The Advent of the Information Age PDF

**The Advent of the Information** **Age** **Information age** (**computer age,digital age/age of new media** )mid-20 century -rapid shift from traditional industries to economy driven by the need for information access and control it. **-John Waters** - President and creative director, of Waters...

**The Advent of the Information** **Age** **Information age** (**computer age,digital age/age of new media** )mid-20 century -rapid shift from traditional industries to economy driven by the need for information access and control it. **-John Waters** - President and creative director, of Waters Design Associates Inc. said ***"**Information age as a time when information got ahead of humankind*". **-Transistor(1947)** invented by **John Bardeen & Walter Brattain.** **-Optical Amplifier(1957**) invented by **Gordon Gould**. **Ancient writings** **-**Sumerian cuneiform(3000B.C.) -Heiroglypics(2900B.C)-egypt -Chinese small seal script in Qin Dynasty (200B.C) **Books** **-**Egyptian Papyrus Roll(500 B.C.) -Parchment Codex of Roman Empire (100 A.D) -Chinese wood-block printing and paper(105A.D) **Printing Press** -invented by **Johannes Gutenberg (1440).** a device that applies pressure to an inked surface lying on a medium. w/c lead to metal movable type and introduce a new branch of print media "**the press**". -ushered in the era of mass communication. **Allies** (Great Britain ,U.S. & Soviet Union) **Axis Power**(Germany, Italy & Japan) **Harvard Mark 1 -** 50ft. Long electromechanical computer. **Enigma Code** - used by germans to transcribe their message in encryption using a machine called **Enigma.** **Alan Turing** - English mathematician hired by ***Government Code and Cipher*** School at Bletchley Park to crack enigmas code in **1936.** **-**nazis made the enigma machine **10¹¹⁴** **-Turing** made the **Bombe**, allow British to read all daily german naval enigman. **Claude E. Shannon**- researcher at Bell Laboratories and met Turing in1943 at age 32 he wrote a landmark paper proposing that all information can be encoded in a series of **1 and 0.** **Electronic Brains(1970s**) - generation who wanted their own personal computer. **Steve Wozniak-** built a simple computer around the 8080-microprossesor hooked w/ keyboard and television in **1976** his friend **Steve Jobs** called it **Apple 1** then sold it to **Silicon Valley.** **Bill Gates-** realize that pc needed software and sold his **Microsoft programs.** **Internet (1970s)** dev. by *United States Department of Defence*, mainly by scientist to communicate w/ other scientist. **World Wide Web (1990s)** - dev. largely for commercial purposes. E. **mail** - convenient way to send message to associates/friends. **1973** - internet paved the way for social networking and gave rises to creation of various social media platform served as **Plethora of Functions.** **Evolution of Information Age in 2010s** **- "decade of disruption"** **-**upgraded from 3G to 4G -download speed from 1.5 to 15 megabits -800mb video from 5hours to 43 seconds -32min. in 2011 to 132min. In 2019 time spent in mobile devices. **Friendster** - was world most popular social network in **2000s.** **Geotagging -** process of appending geographic coordinates on the location of a mobile devices. **2020s Information Age Shifts** \- 4G to 5G network \- cloud computing is expected to evolve into edge computing. -age of robotic surgery, autonomous vehicles, gaming, and smart factories -healthcare go digital. **Information Age and the Fourth Industrial Revolution** -(4IR / Industry 4.0) **Klaus Scwab -** german engineer and economist founder of **World Economic Forum. '***changes are not mere improvements to efficiency, but a shift in industrial capital'* 1. **Interconnection** - machines, devices,people will be able to seamlessly connect and communicate w/ each other through IoT / IoP. 2. **Information Transparency** - as info. becomes more accessible and transparent. 3. **Technical Assistance** - establish the technological prerequisites of systems able to assist human in decision making and problem solving. 4. **Decentralized Decision -** cyber physical system of industry 4.0 will be capable of independent decision making and autonomous performances tasks. **Four Ethical Issues of the Info. Age** **-1986** infancy of information age -**Richard O. Mason,** published **MIS Quarterly.