STS Midterms Reviewer PDF

STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 1. The Meaning and Nature of Science and Technology November 15, 2023 In recent years, technology changes rapidly due to...

STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 1. The Meaning and Nature of Science and Technology November 15, 2023 In recent years, technology changes rapidly due to increasing scientific knowledge created and shared A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of worldwide. facts or truths systematically arranged and showing Technology can be used to make or break our life, the operation of general laws. society, and/or environment. Latin word “scientia," which means "knowledge." Wilson (2009): “any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice capable of resulting in prediction.” Technology is both product and process (Richard and In more contemporary terms, science is a system of Coyle (n.d.)) acquiring knowledge based on the scientific process or The “application of knowledge and skills to make method in order to organize a body of knowledge goods or to provide services. gained through research. Understanding how knowledge is applied creatively to organized tasks involving people and machines that What is Science? meet sustainable goals (Lane, 2006) Science means “to know” Taking action to meet a human need rather than a. Knowledge gained through experience. merely understanding the workings of the natural world b. Accumulated body of knowledge of the physical or (goal of science) (Lane, 2006) material world through observation or experimentation, Organized way of doing things. c. Facts or principles gained by systematic study. The definition of technology has evolved over time, reflecting changes Assumptions of science in our understanding and use of it. Traditionally, technology was seen as a a. There is order to the universe product or a tool that helped us achieve certain tasks. However, this view b. The human mind can comprehend this order has expanded to include the processes and methods we use to convert resources into goods or services. c. If conditions are the same, the results of any study will be the same. Testing scientific statements a. Scientific statements must be testable, measurable, In its broadest sense, technology extends our abilities and repeatable to change the world (AAAS, 1990) b. Statements based on opinions, beliefs, or values are We use technology to make us more productive and not scientific for us to do better. Traits of good scientists Anticipating the effects of technology should be as Curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness, willingness to be important as advancing its capabilities (AAAS, 1990) wrong, asking good questions, and skepticism Technology—like language, ritual, values, commerce, and the arts—is an intrinsic part of a cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system's values. Nature of science is science as a way of knowing The connection of science and technology: It things. It may encompass “values and beliefs inherent explores how science and technology are to the development of scientific knowledge”. interdependent and influence each other, and how The nature of science is multifaceted and complex, scientific knowledge and engineering skills are applied and its conceptions can change over time to solve practical problems At the outset though, we can say that science can be The connection of technology and society: It considered as a worldview, an inquiry, and an examines how technology affects the social system enterprise. and culture, and how social and economic forces shape the development and use of technology. SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS: 1. How does science contribute to technological development? 1. Science as a worldview Science often drives technological innovations, which may, in turn, - Involves the basic beliefs and attitudes shared by contribute to new scientific discoveries scientists on what they do and they view their work 2. What is the very essence of engineering, and how does it contribute to technological innovations? Engineering is about a. The world is understandable problem-solving. Engineers are at the forefront of technological b. Scientific ideas are subject to change advancement and improvement, designing brand new machines and c. Scientific knowledge is durable algorithms to help tackle or solve societal problems. d. Science cannot provide complete answers to all 3. Will developing and using technologies always contribute to societal development? While technology has the potential to questions contribute greatly to societal development, it’s crucial to navigate its 2. Science as an inquiry challenges and risks carefully. a. Demands evidence b. A blend of logic and imagination c. Explains and predicts The Information Highway: The internet has d. Not authoritarian revolutionized the way we access and share 3. Science as an enterprise information. It’s like a vast highway where information A complex social activity can be organized into travels at high speed. However, this also brings about content disciplines such as geology, biology, etc. several issues: ○ Privacy: With so much data being shared online, Our life has been closely knitted with technology. maintaining privacy becomes a challenge. It’s  important to be aware of what information you’re sharing and with whom. ○ Security: The internet can be a breeding ground for various security threats like hacking, phishing, etc. It’s crucial to have robust security measures in place. ○ Accuracy: Not all information found on the internet is accurate or reliable. It’s essential to verify the information from trusted sources. ○ Ethics: The internet also raises ethical issues like cyberbullying, trolling, etc. It’s important to use the internet responsibly. Business Model on the Internet: The internet has also transformed the way businesses operate. E-commerce, online advertising, and data mining have become common practices. However, these