WIG: - Romans constructed waterways - Wigs were worn to protect the shaved throughout their empire to bring water heads of the wealthy Egyptians from from outside sources into cities and sunlight. They shaved their head to towns. prevent lice. - Aqueduct water supplied public baths, - Wigs were composed of various materials latrines, fountains, and private such as human hair, sheep wool, plant households. fibers, and horsehair. GREEK CIVILIZATION: - 1100 BCE – 146 BCE  - Chinese leaders instituted wall-building projects to protect the land from northern, nomadic invaders, resulting in the Great Wall. - One surviving section of such an ancient wall, in the Shandong province, is made of hard-packed soil called “rammed earth”. - GUNPOWDER: - During the Tang Dynasty, around 850 CHINESE CIVILIZATION: A.D., an alchemist mixed 75 parts - 2070 BCE – present saltpeter (potassium nitrate) with 15 parts - Located in Eastern Asia charcoal and 10 parts sulfur. The aim of - Chinese Civilization is considered to be this mixture is to produce the elixir of life the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the that would render their emperor world. immortal. - The Huang He (Yellow River) Valley is - It did explode with a flash and a bang the birthplace of Chinese Civilization. when exposed to an open flame. It was not the elixir of life that they were SILK PRODUCTION: expecting. - One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk. WOODBLOCK PRINTING: - The Chinese were the ones who - One of the world's first printing developed the technology to harvest silk technologies from silkworm cocoons and process it to - Used paper, ink, and wood for printing produce paper and clothing. - An engraver would carve letters in relief on a block of wood. The block was then used to print texts and images. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES - 5th - 15th century CE - Period in European history after the collapse of Roman civilization. - Wars were prevalent during this time. As TEA PRODUCTION: such, great technology was needed in the - It was developed when an unknown fields of weaponry, mass food production, Chinese inventor created a machine that and health. was able to shred tea leaves into strips. - This machine used a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden ceramic pot. GREAT WALL OF CHINA:  - This helped us view and understand microorganisms that cause diseases, providing improvement in the medical field. SPYGLASS: - Hans Lippershey was credited with the invention of the spyglass in 1608. - The spyglass was used to view incoming GUTENBERG PRINTING PRESS: ships in the port. - Johann Gutenberg designed and built TELESCOPE: the first known mechanized printing - In 1609, Galileo learned of the spyglass press in Europe, allowing the mass and began to experiment with production of books. telescope-making, grinding and polishing - He utilized wooden machines that his own lenses. extracted juices from fruits, attached to - His telescope allowed him to see with a them a movable metal impression of the magnification of eight or nine times, letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal making it possible to see that the Moon into the piece of paper. had mountains and that Jupiter had satellites. NEWTON’S IDEAS: - Isaac Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded calculus and explained the laws of light and color. - He made groundbreaking discoveries while isolated during the Great Plague of London. MODERN AGES: - 1500 AD – Present - Wide span of time marked in part by EINSTEIN’S EQUATION: technological innovations, urbanization, - Albert Einstein was a famous scientist scientific discoveries, and globalization. that had a profound impact on quantum - Began with early Europe theory to nuclear power and the atom - Ideas of modern age spread because of bomb. European expeditions and contact with - He came up also with the famous the rest of the world. equation E=mc2 - His famous equation explains the energy MICROSCOPE: released in an atomic bomb but doesn't explain how to build one. - After the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope in 1595.  WHY STUDY THE HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS? - Without the historical antecedents mentioned, our society right now will not reach its current state of development. - We could say that we are "standing on the shoulders of giants" PASTEURIZATION: - It means "using the understanding - Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, gained by major thinkers who have gone microbiologist, and chemist, invented before in order to make intellectual pasteurization, the process of heating progress". dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Lesson 02: Intellectual Revolution PETROLEUM REFINERY: The term “Intellectual Revolution” was - Samuel M. Kier was able to invent used to refer to Greek speculation about kerosene by refining petroleum. the “nature” in the period before Socrates - Kerosene was used to provide lighting 1st, the world is a natural and heat to homes. whole (supernatural forces do - The development of kerosene established not make things happen) the petroleum refinery industry. 