** 1. **Privacy -** citizen must exercise caution in using info. technologies. Two threats to privacy. 2. **Accuracy** - misinformation fouls up people's lives. exacerbated when the other party holding inaccurate information are in position of power/authority. 3. **Property** - most complex, intellectual property is difficult to safeguard. 4. **Accessibility** - right / privilege to obtain access in information technologies. **UNESCO** handbook "*Journalism, Fake News and Disinformation: A handbook for Journalism Education and Training''* **Disinformation** - false and deliberately to create harm to a person,social group etc. **Mal-information** - based on reality, used to inflict harm. **Misinformation** - false but not created w/ the intention of causing harm. **Perfect Storm** - catastrophic present where powerful institutions use tools and propaganda for their vested interest. **Fake News** - range of inaccuracies of information,/ news stories or articles that are false. Contain some truth but lacked any context. **Maria Ressa-** 1^st^ filipino 2021 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, "*We have coronavirus in real world. Here in the info. system, you have the virus of lies"* **Oxford University Press - "***objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief"* **Post-truth -** no one believes anything unless they read it on Facebook/ watch in Tiktok, if it posted then it must be 'true' -**Social Weather Station - 70%** percent of Filipinos believes that fake news is a serious problem. **Fact-checking** - activity/process of verifying factual information to ensure veracity and correctness. 1. **Check credentials** 2. **Read the "About Us"** 3. **Look for bias** 4. **Check the dates** 5. **Check out the source** 6. **Interrogate URLs** 7. **Suspect the sensation** 8. **Judge hard** **Biodiversity, Healthy Society, and COVID-19** **Biodiversity** - variety of life on earth and the essential interdependence of living things at all level, from genes to ecosystem. 1**.Genetic diversity** - gene pool/total genetic information that exist in all individual microorganisms,plant. Least observable 2.**Species diversity** - most common level of biodiversity. Species richness - number of species that thrive in a certain location. 3. **Ecosystem diversity** - variation of ecosystems w/in a geographical location. -**Carrington(2018**) claims that humanity has caused the loss of **83%** of all wild mammals and half of all plants. **Biodiversity** **-**ensure health and food security -helps fight diseases -benefits business -provides livelihood -protect us. Make the planet habitable. **Types of benefits of biodiversity** -solutions to climates change -food -health -cultural and economic value **5 direct drivers to biodiversity loss** 1. Land and sea use change, (2)Overexploitation, (3)Climate Change, (4)Pollution, (5)Invasive alien Species. **Biodiversity mainstreaming** - framework used to deal w/ biodiversity loss on a national level. Conservation is viewed as precondition of sustainable dev. **Biodiversity & Curbing Future Pandemics** **Zoonosis** - infectious disease transmitted from animals to human. **Dilution** - when a virus reaches an intermediary host, in w/c unable to achieve optimal concentration to thrive. Quickly dies out **Buffer** - when a virus reaches a intermediary host whose genetic diversity allows it to adopt to the virus, resistant and preventing further spread. **One health** - state in w/c environmental health, animal and human health are interdependent is possible. **Public health & Safety in the time of COVID-19** **Health -** state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity. **The Lancet(2009)** - health as the ability to adopt. **Physical health** - having bodily functions, processes, and systems all working at their peak. **Mental health** - person's emotional,social, and psychological well-being. **Public health** - focuses on the protection and promotion of the health entire population. **1978** - *Declaration of Alma Ata* major milestone of 20^th^ century public health as it identified primary healthcare as the key to achievement of "**Health For All"** **History of Public Health** -2000B.C. ancient antecedents of water supply, bathrooms, toilets, and drainage