also pose certain challenges: ○ Regulation: Regulating online businesses can be tricky due to the global nature of the internet. ○ Taxation: Determining tax liabilities for online businesses operating in multiple countries can be complex. ○ Competition: The internet has intensified competition as it provides a level playing field for all businesses, big or small. ○ Consumer Protection: Protecting consumers’ rights in the online space is another challenge. Data Mining: Data mining involves analyzing large sets of data to discover patterns and trends. While it can provide valuable insights and personalized services, it also raises concerns about consent, ownership, transparency, and discrimination. Piracy: Digital piracy is a significant issue with the advent of the internet. It involves unauthorized copying and distribution of digital content, affecting the rights and revenues of content creators. In conclusion, while the internet and technology bring numerous benefits, they also present several challenges that need to be addressed responsibly. It’s important to use technology ethically and responsibly, keeping in mind its potential impacts on individuals and society. STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 2. Ways of Knowing and Doing in Science and Technology November 15, 2023 b. the researcher must be able to explain his or her process of testing his or her idea against Each of us has our own reality. Your reality may not be reality. In the latter, the idea is that other people my reality, and vice versa. can replicate the process he or she used in Epistemological problem. The difficulty of knowing testing his or her guesses. external reality with confidence. He says that this problem is caused by the fallibility of our senses and our selective attention to facts. (Summarized from 1. Observation: The first step is to observe a Bing) phenomenon or a problem that needs to be Issues like flat earth debate or believing fake news explained or solved. from social media are examples. 2. Hypothesis: The second step is to propose a tentative explanation or a possible solution for the observation. This is called a hypothesis. Scientific method - one of the ways that we can 3. Experiment: This involves manipulating or ascertain that what we know is valid and true. controlling some variables and measuring their By using the scientific method, one can avoid biases, effects on other variables. errors, and fallacies that might distort one’s 4. Data: The fourth step is to collect and analyze the understanding of reality. data or the results of the experiment. 5. Conclusion: The fifth and final step is to draw a conclusion based on the data and the hypothesis. ○ Empiricism (using senses or observations) This involves accepting, rejecting, or modifying the ○ Rationalism (using logical reasoning) hypothesis, and explaining the implications and ○ Authoritarianism (using authority) limitations of the findings. ○ Intuition (using inspiration or revelation) http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/pastoral/cpe/waysofknowing.pdf There are several ways of understanding what constitutes a Scientific method - also a systematic approach to fact. answer empirical questions and validate knowledge. 1. Positivist Approach: facts are self-evident, that they Wisdom Method - which involves in-depth study of a are simply there. Approved by senses. specific area. 2. Constructionist approach: sees facts as socially constructed, agreed upon by people. However, these “facts” may not always be true, as illustrated by the once widely accepted but incorrect belief that the Earth is flat. 1. Hypotheses - they came into a consensus of what is valid and what is not through experimentation, observation, and test of the researcher’s guesses. 2. Scientific Facts - the knowledge created through the scientific process. Scientific knowledge may change over time. Ludwik Fleck (1979) proposed that facts are created not in and of themselves but because of the cognition of their existence. This collective shares ideas and develops a unique thought style, which can evolve over time. What is considered a fact can vary between different thought collectives. As the thought collective evolves, it splits into professionals (esoteric) and laypeople (exoteric). Facts in this sense are social constructs, the reality of which are likely to change over time as more and more work is put into the ideas shared by the thought Scientific Method - test general statements against collectives. reality to evaluate if they are true in a manner that is Thought styles are not immutable and can change acceptable by “many different people even those who when it is realized that there are several phenomena do not share the same values” (Licklider, 1999). that are not accounted for in the standard way of ○ Two ways to address difficulty of this task: thinking. a. the research design must prove the guesses of the researcher/s to be wrong by reality STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 3. History and Philosophy of Science and Technology November 17, 2023 3. The contributions of medicine and chemistry Hippocrates and Galen pioneered scientific anatomy Single integrated view of the development of science and medicine and technology; and that is: We view the development The Greeks and Romans identified five elements: as “chronological” or one “development” after another. earth, air, fire, water, and Aether 4. Science in the Middle Ages 1. WHO were key figures in the development of Science and Technology; Some key figures were Imhotep, the Egyptian architect and physician; Sargon the Great, the Akkadian ruler who unified Mesopotamia; Queen Semiramis, the legendary Assyrian queen who built a tunnel under the Euphrates; and Tapputi-Belatekallim and (...) ninu, the Mesopotamian perfumers. 