2nd, there is a natural ‘order’ (there are laws of nature that are TELEPHONE: observable) - Alexander Graham Bell developed the People were committed to scholarly life world's first working telephone, receiving during the period of Intellectual a patent in 1876. revolution - The voice vibrations in the mouthpiece Commitment to learning scientific moved a diaphragm connected to an knowledge led to the death or electromagnet, creating electrical signals. condemnation of some scholars These signals traveled through wires to Religious institutions condemned the the earpiece, where they were converted scholars to preserve their faith, religion, back into sound. and theologian views CALCULATOR: In spite of all the challenges the scholars experienced, their ideas and theories led - The first handheld calculator was a 1967 to a CHANGE or REVOLUTION on how prototype called CalTech, whose people understand the world around development was led by Jack Kilby. them - Provided a faster way to compute People understood the world without equations. relying too much on religion and faith - It paved the way for the development of 3 notable scientists that contributed in more complex processing machines like the intellectual revolution: the computer. - Nicolaus Copernicus: 1473-1543  - Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 the observation that half the stars were - Sigmund Freud: 1856-1939 above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time NICOLAUS COPERNICUS: The stars were all at distance from the (Heliocentric Theory) center of the universe -What people believed in the Past?- The basic elements of Ptolemaic Astronomy: For nearly 1,000 years, Aristotle’s view of - A planet has an epicycle and a a stationary Earth at the center of a deferent revolving universe dominated natural - Epicycles are small circular philosophy orbits that move along much A geocentric worldview became larger circular orbits called ingrained in Christian theology, making deferent it a doctrine of religion as much as natural philosophy Ptolemy proposed that planets move in epicycles because of his observation of Observation of the Night Sky: planets appearing the move backward in Astronomers such as Ptolemy didn’t have circles modern technology (telescope) to This is now known as retrograde observe space. They used their own motion, wherein the planets as viewed observations during the night and from Earth appear to move backward in mapped out planetary movement, along its orbit with the Sun and stars Geocentric Model was adopted and Ptolemy accepted Aristotle’s idea that the supported by the Catholic Church as it Sun and the planets revolve around a aligned with the religious belief in a spherical Earth, a geocentric view stationary Earth at the center of the universe Ptolemaic Model: Claudius Ptolemy (100 CE-170 CE) was COPERNICAN MODEL: an Egyptian astronomer, mathematician In 1515, a polish priest named Nicolaus and geographer Copernicus (1473-1543) proposed the He developed the geocentric model of heliocentric model, that the Earth was the universe now known as the Ptolemaic planet like Venus or Saturn, and that all system planets circled the Sun The Earth is the center of the universe. The Sun is the center of the universe Planets and stars move around the Earth Earth’s rotation caused daily motion from east to west, making the night sky appear to move. Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe, from  LEAVING A LEGACY: Nicolaus Copernicus died on May 24, 1543 in what is now Frombork, Poland He died the year hi major work was published, saving him from the outrage of some religious leaders who later condemned his heliocentric view of the universe as heresy It was not until the early 17th century Afraid of criticism because of his that Galileo developed and popularized scientific shortcomings with his theories, the Copernican theory with the use of Copernicus did not publish his theory the telescope. until 1543, shortly before his death Galileo’s study resulted in a trial and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (on conviction for heresy. the revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere) Following Isaac Newton’s work in was the book published by Copernicus planetary motion in the late 17th century, The Copernican revolution caused the acceptance of the Copernican theory paradigm shift of the earth and sun being spread rapidly in non-Catholic countries. placed in the/ universe. By the late 18th century, the Copernican It is the idea that rejected Ptolemy’s view of the solar system was almost geocentric model (earth is the center of universally accepted. the