Science, Technology, and Society (STS) - PDF Presentation

bochins.paw Science, Technology, and Society Ailene s. evangelista  Objectives bochins.paw 1. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa; 2. Identify inventions...

bochins.paw Science, Technology, and Society Ailene s. evangelista  Objectives bochins.paw 1. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa; 2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history and; 3. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines. What is Science? Systematic knowledge that discusses our physical world, and phenomena, without biased observation and systematic process of experimentation. Science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of fundamental laws. Experimentation that shows consistency. What is Technology? Utilization of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life. Changes and manipulation of the human environment. What is Society? From the Latin word “societas,” which implies connection of friendship. Society is defined as a “bigger collection of individuals who associate with each other. Relationship of Science. Technology, and Society Society demands more from science. Society benefits from technology. Science seeks to improve society. Science informs technology. Technology makes life easier in society. Technology demands more from science. Negative Effects of Science and Technology Pollution Imbalance of Ecosystem Effects in different aspects of life What is STS? Science, Technology, and Society Studies, or STS, is an interdisciplinary field of academic teaching and research, with elements of a social movement, having as its primary focus the explication and analysis of science and technology as complex social constructs with attendant societal influences entailing myriad epistemological, political, and ethical questions. What is STS? STS is the study of society, politics and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn affects society politics and culture. Historical Antecedents in the course of Science and Technology In ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication, and recordkeeping, mass production, security, and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture. Science and Technology keep on advancing to meet the growing needs of people in these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by science and Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making work easier, faster, and efficient, our society responds by changing as well. These changes are evident as each ancient civilization keeps on creating technology that has been modified and that is being used today. Problems Encountered During Ancient Times Transportation Navigation Communication Record-keeping Mass Production Safety and Protection Health Architecture Engineering Aesthetic  Major Technological Advancements Sumeria Babylonia Egyptia ns ns ns  Sumerian Civilization Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the area that later became Babylonia, Sumerians, are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.  Cuneiform The Sumerians invented writing (cuneiform script), for which they used sharp reeds to create wedge-like markings on clay tablets. It is one of the major contributions of the Sumerians. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. It is also one way of passing on their traditions, cultures, and their legacy.  Uruk City Another important contribution of the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks-a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and built a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.  THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The Ziggurat, also called the mountain of God, was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. Without much building materials, the structure was constructed using sunbaked bricks. The Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only priest was allowed to enter.  IRRIGATION AND DIKES As the population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had a scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of  SAIL BOATS Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances. However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger, and boats were not enough to accommodate more people and products. They needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resources. Some resources attribute to the Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demands. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology.  WHEEL In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available. The first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work and food processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time  WHEEL In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available. The first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work and food processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time  THE PLOW Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. The plow was invented to dig the earth at a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done.  ROADS To facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made the roads with the same technology they used in making sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground. The Sumerians does not have any degree in engineering or in architecture, but they were able to build buildings, roads, infrastructure, and many more that are still solid and stable  ROADS To facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made the roads with the same technology they used in making sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground. The Sumerians does not have any degree in engineering or in architecture, but they were able to build buildings, roads, infrastructure, and many more that are still solid and stable  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. Babylonia emerge near the river because water is one of their basic necessities. Water brings food for them, brings energy and beauty, and it also enables them to travel from one place to another. With the use of the river, they can exchange their goods for other places and they can also use it to conquer  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION One of their major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon from the stories of historians and paintings that portray the place. It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is unknown.  EGYPITAN CIVILIZATION Another early civilization famous for it legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians, especially regarding infrastructures established by the Pharaohs.  PAPER OR PAPYRUS Aside from the Sumerians, Egyptians also developed a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Before they are using tables made from clay tablets but they find them fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. Hence, the Egyptian invention of paper or papyrus was a welcome development. They were able to process the plant to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things  INK When Egyptians invented papyrus or paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.  HEIROGLYPHICS Like Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. Their way of writing is also the root cause of why many scientists are confused about their history. Hieroglyphics is not just ordinary writing of the text, but it is also consisting of many different symbols and illustrations that may lead the scientist to misinterpret data or meaning. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world about the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures.  