2. WHERE are the important sites and places in the development of Science and Technology; Some important sites and places were Uruk, the first urban civilization in Mesopotamia; Stonehenge, the megalithic monument in England; the Indus Valley, the Science ground to a halt home of the Harappan civilization; and Egypt, the land of Some minor inventions like eyeglasses were made the pyramids and the sphinx. Islam = medicine, astronomy, chemistry 3. WHAT are the important concepts, ideas, and Avicenna = pioneered techniques for modern hospital artifacts that developed Science and Technology; Some important concepts, ideas, and artefacts were the 5. The revival of science in Europe during the cuneiform writing system, the first form of writing; the scholasticism and the Renaissance ziggurat, the temple tower of Mesopotamia; the bronze, Scholasticism tried to use Greek thought to support the alloy of copper and tin; the glass, the material made biblical dogma from melted sand; and the shaduf, the device for irrigation. The Renaissance rediscovered and translated ancient 4. HOW and WHY were these people, places, and texts ideas and artifacts developed? The stage was set for the scientific revolution Various factors, such as the need for communication, trade, religion, defense, agriculture, and art. They were also influenced by the natural environment, the cultural St. Thomas Aquinas = natural theology. Knowing God interactions, the political conflicts, and the scientific discoveries of their times. by studying His creations Church sovereignty weakens A rebirth in greek humanism, meaning the universe is 1. Antiquity to 1900 once again a rational, comprehensible place - Religious authorities answered questions about the BACON AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD nature of the world Francis Bacon = disagreed with aristotle, scientific - Egypt = mathematics methods - Babylonians = astronomy = first branch of science The Scholastic world-view deferred to Aristotle as the - Ancient Greece = systematic science authority on Science. - Thales of Miletus = Father of science. Provided ○ All motion and change was explained in terms of the first non-supernatural explanation about a things' 'telos' or 'purpose.' earthquakes ○ He's the smartest man who ever lived, he must have gotten it right. 2. Pre-Socratic science In the 16th century, Francis Bacon challenged this. Anaximander = life came from water and mud. ○ Being a genius is like being able to run fast--you Humans are lower life forms travel far but unless you have a map you'll be Empedocles = discovered air pressure (using lost. straw and glass of water, he discovered the Bacon provided a map--the first 'scientific method.' invisible) 1) Empirical observation and experimentation Democritus = matter is made up of atoms (means 2) Rational analysis, mathematical modeling and “uncuttable” in greek) deductive reasoning Eratosthenes = accurately measured size of earth NEW THEORIES AND TECHNOLOGIES using 2 sticks Boyle, Harvey, and others discovered laws of gas, Pythagoras = school for math, coined the term blood circulation, and electricity “philosopher”, invented music theory Telescope, microscope, thermometer, printing press, Hereclitus and Paramenidies = philosophers gunpowder, and compass were invented started major debates: a. What justifies knowledge: reason or THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION experience? The Copernican Revolution and the shift to a b. Is nature fundamentally permanent or heliocentric view of the universe changing?  Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic geocentric system (All other celestial bodies, including the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets, were believed to orbit around the Earth) that was accepted by Aristotle and the church Copernicus provided some astronomical data to support his theory, but his math was wrong Osiander wrote a posthumous introduction to Copernicus’s book, claiming it was just a predictive tool Other astronomers, such as Brahe and Kepler, improved and defended the Copernican system Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system Galileo supported Copernicus with his telescope observations Newton unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics with his laws of motion and gravity Tldw: STS 1.pdf Philosophy of science: A branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science, including the natural, social, and formal sciences1. Questions addressed by philosophy of science: Some of the main questions are: What is science? How does it differ from non-science or pseudo-science? How does it explain, predict, and control nature? How does it justify its claims and methods? How does it relate to religion, ethics, and society? The ancient Greek period: The origin of philosophy of science in the Western thought, marked by the Pre-Socratic philosophers who sought natural explanations of the universe, and the classical philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who contributed to the definition, classification, and methodology of science. Aristotle’s philosophy of science: The first comprehensive philosophy of science, which proposed four types of causes (material, formal, efficient, and final) to explain natural phenomena, and distinguished between physics and mathematics as different kinds of sciences. STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 4. Science, Technology, and Art November 17, 2023 centripetal forces, he creates and captures fascinating images There is a perception that art, science and technology 7. George Seurat are separate from each other. - Focused on the science of color, specifically Divisionism (or chromoluminarism). The Da Vinci Genome – how science drives art and art - Studied how to achieve maximum luminosity - Required the viewer to mix colors optically rather than drives science mixing pigments on the canvas Great scientific knowledge improved art by 8. David Hockney allowing artists to create more realistic and - Visual and realistic advances by artists since the accurate representations of nature, human Renaissance came from a reliance on optical anatomy, perspective, and light. For example, instruments. Leonardo da Vinci used his knowledge of optics, - Proposed that many of the Old Masters relied not on geometry, and physiology to paint the Mona Lisa technique and skill, but instead used tools such as the and The Last Supper. He also used his artistic camera obscura and curved mirrors. skills to illustrate his scientific studies of anatomy, 9. Rachel Sussman mechanics, and engineering. Galileo used his - Photographs the oldest living things in the world. Researching and working with biologists, she creates telescope to observe the moon and planets and stunning photographs of these fascinating organisms drew sketches of his observations. 