universe) and introduced the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the universe, having earth revolving around it). PROBLEMS WITH COPERNICAN MODEL: Copernicus’ heliocentric theory has its problems: First, the planets do not move in exact circles around the Sun, they move in oval paths called ellipses. Another important point is this idea of a center. The sun is not the center of the universe, but it is the center of the solar system. Lastly, retrograde motion is not caused by epicycles, but an optical illusion The theory gathered few followers, and created by our planet’s revolution around for time, some of those who did give the sun, along with other planets. credence to the idea faced charges of heresy (belief that goes against religious PART 2 teachings) CHARLES DARWIN Italian scientist Giordano Bruno was (Theory of Evolution) burned at the stake for teaching, among other heretical ideas, Copernicus’ heliocentric view of the Universe  The Darwinian Revolution refers to the He realized that the tortoises had traits impact of Charles Darwin’s theory of that allowed them to live in their evolution by natural selection to our particular environments. understanding of the origin and diversity of species It was considered to be one of the of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time because it provided a different idea about the “theory of Creation Darwin also studied different species of finches on different islands. Like the different shells of each tortoise species, Darwin noticed differences in beak structure of each species of finches, relating it to the environment and diet of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an the finch living on a particular island. English naturalist whose scientific theory Darwin believed that finches had a of evolution by natural selection became common ancestor. the foundation of modern evolutionary This common ancestor produced a studies. variety of offspring with different beak Charles Darwin had an intense curiosity types. about the natural world due to his Not all variety will survive, only those training in medical science. who are fit with the environment they In 1831, Darwin joined a 5-year voyage live in. through the HMS Beagle on the This is called Natural Selection. Galapagos Islands upon the recommendation of his professors. He particularly liked and observed the different tortoise species on different islands of Galapagos.  Gray warbler finches with small beaks are Over time, people accepted the theory adapted to catching insects and will due to evidences presented survive on an island with a large insect population. Leaving a Legacy: The Common cactus finch has a pointed Darwin’s theory of evolution helped in beak adapted to feed on cactus, surviving explaining the world around us like never on islands with a large cactus population. before Large ground finches that do not rely on He laid out concepts that allowed insects have large beaks used to crush humans to understand our own existence seeds and eat them. without the need of supernaturalism Darwin died on April 19, 1882, at the age of 73 due to heart failure NO high-level Church pronouncement has ever attacked head-on the theory of evolution as applied to non-human species Although a bishop of the church did By studying the adaptations and excommunicate Gregorio Chil y Naranjo similarities between different species, in 1878 for his scientific work defending Darwin proposed that all organisms, Darwin including human beings, share a common ancestry and a product of natural selection. SIGMUND FREUD (THEORY OF Variations between organisms resulted PSYCHOANALYSIS) because of their differences in environment. In the past, the field of psychology was classified under philosophy and was considered more an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people's perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory Darwinian Revolution: of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an In 1859, he published his book “The Austrian neurologist and the Father of origin of species” which presented his psychoanalysis. theory of evolution with overwhelming evidence Many religious people did not like the theory because it conflicted with their beliefs about creation Scientists argued about the theory; some agreed with it, while others needed more proof  Psychoanalysis is a clinical method for This part of mind seeks to bring pleasure evaluating and treating problems Primitive part of our personality that originating from conflicts in the mind. includes pleasure-seeking drives, Some of the problems treated by aggression, and sexual drives psychoanalysis include: depression, generalized anxiety, and sexual problems. Superego- unconscious part of mind Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory can be Ethical component of the personality understood by analyzing its components: Provides the moral standards