STS Prelims PDF

SCIENCE sciencia (Latin word)= knowledge PARADIGM OF STS TEACHING & LEARNING Scientific Method Leads to the creation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, laws and procedures = natural phenomena TECHNOLOGY techne (greek word)= art, skill or cunning ha...

SCIENCE sciencia (Latin word)= knowledge PARADIGM OF STS TEACHING & LEARNING Scientific Method Leads to the creation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, laws and procedures = natural phenomena TECHNOLOGY techne (greek word)= art, skill or cunning hand. logos = words, speech logia = study, knowledge Application of Scientific expertise, laws and principles to the ​ X-ray (x: unknown) development of services, products, instruments and machines built to solve real problems. -​ Created because you need it -​ Ex: barong, whiteboard marker A material product that results of a scientific investigation. A material product that results from a scientific investigation. SOCIETY societas (latin word)= individual belonging to a particular group. -​ There's positive and negative effect A community of people engaging with each other through persistent relationships occupying the same geographical or GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP (GC) & GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION social territory normally subject to the same political authority (GCED) and dominant cultural expectations. GC described: “a sense of belonging to a broader community, beyond national boundaries, that emphasizes our common STS humanity and draws on the interconnectedness between the Interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, local and the global, the national and the international.” political, and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by (UNESCO, 2014) them; specific examples throughout human history of scientific, GCED’s 4 pillars: “learning to know”, “learning to do”, “learning and technological developments.” to be”, “learning to live together” (UNESCO, 1996). -​ DO: trial and error STS EDUCATION -​ BE: know what you want GCED & EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ESD) Key conceptual dimensions of GCED & ESD STS educational viewpoints Its prominence in the school science curriculum (Aikenhead, IMPORTANCE OF STS 2003). Helps us become aware with regards to our environmental Ensure the development of a broad – based science problem thus now we find ways to support for environmental curriculum, embedded in the cultural, socio-political contexts in protection which it was formulated (Fensham, 1985) -​ Ex. earth day - celebrated every april 22 of the year, lights off for one hour 1 STS AS PART OF THOMASIAN IDENTITY -​ Ex: 1 & 2 may mutual understanding. Give and receive. -​ STS will help you gain and reach the core values that If puro give and no receive, magkakaprobelm. the university wants to impart to you which are EXAMPLES OF SOCIETAL CASES TO BE RESOLVED BY STS competence, committment and compassion 1.​ Shortage of sustainable water -​ STS will help you become as Servant leader by helping a.​ Specifically deals with SDGs 2, 3, 6, and 14 you choose decisions wisely, communicate better - b.​ People should be informed that water isn’t articulate with what you believe in when you know a unlimited lot on that belief c.​ Proper and reasonable water conservation -​ Have to become analytical and creative when it comes measures to producing and creating your ideas, 2.​ llegal Wildlife Trade -​ You will always be a life long learner, find another a.​ Specifically deals with SDGs 13, 14 and 15 question to answer b.​ Create awareness to everyone, especially those who thinks that they are “benefiting” STS incorporated Laudato Si’ by Pope Francis because of IWT c.​ Strengthen our implementation of the 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) current laws we have that protects our -​ A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people wildlife. and the planet. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ​ -​ An urgent call for action by all countries (developed SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION and developing) in a global partnership. -​ It is recognized that ending poverty and other THE HUMAN ORIGINS (6 TO 2 MYA) deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that ​ The Human Revolution refers to the remarkable and improve health and education, reduce inequality, and sudden emergence of language, consciousness and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens. change and working to preserve our oceans and ​ Historians call the early period of human history as the forests. Stone Age. ​ First humans emerged from Africa, and lived Some additional social theories that could intervene in the simultaneously with other hominid species. attainment of these goals: ​ Large complex brains provided the capacity to make and use tools. (made up of stones. Kaya “stone age) Theory of evolution Survival of the fittest KEY HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS → charles darwin ➔​ Paleolithic Period (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC) -​ The earliest part of this period was the Paleolithic Age SOCIAL THEORIES or the Old Stone Age 1.