COSMETICS AND WIG Cosmetics nowadays are essential in building your self-confidence but did you know that the cosmetics that we are using right now is invented by the Egyptians? Although cosmetics in modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetics.  WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock. This device utilizes gravity which affects the flow of water from one vessel to another. This invention also leads to our modern-day clock through a series of improvements done by the succeeding civilization.  GREEK CIVILIZATION Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. This makes their country difficult to conquer since it is an archipelago, they can hide or ambush the enemy from various islands. Europe is known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and  GREEK CIVILIZATION The first proponents of an atomic theory were the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus in the field of science and in the field of math they have Pythagoras who was perhaps the first to realize that a complete system of mathematics could be constructed and later called the Pythagorean Theorem.  ALARM CLOCK One of the most utilized gadgets today was invented by ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. Although the alarm clock during that time does not resembles the present-day clocks, the purpose was just the same- to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. This invention according to the scientist resembles that of the Egyptians but this is more complex but more accurate.  WATER MILL Watermills were also considered one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like the milling of grains which is a necessary form of food processing during that time. Mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like became common with the help of watermills. Modern-day watermills also help for converting mechanical energy into electricity which also leads to the invention of  ROMAN CIVILIZATION The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. Political because of its huge population and territory and social because of religion. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified law. That is why many other civilizations were conquered by the Roman Empire because of its existing laws which make it more complex and more stable compared to the other civilizations or empire.  ROMAN CIVILIZATION The following are the inventions and innovations of the Roman Empire. Newspaper Bound Books or Codex Roman Architecture Roman numerals All of the above-mentioned inventions are still existing in this present-day civilization and are used in the entire world. The most famous is the newspaper which is globally used by different races.  CHINESE CIVILIZATION The Chinese civilization is considered the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located in the far east of Asia. It was very famous among the other ancient civilization because of its silk trade. The following are contributions of Chinese civilization to the world Silk industry, Tea production, Worlds Famous Great wall of China, Gun powder China even until now controls the production of almost everything. Most of the things like gadgets, furniture, weapon, medicine, basic necessities, and many others are made in China. That is why the Chinese economy is getting bigger and its control over international politics  MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the field of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. Most innovative minds came from this period to control the increase of trade and commerce among nations.  PRINTING PRESS Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.  MICROSCOPE Growing population caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people are transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical attention. To develop the proper medicines for the illness, experts must understand the sickness through investigation that is why they invented this device to magnify the small things that are invisible to the naked eye.  TELESCOPE Since the Middle Ages was also known as the age of exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or avoid dangers at sea.  WAR WEAPON Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in weaponry technology also occurred. One of the keys to gaining victory during this time is well-crafted bows, spears, and even armors which are used in close-range hand-to-hand combat and for open-area battles.  MODERN TIMES The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. Because of these, the birth of various industries takes place. However, due to massive industrialization, modern times again faced more complicated problems.  PASTEURIZATION As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk since they usually spoiled faster. If this food is not consumed immediately after production, it might lead to food poisoning, diphtheria, and typhoid fever. Louise Pasture, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period.  PETROLEUM REFINERY Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. Nowadays, kerosene is still present as still used by many people for powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.  TELEPHONE What do you think is the first word ever spoken on the telephone? It is “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you” Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and it was one of the most important inventions at that time. But before, the connection is very limited, the commoners cannot afford to buy one, and it is not that reliable in terms of stability and consistency. Nowadays, telephones are one of the necessities in this fast-changing world. Millennials can no longer  CALCULATOR Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. The creation of the modern-day calculator did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like computers.  PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. We have a group of inventors called the Filipino Inventors Society which aims to remedy the needs of the consumers by inventing useful machines that could help us in our everyday living. These inventors are supported by the DOST or the Department of Science and Technology. Some of the worlds renounce Filipino inventions are the following: Videoke Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Salt Lamp Medical Incubator Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System Ejeepney  PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS These inventions are being recognized and being used all over the world. According to the Filipino Inventors Society Secretary Fortunato de la Pena, “we may lack of resources, but our minds are filled with knowledge” which is true. As a Filipino, we know how to be patient and how to curl when the blanket is short meaning, we find ways in every problem that we face  Activity IF I WERE AN INVENTOR… In this section, you learned that necessity is the mother of inventions and innovations. In this task, you will address this question: “if you were an inventor, what would you invent?” in thinking about an invention, make sure that you come up with one that has not been invented yet but is possible to be invented in the near future. Sketch a draft of your invention then answer the questions that follow. If you are to invent, what would be your invention? Why? How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies in terms of function? Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a better place to live in?  Reflection How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?  bochins.paw Thank ADD YOUR TEXT HERE you...