10. Maria Sibylla Merian It highlights a project known as “The Leonardo - The woman who made science beautiful Project,” which aims to sequence the genome of - Illustrates and draws science Leonardo da Vinci. 11. Andy Goldsworthy Leonardo, born in Vinci in 1452, is considered the - Creates visually striking, ephemeral sculptures that archetypical polymath due to his extensive use only elements from nature contributions to both the arts and sciences. Leonardo Da Vinci “Technology has been providing artists with new ○ Often considered as the first true scientist. ways to express themselves for a very long time” ○ He considered painting to be more than (Rieland, 2014). science than art, seeing each discipline’s ultimate aim to allow interpretation of the world ○ He concurred that capturing truths in Art and technology as intertwined forces: numbers allowed the recapitulation of nature Aargues that art and technology are not separate, beyond our ken but rather influence and shape each other. Science can be applied to art in order for us to ○ Technological innovations have enabled new understand its composition and meaning forms of artistic expression, and artistic visions have often inspired scientific discoveries. 1. Jen Stark - Incredible paper structure Art and technology as challenging - Her work draws inspiration in nature, wormholes, and perceptions: Art and technology challenge our sliced anatomy, mathematics, and topography. perceptions of reality, nature, and ourselves. 2. Luke Jerram ○ Artists use technology to create immersive, - Uses science to make glass models of microbes and interactive, and virtual experiences that viruses to giant aeolian harps question the boundaries between the real - Deals with perception across all of our senses and the imaginary, the natural and the 3. Susan Aldsworth artificial, and the human and the non-human. - Works side by side with neuroscientists dealing with Art and technology as contemporary trends: the study of consciousness and how the brain works. The article highlights some of the current trends - Works are prints made directly from human brain tissue and movements in art and technology, such as 4. James Turrell digital art, bio art, robotic art, and augmented - Bought a dormant volcano with a goal of turning it to a reality. haven of light, space, and color 1. Digital art: Art that uses digital technology: 5. Janet Saad-Cook computer graphics, animation, video games, - Her work lies at the intersection of light and space and virtual reality, and interactive installations. time 2. Bio art: Art that uses living organisms or - Working with astronomers, engineers, and architects, biological processes as a medium or a her work is created with metals and specially coated subject. Examples include genetic glass engineering, tissue culture, microbiology, and - Creates sun drawings 6. Fabian Oefner biotechnology. - Uses photography to combine art and science 3. Sound art: Art that explores sound as an - His work often demonstrates the beauty of scientific aesthetic or expressive element. Examples: phenomena. Using fire, iridescence, sound waves, and  sound installations, sound sculptures, sound poetry, and experimental music. 4. Performance art: Art that involves live actions or events performed by the artist or other participants. Examples: body art, happenings, flash mobs, and street theater. The history of art has evolved in tandem with developments in technology Technology is moving at a much faster pace than ever before and artists have a huge range of contemporary media and techniques to choose from COMMON TECHNOLOGIES ARTIST UTILIZES 1. 3D printer art - Also known as additive manufacturing - This technique has potential in fields of science, medicine, and manufacturing - Allows artists to create highly detailed and infinitely manipulate models - Used by a range of artists with a variety of unique practices 2. Interactive art - Digital developments on interactive and installation arts - Rafael Lozano-Hemmer - Subtitled Public. Viewers need to interact with each other and the art in order to activate the art - Random International = Rain Room. Illusion of rain based on the viewer’s movement - Scott Garner = digital paintings. The painting is a screen viewers can interact with 3. Online art - Artworks that exists only in web - Olia Lialiana = My Boyfriend Came Back from the War (1996). A browse-based art experience in which a narrative unfolds as the user clicks various links - Jonas Lund = Fair Warning (2016). 