by which ○ Psychosexual Development the ego operates. Theory Acts as our conscience. ○ Theory of Personality Ego- Conscious part of the mind Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the right thing to do Aware of reality The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict Your drive tells you to do one thing, while society tells you to do something else In the end, your EGO decides what action to take If you don’t resolve this conflict between ID and EGO, you may experience unhappiness or mental distress LEAVING A LEGACY: Freud's psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on the unconscious mind, has fundamentally altered our perception of human behavior. He proposed that our actions are not always governed by our conscious thoughts but are often driven by unconscious desires and experiences. FREUD’S COMPONENT OF THE HUMAN MIND: Id- unconscious part of the mind  Philippine history is often divided into three time periods: ○ Pre-colonial or Pre-Hispanic ○ Colonial ○ Post Colonial or Contemporary The Colonial Period is further subdivided into: ○ Spanish Colonization ○ American Colonization Sigmund Freud died due to a lethal dose ○ Japanese Occupation of morphine administered at his request by his friend and physician Max Schur. Freud had been suffering agonizing pain caused by an inoperable cancerous tumor Each period in Philippine History tells a in his eye socket and cheek. He died in unique story on how Science, the United Kingdom in 1939. Technology, and the Philippine Society The Catholic Church had been critical of work together to get to where we are Freud's theories, as they conflicted with right now. the teachings of the Church on human nature, sin, and morality. On the other hand, Freud considered God as a fantasy, based on the infantile need for a dominant father figure. LESSON 03: Historical Developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines – Part I - The history of science and technology in The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is an the Philippines reflects a blend of official acquittance (debt relief) indigenous knowledge, colonial certificate inscribed onto a copper plate influences, and the country’s pursuit of in the Shaka year 822 (Gregorian A.D. scientific and technological 900). advancements in the modern era It is the earliest known calendar-dated - Looking back in time allows us to document found within the Philippine understand how our society became Islands, marking the start of recorded what it is at present because of the history in the country. innovations done i n the past UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: To understand the development of Science and Technology in Pre-colonial Philippines, we shall focus on the following aspects: AGRICULTURE AND TRADE: Language Farming: Agriculture and Trade ○ Main source of livelihood: rice, Medicine coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, Arts and Crafts hemp, bananas, oranges, and Engineering many species of fruits and Clothing vegetables Two ways of Farming: ○ Terracing LANGUAGE: LuuUuUuUZoOoOOn ○ Kaingin ViiiiSAYAANSSSS The Austronesian languages were spoken in pre colonial Philippines. Terracing: Austronesian refers to a family of ○ In mountain areas, farming was languages spoken in an area extending practiced through Terracing. from Madagascar in the west to the ○ Terraced fields were constructed Pacific islands in the east. on the slopes of mountains, Tagalog: spoken in the central part of particularly in the Cordillera Luzon region of Luzon. Cebuano: major language in the Visayas ○ Banaue rice terraces, in the region mountains of north-central Ilocano: spoken in the northern part of Luzon, Philippines, were created Luzon more than 2,000 years ago by the Hiligaynon (Ilonggo): spoken in Ifugao people (Igorot). Western Visayas Bikolano: spoken in the Bicol region Waray-Waray: spoken in Eastern Visayas Kaingin: They have their own method of writing ○ In forested areas, crops were which uses sharp-pointed tools, leaves, grown on swidden bamboo trunks and skin. (slash-and-burn) fields known as Baybayin is one of the pre colonial kaingin. writing systems used by early Filipinos in ○ The Kaingin system involved the Tagalog Region. clearing forested areas for It comes from the Tagalog root word planting through slash and burn baybay, which means “to spell.” methods, then moving to a new area after a few seasons.  