​ SOCIAL DARWINISM -​ Nomadic group of people. (go from one place to This theory holds that the powerful in society are innately another) better than the weak and that success is proof of their -​ Survived by Hunting & gathering (hunted buffalo, superiority. bison, wild goats, reindeer, and other animals) Social Darwinism described the practice of misapplying the depending on where they lived. biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, -​ Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and the economy, and society. green plants & Fished along rivers and coastal areas. 2.​ SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY First tools made by humans Social exchange theory is a model for interpreting society as a series of interactions between people that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments. Interaction of two parties that implement a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. Social exchange theory says that if the costs of the relationship are higher than the rewards, such as a lot of effort or money put into a relationship and not reciprocated, this could lead to problems 2 The first use of fire by humans in the Paleolithic Age (they also -​ Newspaper discovered fire) -​ bound Books or Codex -​ Warmth -​ Roman Architecture -​ Cooked food -​ Roman Numerals -​ Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored 6. The Middle “Dark” Ages (MEDIEVAL) (476 AD to 1400) Paleolithic painting in Lascaux, France -​ Middle ages began with the fall of the Roman Empire -​ Communication and arts and transfer of knowledge (476) and ended in the 1400s. -​ Also referred to as the Dark Ages ➔​ Neolithic Period ​(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 middle we have the continuous increase of complexity of and 2000 BC) knowledge -​ First Agricultural Revolution (plant) -​ (They know how to do) Selected breeding (they were Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages” able to select desirable traits. So select ng select) Lack of a central government -​ During the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribe Widespread diseases (plagues) composed of families. Long religious wars -​ The domestication of large animals resulted in a Little to no access to education dramatic increase in social inequality. (unahan) Slow technological or cultural development -​ The growth of agriculture made permanent houses Printing Press possible. Microscope -​ Mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements were Telescope also common War weapons Improvements: neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, polishing tools. Grinding stone, neolithic sickle Discovery: -​ Printing press; Johannes Gutenberg ➔​ Rise of Ancient Civilizations -​ Microscope 1. Sumerian Civilization (4500 BC to 1900 BC) -​ Telescope -​ Cuneiform – handwriting (in clay tablet) -​ War weapons -​ Uruk City (center in terms of changing of goods and materials) 7. The Renaissance (15-17th Century) (rebirth or reborn) -​ Irrigation and Dikes (for agriculture partic; plants) -​ Also regarded as the bridge between the middle ages -​ Sailboats and modern history that started as a cultural -​ Wheel movement in Italy, it later spread towards the rest of -​ The Plow Europe. 2. Egyptian Civilization (3100 BC to 332 BC) -​ Paper or papyrus -​ Ink -​ Hieroglyphics -​ Cosmetics and Wig -​ Water Clock/Clepsydra 3. Chinese Civilization (1600 BC to 221 BC) -​ Silk ➔​ Industrial Revolution -​ Tea Production Modern History and the Industrial Revolution (1700s to 1900s) -​ Great wall of China -​ The Industrial Revolution Period (1870-1900s) of time -​ Gunpowder when the face of industry changed dramatically. (the beginning of colonisation) -​ Lasting impact on the economies of the world and the lives of the person. 4. Greek Civilization (800 BC to 140 BC) -​ Introduction of inventions that made the life of people -​ Alarm Clock easier. -​ Water Mill -​ James Watt: Steam engine -​ Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin 5. Roman Civilization (753 BC to 476 AD) 3  -​ Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Industrialization increased the demand There are dangers, but only dangers if people don’t understand significantly. where technology is taking us. -Michio Kaku a.​ use of chemistry PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -​ Joseph Aspdin, Portland cement. -​ Production of sulphuric acid was pioneered by the PHILOSOPHY Englishman John Roebuck in 1746. -​ Philosophy: love of wisdom -​ Production for fertilizers, detergents, dyes, explosives, -​ Greek words: philo (love) & sophos (wisdom) drugs and other chemicals WHY WE NEED PHILOSOPHY b.​ The Tin Can -​ helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in -​ The humble tin can was patented by a British merchant education. usually through such questions as: Peter Durand in 1810. -​ – What is being educated? -​ John Hall and Bryan Dorkin opened the very first -​ – What is the good life? commercial canning factory in England -​ – What is knowledge? -​ – What is the nature of learning? c.