4. Augmented reality - Uses existing cameras and smart technology to add layers of information and imagery to a user’s view of the world - Unique crossover between the physical and digital worlds - Amir Bardahan = Frenchising the Mona Lisa. The app will make Mona Lisa move when the camera is pointed on the painting 5. Virtual reality in art - Artists working with virtual reality are really pushing the boundaries of contemporary art - The most powerful artistic medium of our time - Virtual reality places the viewer in a completely new simulated environment, where they can look, listen and interact with a virtual version of reality. STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 5. Science and Culture in Daily Life: Innovations that Changed Lives November 17, 2023 Alexander and Arabs spread sugar Sugar’s role in European colonization Sugar at our time is one more ubiquitous thing. We see it Crusaders encountered sugar in Levant everywhere and almost all our food has it. Let us explore Spain and Portugal grew sugar in Atlantic islands how sugar as a technological innovation during its time has Columbus brought sugar to the Caribbean transformed society. Columbian Exchange and triangular trade Sugar’s impact on slavery and migration Sugar is part of the carbohydrates family made up of Slave labor was crucial for sugar industry simple and complex group of molecules Harsh conditions and high mortality rates Sucrose Barbados became a sugar powerhouse - A simple sugar that our body turns into glucose Indian indentured laborers replaced Africans and fructose. Glucose Sugar’s contribution to the Industrial Revolution - Absorbed in our bloodstream and into the cells, Sugar fueled workers and machines tissues, and organs to be used for energy Napoleon promoted beet sugar - Increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of Sugar became cheaper and more popular insulin from the pancreas which acts like a key for Candy and chocolate industries emerged us to take up glucose from the blood - Extra glucose is then absorbed by the liver where Sugar’s ubiquity and health consequences it primarily stores glycogen or fat Food corporations added sugar to processed foods - It travels through the portal vein Sugar increased the consumption of other foods Fructose Sugar caused malnutrition and obesity - Not always quite useful Sugar is linked to chronic diseases - It goes directly to the liver and is either stored as Source: https://youtu.be/Sv_bhnojoRQ glycogen or form fatty acids - Too much fructose produce triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) which could lead to coronary artery disease Printing press has revolutionized information sharing - Droplets of fat leads to obesity, insulin throughout history, which has significant impacts on the resistance, and fatty liver disease world’s economy, politics, and cultural and social structures. Glucose : all the grains and carbs passes through portal veins = Liver too much energy bypasses the The invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in Liver and is used by the body part that needs glucose 1450 was the origin of the modern era and the beginning of Fructose : subjects consumed : in the intestine mass communication. delivered to the liver. has an ENZYME that's always The printing revolution: turned on ○ The invention of the movable-type printing press Fructose Overload= little fructose is distributed to the by Johann Gutenberg in 1450 changed the body history of Europe and the world. Stores as fat ○ It led to the spread of knowledge, literacy, culture, Increased Liver fat: higher levels of Triglycerides + religion, science, art, and politics. Cholesterol ○ It also created the modern man, the individual, ○ risk factor for Cardiovascular disease. and the person. ○ Liver fat decreases insulin's ability to do its job. The Gutenberg era: Increases the risk of diabetes. ○ The cultural and social epoch that followed the ○ If insulin doesn't work well, more fructose will be printing revolution. turned to fat. ○ It was characterized by the emergence of national Visceral fat makes us apple shaped : fat gained in the languages, the diversity of subjects, the abdominal cavity. development of personality, and the formation of Metabolic Sydrome: viscious cycle: group of mass society and mass culture. problems ○ It also witnessed the rise of rebellions, ○ High Blood Pressure revolutions, and conflicts. ○ Diabetes The printing and writing: ○ Visceral Fat ○ The main moments of the progress of the human ○ Stroke mind, according to the marquise de Condorcet. ○ Heart Disease Blurred Vision ○ They also disturbed the peace of the world, Conclusion: Sugar is a special occasion food and not according to the poet Andrew Marvell. a staple ○ Positive effects: cultural and scientific homogeneity, expression of one’s own ideas and Sugar’s ancient origins and spread opinions, education and literacy Honey was the primary sweetener ○ Negative effects: religious conflicts and wars, Sugar cane discovered in New Guinea Mass society and manipulation, reduced the India developed sugar processing  diversity of information sources and perspectives, Electricity: The development of electric generators, as well as the value of oral and local traditions motors, light bulbs, and power grids enabled the widespread use of electricity for various purposes, such as lighting, communication, transportation, and The material presents how printing press as invented industrial production. Electricity also facilitated the by Gutenberg improves the production and distribution emergence of new industries, such as electrical of books. engineering, telecommunications, and consumer It also contributed to the development of literacy, appliances. education, science, and democracy. Chemicals: They improved the quality and variety of How did the improved distribution of books change consumer goods, such as synthetic dyes, fertilizers, social and cultural structures? plastics, and explosives. They also contributed to It enabled the spread of new ideas and knowledge scientific and medical discoveries, such as antiseptics across Europe and beyond, such as the Renaissance, and vaccines. the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. Railroads: They connected distant regions and It challenged the authority and monopoly of the markets, lowered the cost of transportation and travel, Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire over and stimulated economic growth and industrialization. information and education. They also influenced urbanization, migration, and It increased the literacy and education levels of the tourism. general public, especially the middle class and the Internal combustion engine: used petroleum or women. gasoline as fuel, enabled the development of new It stimulated the development of vernacular modes of transportation, such as automobiles, languages and national identities, as well as the motorcycles, and airplanes. These modes of standardization of spelling and grammar. transportation increased the mobility, speed, and convenience of people and goods, as well as created The Industrial Revolution refers to a period of massive new markets and industries. economic, technological, social, and cultural change which affected humans, A period of rapid economic and social change that started in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. 