Albularyo: Herbalists who specialized in Pre Colonial Philippines also relied on using plants for medicinal purposes animals: ○ Primary domesticated animals ARTS AND CRAFTS: like pigs were raised for meat Pottery: and other uses. ○ Pots were made from locally ○ Carabao (Water Buffalo) was an sourced clay. essential animal used for ○ Storage Jars (Tapayan) were plowing fields and particularly famous when it transportation. came to pre-colonial Filipino ○ Coastal and riverine pottery. Large jars were used for communities relied heavily on storing water, grains, and fishing. fermented foods. Barter Trade: ○ Agricultural products were bartered within and between communities, in exchange for other materials needed. ○ Early Filipinos traded agricultural products with the Chinese in exchange for metal Burial jars were also used to store the pots, silk, porcelain, glass, beads, bones of the deceased, placed after initial pearls, tortoise shells, and decomposition. stoneware jars. The Manunggul Jar is a Neolithic burial jar from the Tabon Caves in Palawan, Philippines. It dates back to 890-710 B.C. and features two figures on the lid MEDICINE: representing the journey of the soul to the afterlife. Herbal Remedies: Indigenous knowledge included the use of various plants and herbs to treat On occasions, some clan forces would illnesses. Commonly used plants form alliances to attack more powerful included ginger, garlic, betel leaves, and opponents. guava leaves Remedies were prepared as decoctions Conventional weaponry during the (soup), poultices (topical application), or pre‐colonial era includes: teas ○ Kris and Kampilan Traditional Healers: ○ Blowgun or Sumpit ○ Canon or Lantaka Babaylan: These were priestly figures, often women, who acted as healers, spiritual leaders, and midwives  Precolonial Filipinos used a variety of materials for clothing, including abaca cotton, silk, and pineapple fibers Precolonial Filipinos used natural materials that were woven and used to create garments like bahag, malong, baro at saya, and barong tagalog Gold as readily available throughout the Philippine archipelago, and gold items were valued as symbols of power and markers of elite status ENGINEERING: Both men and women wore multiple ornaments of gold to display their status in the society Balangay and Karakoa: ○ The balangay is a boat that was used for cargo and trading. ○ Karakoa, a special type of END OF PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES: balangay, were large outrigger warships from the Philippines, used by native Filipinos, notably The precolonial period in the Philippines the Kapampangans and the came to an end with the arrival of Miguel Visayans, during seasonal sea Lopez de Legazpi's expedition in the raids. Philippines in 1565. This marked the beginning of Spanish Bahay Kubo: colonization and the introduction of ○ Houses in pre-colonial times Western influence in the region, were built to suit the tropical changing the landscape of Science and climate Technology in the Philippines. ○ It is made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn upward. ○ Others, such as the Badjaos, built their houses in bodies of PART II. : COLONIAL PHILIPPINES water. Colonial History in the Philippines can be divided into: ○ Spanish rule (1565 –1898) ○ American rule (1898 –1946) ○ Japanese occupation (1941 –1946) CLOTHING: SPANISH PERIOD ○ Establishment of Public School System Spanish Colonial Philippines: ○ Introduction of Modern Educational Systems and The history of the Philippines from 1565 Institutions to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial ○ Improvement of Public Health period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish Empire The Capitaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district administered by a governor-general To understand the development of Science and Technology in Spanish Colonial Philippines, we shall focus on the following aspects Upgrading of Railway System Spanish: ○ The Manila-Dagupan Railway became Manila Railroad - Galleon trade Company. - Construction of Infrastructure ○ The main line of the Manila - Introduction of Formal Education and Railroad Company extended Scientific Institutions from Manila to Legazpi in the - Development of Modern Transportation Bicol region. ○ Renamed into the Philippine AMERICAN PERIOD National Railways (PNR) in 1964. American Colonial Philippines: Establishment of Public School The American colonial period in the System Philippines began in 1898 with the ○ In 1901, the U.S. colonial outbreak of the Spanish-American War. government in the Philippines When the Spanish-American War ended established a free, secular school in December 1898, Spain sold the entire system with English as the only Philippine archipelago to the United language of instruction. The States for $20 million via Treaty of Paris. Philippine Commission recruited several hundred American To understand the development of Science educators called “Thomasites” to and Technology in American Colonial teach in and administer the Philippines, we shall focus on the following colonial school system. aspects: Introduction of Modern Educational American: Systems and Institutions ○ Upgrading of Railway System ○ The Americans established schools and universities to  promote scientific learning and The United States formally recognized knowledge: and granted Philippine Independence