​ Electricity -​ – And what is teaching? -​ The development of electricity as a source of power had been done by an international collection of 3 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY scientists including Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Av - axiology values Volta, and Michael Faraday. Ek - epistemology knowledge education Mr- Metaphysics Reality Henry ford, automobile Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, camera photograph 1. AXIOLOGY [ETHICS & AESTHETIC] | VALUES Alexander Graham Bell, telephone study of values in human behavior or the study of moral Thomas Edison, Phonograph problems: e.g., (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, (2) Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, airplane the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy ➔​ The Anthropocene (Present) The Rise of the Human Empire 2. EPISTEMOLOGICAL/EPISTEMOLOGY [DEDUCTIVE & -​ The era in which human activity has been the INDUCTIVE] | KNOWLEDGE dominant influence on climate and the environment study of knowledge. In particular, epistemology focuses on how -​ Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the we come to acquire knowledge and what types of limits there term “Anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to refer to are to our knowledge. In other words, how do we know what is the Quaternary, the most recent geological period. true? It is sense experience vs. reason. -​ The term was widely popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological time. Issues that have identified the Anthropocene -​ Nuclear weapons, fossil fuels, gas emissions, plastic use, change in geology, use of fertilizers, global warming, mass extinction The Dark Side of Technology -​ Technology is a mostly positive endeavor except for some troubling and unnerving possibilities Michio Kaku refers to as “wildcards” -​ The unanticipated uses of technology and science threatened to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares 4 3. METAPHYSICAL/METAPHYSICS [ONTOLOGY & COSMOLOGY] brought previous theories in the history and | REALITY philosophy of science into a whole new context. study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the so-called -​ Coined the term “paradigm.” first principles of the natural order and "the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect.”; laws, Solving problems is scientific progress causation, explanation -​ Ontology: What is the nature of existence SCIENTIFIC METHOD -​ What is true? ASK A QUESTION [PROBLEM] -​ Cosmology: Origin and organization of the universe DEFINE PROBLEM STATEMENT [RESEARCH] -​ Method of figuring out those truths CONSTRUCT THE HYPOTHESIS [HYPOTHESIZE] TEST THE HYPOTHESIS [EXPERIMENT] If you cant explain it simply, you dont understand it well enough - COLLECT THE DATA [ANALYZE] albert einstein (key concept: science is based on facts) REPORT THE RESULT [INTERPRET] INDUCTIVISM TYPES OF DATA -​ specific - general 1. QUANTITATIVE DATA -​ proposes and rests on a common understanding of the Numeric variables laws of the universe; there are laws of nature, How many uniformities that govern these laws. How much -​ Facts are observable, and theories should be derived How often from these facts by observation. -​ Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus Observation using the senses. groups, case study research, and ethnography, Seeing is believing. open-ended surveys provide a deep understandings of -​ Observable facts are objective. how people perceive their social realities, and in consequence, how they act within the social world HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVISM -​ general to specific 2. QUALITATIVE DATA -​ Rejects the context of discovery. Categorical variables -​ “facts” are not always observable. What type -​ Facts have come to scientists not by From where observation but rather by accident, through Qualities dreams, visions and preexisting theories. -​ Laboratory and field experimentations, rating scales, -​ Rejects the notion that facts are neutral and objective. closed survey questions such as “Yes” or “No” which -​ Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every instance can have numerical categories that lends support corroborates the theory. -​ Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful information that are crucial for decision making FALCIFICATIONISM -​ Scientifically objective and rational -​ Also rejects the context of discovery. -​ Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough. RELIABILITY -​ No specific number of confirmations will Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures make any hypothesis true. something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by -​ body of science must be falsifiable. using the same methods under the same circumstances, the -​ The notion of scientific progress for the falsificationist measurement is considered reliable. rests on the premise that scientific theories are tentative. CONJECTURE AND REFUTATION Science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test, allowing preconceived notions of “facts,” whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation. -​ Thomas Kuhn famously published The Structures of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, a publication that 5  VALIDITY Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world. Note: High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably isn’t valid RELIABILITY VS VALIDITY reliability validity definition The extent to which the The extent to which the results can be results really measure reproduced when the what they are supposed research is repeated to measure under the same conditions. assessment By checking the By checking how well consistency of results the results across time, across correspond to different observers, and established theories across parts of the test and other measures of itself. the same concept. relation A reliable measurement A valid measurement is is not always valid: the generally reliable: if a results might be test produces accurate reproducible, but results, they should be they’re not necessarily reproducible. correct. 6