were invented. -1700s &18000s, systematic attempts to determine the causes of diseases and treatment were carried out -pushed to its limits in 18^th^ century because of 1st industrial revolution. **Cholera outbreak** 1^st^outbreak India(1820), 2^nd^Russia, Hungary, Germany(1831) then London &UK(1832), 3^rd^Russia (1846) then England&Wales (1834), 4^th^Ganges Delta(1863). London 2^nd^ major outbreak of cholera claimed 6500 lives "**King Cholera"**. -**1831** outbreak known as *"Broad st. Cholera outbreak*"/ "G*olden Square outbreak"* **John Snow** - father of epidemiology, apprentice working to systematically study the spread of ***Vibrio Cholerae*** bacteria. -he pointed to germ contaminated water that took **616 lives.** -**miasma / bad air theory** **Louis Pasteur** - germ theory, he propose that microscopic organism were the causes of diseases among humans until 1861. **Enlightenment period** - provided important foundations for the importance of public health. embrace democracy, citizenship, reason, rationality and intelligence. **Jeremy Bentham and his disciples** called "**Philosophical Radical"**- nature placed humankind under the governance of two masters, **pain** and **pleasure.** **Utilitarianism -** action should be judge right/wrong based on whether they maximize pleasure and pain. 10 essential public health services(EPHSs) in 1994 group to 3 core functions **Assessmen**t -collecting and analyzing info. **Policy Development** - consulting w/ broad range of stakeholders **Assurance** - promoting and protecting public interest. **COVID-19**, worst public health crisis of the 21th century. -caused by **SARS-CoV-2** in **Wuhan China December 2019**. -**January 30,** declared as public health emergency of international concern -**March 11,** a pandemic -**molecular tes**t and **antigen test**, most common diagnostic test. **Antibody test(rapid test**), detect immune response after exposure search for specific proteins on the surface of the virus. **Basic Concepts on Environmentalist Movement** **Environmentalism -** broad range of concepts revolving around the protection of the environment. **Environmental awareness-** being informed of the ways in w/c human actions affect the well-being of the immediate/local and global ecosystem. **Pro-environmental behavior** - multidisciplinary psychological and sociological construct referring to human actions, aimed at protecting the environment. **Green consumerism**- consumers demand/purchase products and services that underwent eco friendly. **History of Environmentalism** -5000 years ago the idea of ecological awareness came up in human historical record. -Hindu sages of Hinduism praised wild forest in their hymns. -taoist monks nature must be protected and respected to achieved harmony between human and environment. -**Mesopotamian epic,** story of *Gilgamesh* who cut down the sacred trees, was punished by *Ishtar* by sending bull of heaven. -**Greek myth,** when *Orion* who killed wild animals, *Gaia*, the Goddess of Earth send great scorpion to kill him. When failed *Artemis*, shot him w/ an arrow. -**3000 BC,** Indus civilization in **Mohenjo-daru** began to recognize the impacts of pollution -**400 BC** **Plato** observe deforestation led to soil erosion, said "*all the richer and softer parts have fallen away, and the mere skeleton of all land remains*" -**Hippocrates** and **Galen**, acid contamination among copper miners. **De aere aquis et locis**(*air, water,and places*) -**human ecology**, oldest surviving european work. **-Alkali Acts(1863)**,regulate gaseous hydrochloric acid air, w/c by product of soda ash production and caused deleterious air pollution. **-Coal Abatement Society(1898)**, founded by **Sir William Blake Richard** oldest non-governmental org. **-Public Health Act of 1875,** 1^st^ law to sanction factories that belched large amounts of black smoke **-Smoke Abatement Act(1926),** harmful gases to include soot,ash and gritty particles **-Clean Air Act of 1956**, result of "***Great Smog of 1952*"** in London w/c led to 6000 deaths. **-Royal Society for the Protection of Birds(1889),** protection of animals from hunting during mating season advocates by **Alfred Newton** and; **-Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869**, 1^st^ nature protection law in the world. Period of romanticism **-Waldo Emerson** wrote "***Nature"*** in **1835-** advocated a transcendental view of appreciating nature. **-Henry David Thoreau,** wr. ***Walden**(living in the woods)***1854**- his experience living in a cabin **-Tsunesaburo Makiguchi**, wr. *J**insei Chirigaku***(*a geography of human life*)**1903**. Environmental hazard of industrialization 19^th^ century **-Commons Preservation Society(1865),** champion rural preservation against industrial encroachment. **-National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural Beauty(1895)** heritage conservation. **-Sierra Club(1892),** protect natural landscapes against human dev. **-Society for Preservation of Nature Monuments in the Netherlands(1905),** stand against using a nearby wetlands as a garbage dump. 1960s modern environmental movement **-Rachel Louise Carson** wr. ***Silent Spring*** (**1962**), describe the impact of indiscriminate use of *dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/DDT.* Led; **-United States Environmental Protection Agency**(**1970**), baned of ddt in 1972. **-Friends of the Eart 1969** **-Green peace 1971**. **Earty day** - **March 21,1970** spring in US **-Chipko Movement(1973)** India influenced by **Mahatma Gandh**i, hugging trees. Philippines **-Presidential Decree 1586,** established the ***Environmental Impact Statement System in 1976***- 1^st^ environmental law to be passed. **-RA.6969**,***Philippine Clean air act of 1999*-**aimed to achieve and maintain clean air and set guidelines for the national air quality **-RA.9003***Philippine Clean Water of 2004-***aim to protecting the country bodies of water. **Ecoactivism**- form of social engagement in campaigns aimed at protecting the environment. Philosophical Background of Environment **Thomas Robert Malthus**- published "***An Essay on the Principle of Population(*1798*)",*** argued that population growth will outplace food production(**Malthusian catastrophe**), leading to natural '**Checks'**. **Garett James Hardin** "***The Tragedy of the Commons"*** -***the family as the natural and fundamental unit of society,*** UN Universal Declaration of Human rights **Environmental philosophy**- deal w/ the natural environment and the human's place. **Environmental ethics-** studies the moral relationship of human beings w/ the environment **Ecocentrism-** environmental protection is viewed as an end itself **Anthrocentrism-** environment protection carried out for the environment's role in human development and sustainability **Climate Change**- range of global phenomena caused by the burning of fossil fuels, w/c add heat-trapping gases to earth atmosphere **Global warming-** interchangeably w/ climate change, Earth's upward trend of temperature caused by greenhouse gases **Greenhouse gases**- absorb infrared radiation that enters the atmosphere and radiate it to the earth's surface. **Albedo-** the ratio of the light reflected by an any part of the earth atmosphere. **Acid deposition**- occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide reach w/ particle matters/ water vapor. **El Nino-** normal climate pattern that describe the unsual warming of surface water "warm phrase"' **La Nina-** "cool phrase"cooling of the surface water Philippine Dry season ( december - may) Rainy season ( june - november) **PAGASA** - government agency tasked to issue typhoon warnings among its mandates for the protection of safety. -situated in **Circum-Pacific Bel**t / **Pacific Ring of Fire** -**19 to 20** typhoons entering in PAR -2013 typhoon **Haiyan (Super typhoon Yolanda**), strongest and deadliest recorded typhoon **NDRRMC-** multisectoral arm responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of filipino during disaster & emergency established through **RA.10121**/ ***philippine disaster risk reduction and management plant,*** w/c long term national sectoral plan that maps out comprehensive measure. **RA.9729 /** ***Climate Change Act of 2009***, integrates risk reduction measure into planning, dev. and program, aimed to adopt climate change \- it created the **Climate Change Commision (CCC)** ,philippines main policy formulation agency to address the climate change issues. -**April 2021**,the CCC beefed its commitment in **Paris Agreement on Climate Change**, international treaty on climate change adopted by **193** parties.