in ○ 1901: Philippine Normal 1946 under the Treaty of Manila University (PNU) between the governments of the ○ 1901: Technological University of United States (Pres. Franklin D. the Philippines (TUP) Roosevelt) and the Republic of the ○ 1904: Polytechnic University of Philippines (Pres. Manuel Roxas). the Philippines (PUP) This ended Philippine Colonial History. ○ 1908: University of the Philippines (UP) Improvement of Public Health ○ Philippine General Hospital, the largest and most prominent public hospital in the Philippines, began operations in 1910. ○ It served as a teaching hospital for the University of the Philippines College of Medicine. ○ UP College of Medicine provided To understand the development of Science medical education and training and Technology in American Colonial to Filipino students that will Philippines, we shall focus on the following eventually serve the country. aspects: Post-War Jeepneys Establishment of Government JAPANESE PERIOD Agencies Increasing Number of Filipino Japanese Occupation In the Philippines Scientists The Japanese presence in the Philippines is more appropriately referred to as "occupation" because it was rather 'short' when compared to the Spaniards or even POST-WAR JEEPNEYS: the Americans who were here for decades After World War II, American troops left and centuries. several Willys Jeeps in the country, which Due to their short presence in the Filipinos modified and turned into Philippines, the Japanese didn't have any bus-like vehicles that can transport significant contribution to science and passengers. technology in the country. Jeepneys have been used as a mode of If anything, their presence only brought transportation in the Philippines since destruction. the 1950s. POST COLONIAL PHILIPPINES: ESTABLISHMENT of GOVERNMENT LESSON 04: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND AGENCIES: NATION BUILDING Creation of the National Science Development Board (NSDB) in 1958 (RECAP OF PH HISTORY) during the administration of President Philippine History can be divided into: Carlos P. Garcia. Pre-colonial/ Pre-Hispanic Colonial-Spanish, American, Japanese Post Colonial/ Post War PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES: Recorded history started with the Laguna Copperplate Inscription People had an established culture, tradition, and practices before the The agency formulates and implements Spaniards came policies, plans, and programs for the Agricultural methods like kaingin and development of science and technology terracing capabilities and the promotion of Expertise in weaving, pottery, metalwork, scientific and technological activities. and boat-making NSDB later became the Department of Traditional medicine based on herbal Science and Technology (DOST) in 1987. remedies, and rituals Construction of the Philippine Nuclear COLONIAL PERIOD: Research Institute (PNRI) in 1958 facilities for research in nuclear science Started with the arrival of Miguel Lopez and technology de Legazpi and their invasion of the The International Rice Research Institute archipelago (IRRI) was established in 1960, leading to Introduction of Spanish and American the development of high-yielding rice technologies and innovation varieties Adoption of Western medicine practices, often for colonial benefit Introduction of formal and public education INCREASING NUMBER OF FILIPINO POST-COLONIAL: SCIENTISTS: Started with the country experiencing Filipino scientists were encouraged to independence from America invent after the war through increased Emergence of government agencies for support and funding from the nation building government and other organizations. Rise of Filipino Scientist due to support This support allowed them to conduct of government research, develop solutions, and make exciting discoveries. BUILDING THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH S&T: The Philippines struggled to rebuild after World War II. The spirit to survive and rebuild the country is strong, but the capacity of the country to do it was limited. In 1955, the Philippines concluded a reparations agreement with Japan, which involved the payment of equal to 550 million dollars. The fund was used on economic development, infrastructure projects, and investments in the private In order for the Philippines to progress sector. through science and technology, an agency of the government must be established to focus on programs and policies. These programs and policies would shape the landscape of S&T in our society, paving the way for development of the nation. Since the establishment of the new NATION BUILDING THROUGH SCIENCE republic under Pres. Manuel Roxas, the AND TECHNOLOGY: whole nation focused on using its limited The Americans were the ones to first resources to improve its science and establish the earliest government agency technological capabilities. dedicated to scientific research and The Philippine government