3. Third Industrial Revolution A new wave of technological innovation that is driven by the internet, renewable energy and 3D printing. It will transform the way we produce, consume, communicate and move in the 21st century. The Third Industrial Revolution has had a profound 1. First Industrial Revolution impact on ICT, knowledge, defense, health, education, What technological inventions occurred during this period, advanced manufacturing, financial, administrative and what socio-cultural transformations took place? sectors, nanotechnology, new materials, intelligent Steam power: The invention of steam engines systems, robotics and 3D printing. allowed for machines and transportation that were The TIR will bring challenges, but also opportunities for faster and more efficient than horses and water. This cities and regions to become smarter and more enabled factories, railways, and mining to expand and creative with the use of digital technology flourish. To manage this transition, governments, institutions, Iron and steel: The improvement of iron-making businesses, and communities need to consider techniques and the introduction of steel production strategies such as building knowledge, becoming increased the quality and quantity of metal materials. smarter and more creative, investing in lifelong This boosted the construction, engineering, and learning, and implementing an integrated planning manufacturing industries. system Textile machines: The development of new machines The TIR needs to be accepted with caution, and such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the ethical standards and principles of equity, social power loom increased the speed and output of textile justice, and humanity must be applied production. This created a huge demand for cotton and The benefits of the TIR will be positive if governments wool, and stimulated the growth of trade and ensure more efficient energy and high-level access to commerce. internet services are available to all communities and Urbanization and social change: The migration of households. people from rural areas to urban centers created new classes of workers, consumers, and citizens. This also 4. Fourth Industrial Revolution led to challenges such as overcrowding, pollution, A vision for developing, diffusing, and governing disease, and poverty. Issues such as public health, technologies in ways that foster a more empowering, child labor, and working conditions became more collaborative, and sustainable foundation for social and prominent. economic development, built around shared values of 2. Second Industrial Revolution the common good, human dignity, and intergenerational stewardship (Schwab, K.).  Characterized by the fusion of physical, digital, and biological domains, and the emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and quantum computing. We should respond to this revolution by balancing the benefits and risks of technology and ensuring that it serves humanity and not the other way around. The advances in health and medicine: ○ How biotechnology and genomics can revolutionize disease prevention and treatment ○ How tissue engineering and 3D printing can create personalized and functional organs ○ How neurotechnology and electrical stimulation can restore and enhance mobility Technology can challenge and redefine human values and ethics INFORMAVORE characterizes an organism that consumes information. It is meant to be a description of human behavior in modern information society, in comparison to “omnivore”, as a description of humans consuming food. The term is often used in the context of the digital age, where people have access to vast amounts of information through the internet and other digital media The concept of informavore highlights the importance of information in modern society and the role it plays in shaping our behavior and understanding of the world Modern technology is changing the way people behave, think, and remember, and how we are facing a population explosion of ideas, but not enough brains to cover them. STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 6. Technocultures: How Technology and Culture Interact November 17, 2023 Various Philippine cultures have long ago formed their own Islams began to collect knowledge of the people within map of the sky by organizing the stars into constellations. the empire and from the people that they encountered on As they made part of their culture, it in turn influenced their the borders of the empire throughout the Umayyad way of life. Dynasty but only came to full fruition during the Abbasid Naming constellations based on culture: Different Caliphate ethnic groups in the Philippines named the stars and ABBASID CALIPHATE constellations according to their own cultural practices, Source: https://youtu.be/K5XKjk0-hCo beliefs, and experiences. For example, the Tagalogs Caliph al-Mansur built Baghdad, the capital of the called the constellation Orion as “Balatik”, which empire means a trap for wild pigs, while the Ilocanos called it Baghdad is a center of learning “Moroporo”, which means a bunch of coconuts. House of wisdom = center of learning for Samas of Tawi-tawi call a star 'mamahi’. mathematics, astronomy, physics, medicine, Using astronomy for navigation and agriculture: geography, cartography, poetry, and philosophy The early Filipinos used the stars and constellations as During the middle ages, no other people make as guides for sailing, fishing, and farming. They important contribution to human progress as did the observed the rising and setting of certain stars and arabs constellations to determine the seasons, the For centuries, Arabic was the language of learning, direction, and the time of the day or night. For culture, and intellectual progress example, the Bicolanos used the constellation Al Kwarizmi = father of algorithm and algebra “Tigmamanukan” (the Pleiades) to mark the start and Al Marwazi = came up with core trigonometric end of the planting season. Relating astronomy to myths and legends: The functions early Filipinos also associated the stars and Al Buzjani = made significant contributions to the constellations with their myths and legends, giving core trigonometric functions them meanings and stories. They believed that the Alhazen = understood the scientific method before stars and constellations were gods, heroes, renaissance animals, or objects that had some significance in Omar Khayyam = investigated pascal triangle and their culture. For example, the Bagobos believed that binomial theorem before pascal even knew it the constellation “Bituen” (the Big Dipper) was a giant ladle used by the supreme god to create the world. Balut is so deeply embedded in Philippine culture that it has inspired everything from a hit record song about the distinctive howling calls of balut vendors in the late night and early morning to dishes in Filipino haute cuisine (Magat, 2002). The balut industry is the production and consumption of fertilized duck eggs that are incubated for about 18 days. Balut is a popular delicacy in the Philippines and other Asian countries, but it also has cultural and economic significance for Filipinos1. Here are some key points from the current page: History and origin: Balut was introduced to the Philippines by Chinese traders in the sixteenth century. It became a cheap and nutritious snack for Filipinos, especially during World War II when food was scarce. It also gained a reputation as an aphrodisiac and a symbol of masculinity. Production and distribution: Balut is made by incubating duck eggs in baskets with rice husks or mechanical incubators. The eggs are candled to check the development of the embryo and boiled before selling. Balut is sold by street vendors, stalls, markets, restaurants, and bars. Consumption and innovation: Balut is eaten by cracking the shell, sipping the broth, and seasoning it with salt or vinegar. Some people prefer not to eat the white part or the embryo. Balut has also been incorporated into various dishes and desserts, such as sorpresa de balut, tokneneng, and balut gelato. Balut is also a part of the Filipino identity and a rite of passage for some. STS 1: Science, Technology, and Society LESSON 7. Science and Technology in Health and Wellness November 17, 2023 populations over a long period has provided invaluable information about environmental factors and disease. For example, a study involving more MEDICINE BEFORE THE 20TH CENTURY than 50,000 males in Framingham, Massachusetts Ancient civilizations are preoccupied by longevity, showed several factors linked with the likelihood of disease, and death developing heart disease Advances in science and philosophy throughout the 2. Partial Control of Infectious Disease 16th and 17th centuries led to equally momentous changes in medical sciences. Control of Infectious Disease: The 20th century saw - Andreas Vesalius = structure and function of the significant progress in controlling communicable human body diseases, thanks to improved environmental - Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, and Robert Hooke = conditions, public health measures, immunization, elements antimicrobial chemotherapy, and the ability to identify - Robert Hooke = microscope new pathogenic organisms. - William Harvey = circulation of blood Vaccines: Currently, vaccines based on live or killed 18th and 19th century saw the genuine beginnings viral or bacterial vaccines, bacterial polysaccharides, of modern scientific medicine or bacterial toxoids are licensed for the control of 29 - Charles Darwin = changed the whole course of common communicable diseases worldwide. The biological thinking. Theory of evolution eradication of smallpox by 1977 was a major - Gregor Mendel = new science of genetics achievement. - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch = modern biology Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): - Claude Bernard = internal environment of the Launched in 1974, the EPI includes vaccines for body. Influenced the development of physiology several diseases at different stages of life. By 1998, and biochemistry hepatitis B vaccine had been incorporated into the - Cell theory national programs of 90 countries. - Stethoscope Antimicrobial Agents: The development of - Instrument for measuring blood pressure sulfonamides and penicillin before World War II led to - X-rays significant progress in the discovery of antimicrobial - Anesthesia agents effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, - Classifications of psychiatric disease protozoa, and helminths. Mid 19th century and early 20th century 3. Pathogenesis, Control, and Management of - Public health boards were established Non-communicable Disease - First attempts to record basic health statistics Advances in Noncommunicable Diseases: - Diseases are greatly depleting the workforce Understanding and managing noncommunicable required to generate the potential rewards of diseases. This was largely due to increased colonization, that’s why they made efforts to knowledge about the biochemical and physiological control diseases basis of disease and advancements in the SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND MEDICINE IN THE 20TH pharmaceutical industry. CENTURY Role of Medical Research: A comparison of methods Progress in the other medical sciences was slow for treating conditions between 1927 and 1975 showed during the first half of the 20th century that at least 50 out of 181 conditions that had little After WW2, major achievement in biomedical sciences effective prevention