has explored technological innovation in the the use of ODA or Official Philippines. Development Assistance to help the This was the Bureau of Science which country rebuild. was founded in 1901 through Act No. 156 One of the ways the Philippines used it of the Philippine Commission. was to improve scientific and In 1958, the National Science technological productivity. Development Board (NSDB) was established under Republic Act No. 2067, also known as the "Science Act of 1958" during Pres. Carlos P. Garcia administration to coordinate scientific research and development activities. The Philippine Science High School was established in 1964 through Republic Act 3661 during the term of President Diosdado Macapagal. Its curriculum prepared the learner to choose careers in science and technology  in order to contribute to national courses were available in private development. universities, having programs that are competitive to ASEAN neighbors. Several government agencies in science and technology were established under the term of Marcos Sr.: NSTA – National Science and Technology Authority (revamped NSDB) PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE HIGHSCHOOL: Administration NAST – National Academy of Science and Specialized curriculum focused Technology on science, technology, and PCASTRD – Philippine Council for math Advanced Science and Technology Rigorous entrance exam Research and Development Emphasis on research and hands-on experiments The Department of Science and Technology Access to advanced facilities and (DOST) was officially established in 1987 under equipment the term of Pres. Cory Aquino. Preparation for STEM-related careers and higher education Executive Order No. 128 ○ “DOST shall provide central direction, leadership and In 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. coordination of scientific and emphasized science and technology as integral technological efforts and ensure to national development. that the result there geared and utilized in area of maximum The Department of Education, with economic and social benefits for the National Science Development the people” Board (NSDB), selected public high In 1988, Aquino’s administration schools and provided them with science approved the Free Education Act, which teaching equipment over a four-year declared free public education up to period. secondary level, enabling the masses to learn science and technology In 1968, Pres. Marcos Sr. recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development, and channeled additional funds to support projects in research and science education. Through funding, Science and Technology, as well as Research DOST: SHAPING S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES: Creating Science and technology parks The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the primary ○ DOST developed dedicated areas science and technology body in the where research institutions, country. technology companies, and It is mandated to: startups can collaborate. ○ support local efforts in science, ○ University of the technology, and research and Philippines Science and development. Technology Park (UP ○ formulate policies, programs, STP) and projects to support national ○ Laguna Technopark development. ○ Clark Green City PROGRAMS OF PH GOVERNMENT Balik Scientist Program THROUGH DOST: ○ This program encourages Providing funds for basic research Filipino scientists and related to science and technology. technologists working abroad to return to the Philippines. ○ DOST allocates money to ○ DOST offers incentives and support basic scientific research. support to help them share their This funding helped scientists expertise and contribute to the and researchers explore country’s scientific and fundamental questions in technological progress. various scientific fields, leading to new discoveries and innovations. STATUS of S&T in the PHILIPPINES: We have come a long way as a nation. We have Establishing more branches of the survived colonialism and wars that made the Philippine Science High School nation crumble to the ground. System Yet, we are able to stand up and rebuild our ○ DOST expanded the network of nation through our efforts and innovation Philippine Science High Schools across the country to encourage But where is the Philippines now in terms of our more students to enter the field progress in Science and Technology? of science and technology. According to the Global Innovation ○ PSHS, or “Pisay” may refer to any Index (G2) 2023, the Philippines was of the system's 16 campuses. ranked 56th out of 132 countries Countries like South Korea, japan, and Singapore led the region and the world in innovation, with the top rankings in the GII. The Philippines, while  improving, is working to catch up with PART II. - FILIPINO SCIENTISTS THAT these more advanced economies CHANGED THE LANDSCAPE OF S&T Top 10: Most innovative economies: - Switzerland - Sweden Filipino scientists had made significant - USA contributions to nation building through - UK their research and innovations in various - Singapore fields. - Finland Our Nation enjoyed different perks and - Netherlands comfort because of the hard work of - Germany these notable Filipino scientists. - Denmark They were famous not because of their - Republic of Korea looks, wealth, or charisma. They were famous because they helped our country (and the world) grow and develop. They serve as inspiration to other scientists in the Philippines. FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS: 1. Maria Y. Orosa (1892-1945) She was a Filipina food technologist, pharmaceutical chemist, humanitarian, and war heroine. She experimented with foods native to the Philippines during World War II, alleviating the problem of hunger and nutrition. Developed the palayok oven that enabled families without access to electricity to bake Created Darak Cookies made with Rice Bran (outer brown layer of brown rice) flour Invented Soyalac, a protein-rich, highly nutritious powdered soybean drink Invented Banana ketchup that became a favorite condiment and cooking ingredient in the archipelago  According to the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, the physician’s makeshift incubator was composed of two native laundry baskets made of bamboo 2. Gregorio Zara (1902–1978) He was a Filipino scientist best known as the inventor of the videophone, the first two-way electronic video communicator, in 1955. The device was largely sold to telephone companies for demonstration purposes only. The recession of the 1990s and the internet buried the videophone. 5. Paulo C. Campos (1921-2007) Established the first radioisotope laboratory in 1956 at the UP-PGH. He conducted research on goiter, 3. Julian Banzon (1908-1988) a common medical problem in Pioneered research on the Philippines. alternative fuels, contributing to His team first suggested the use the development of biofuels in of radioactive iodine to treat the Philippines. hyperthyroidism and certain Coco-Biodiesel can be used in types of thyroid cancer, any diesel engine with little or including conditions that cause no modification to the engine or goiter. fuel system. 4. Fe Del Mundo (1911-2011) In a bid to help families in rural communities without electricity, she invented a bamboo incubator in 1941. 6. Eduardo San Juan (1924-1988) 8. Ramon Barba (1939-2021) One of the NASA engineers who He developed a technique of designed the moon buggy that spraying Potassium nitrate the Apollo astronauts used on (KNO3) to induce flowering in the moon in 1971 and 1972. mango trees. He used homemade materials This discovery significantly for the moon buggy design. His boosted mango production and idea was chosen over modern helped the Philippines become a designs. major mango exporter. 7. Angel C. Alcala (born 1929) 9. Fabian Dayrit (born 1940) Known for his work on marine Known for his research in herbal conservation, artificial coral medicine. reefs, and the establishment of He did the phytochemical work marine protected areas in the for the development of lagundi Philippines (Vitex negundo). He used materials like concrete Lagundi was one of the first structures, metal frames, and medicinal plants approved in the other artificial substrates that Philippines and is now a mimic the natural structure and billion-peso industry. complexity of coral reefs, providing surfaces for coral larvae to attach and grow 10. Enrique Ostrea Jr. (born 1941) Known for inventing the meconium drugs testing, a type of drug test that involves analyzing a newborn baby’s first  stool for evidence of drug She discovered a breed of exposure during pregnancy, seedless calamansi and seedless especially if there is suspicion of pomelo maternal drug use during She was able to develop tissue pregnancy culture for garlic production Meconium is baby’s 1st poop 11. Rafael Guerrero III (born 1944) Recognized for his Tilapia Sex Reversal Technology, which significantly increased WHY GIVE VALUE TO FILIPINO SCIENTISTS? aquaculture productivity. Our nation needs people who are Sex reversal involves the innovative. These people are the treatment administration of inspiration of our country to pursue male steroid to recently hatched science and technology to build our fry so that the undifferentiated nation. gonadal tissue of generic female develops testicular tissue. Like his Father, Pres. Marcos Jr. also believed in the power of Science and Technology in Nation Building As stated by PBBM: “Let us dedicate our knowledge and skills, and work harmoniously so as to uplift the lives of our countrymen,” - Marcos speech during the 2022 National Science and Technology Week (NSTW) opening ceremony at the World Trade 12. Lilian Pateña (born 1953) Center in Pasay City. She studied plant biotechnology, especially tissue culture and micropropagation