or treatment in 1927 were for improving the health of society managed satisfactorily by 1975. Modern Cardiology: Modern cardiology is a prime example of the evolution of scientific medicine. Major 1. Epidemiology and Public Health technical advances have led to a better understanding Modern Epidemiology: Emerged after World War of the physiology and pathology of the heart and II with the application of sophisticated statistical circulation. methods to study noninfectious diseases in large 4. Consequences of the demographic and populations. This marked a significant success in epidemiological transitions of the 20th century medical sciences in the 20th century. Countries undergoing the epidemiological transition Degenerative Disorders: Until the 1950s, are increasingly caught between the two worlds of conditions like heart attacks, stroke, cancer, and malnutrition and infectious disease on the one hand diabetes were considered degenerative disorders, and the diseases of industrial countries, particularly thought to be natural results of aging. However, cardiac disease, obesity, and diabetes, on the other their frequency and distribution patterns suggested 5. Economic consequences of high-technology a major environmental component. medicine Tobacco and Lung Cancer: The relationship Its spiraling costs caused by ever more sophisticated between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was technology and the ability to control most chronic demonstrated by Austin Bradford Hill and Richard illnesses, combined with greater public awareness and Doll in the UK. Currently, tobacco is estimated to demand for medical care, are resulting in a situation in cause about 8.8 percent of deaths and 4.1 percent which most industrial countries are finding it impossible of disability-adjusted life years. to control the costs of providing health care services Clinical Epidemiology: The application of epidemiological approaches to study large  SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES THAT PROMOTE HEALTH Due to WW2, penicillin was largely reproduced by AND WELLNESS united states There are certain discoveries that help promote health and Penicillin was further improved in order to tackle more wellness across the globe germs discovery of penicillin helped promote health and THE HUMAN GENOME, NUTRITION, AND HEALTH wellness across the globe in the following ways: Good food choices and balanced nutrition keeps us It was the first of the modern wonder drugs known as alive, happy, and energized antibiotics, which could destroy some of the most Poor food choices can cause obesity, cardiovascular deadly germs and cure many infectious diseases. disease, diabetes, inflammation, and some types of It was used to save the lives of hundreds of thousands cancer of soldiers and civilians during World War II, when the Individuality need for its healing power was enormous. - Foods that are good for one person might not be It led to the development of many new penicillins and good for others other antibiotics, which could tackle the germs that - Due to human metabolic individuality resisted the original penicillin or were not sensitive to it Evolution at all. - The availability of foods and nutrients drove It revolutionized medicine and opened a new era of natural selection to shape the genetics of our research on natural germ-killing substances. ancestors POLIO: HISTORY OF ERADICATION The discovery of the human genome and its interaction with nutrition, a field known as nutrigenomics, has the potential to lead Poliomyelitis is a disease described since 1840 to healthier global communities in several ways: A gastroenteritis which can be complicated by Personalized Nutrition: Nutrigenomics allows for the paralysis development of personalized nutrition plans based on an A polio outbreak occurred that’s what they developed a individual’s genetic makeup1. This can help individuals vaccine optimize their health and prevent or manage diseases. Jonas Salk developed an inactivated vaccine for polio Disease Prevention: Understanding how diet and that contains infectious dead agents that triggers an nutrients affect gene expression can help in identifying immune response risk factors for certain diseases and developing preventive strategies. This could potentially reduce the Albert Sabin develops an oral vaccine which is a live prevalence of many non-communicable diseases globally. vaccine Improved Food Production: Knowledge gained from Polio has disappeared because of the vaccines (IPV nutrigenomics can also be applied to improve the and OPV) nutritional value of food crops, leading to healthier food the discovery of polio vaccines helped promote health options. and wellness across the globe by: Health Motivation: Research shows that when people Reducing the number of polio cases, especially have genetic information about themselves, it strengthens among children, in developed countries their motivation to work on health goals Providing two different types of vaccines, IPV and HOW THE GUT MICROBIOME AFFECTS OPV, that can trigger immune responses and THE BRAIN AND MIND prevent the disease Not all microbes are bad, they have importance Developing mass production and affordability of IPV Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for developing countries - A powerful protein important for learning and Demonstrating the effectiveness of IPV in tropical memory environments - Low levels of BDNF are linked to depression and The video transcript also mentions some challenges anxiety and drawbacks of the vaccines, such as the cutter Microbiota can affect body types, personality, and brain incident, the first case of VAPP , and the need for chemistry further research. 90% of serotonin is produced in the gut What we eat affects our mood because of microbes TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS THAT Antibiotics affect our health because it kills microbes REVOLUTIONIZES MEDICAL WORLD The gut microbiome is important to health Technological innovations have made medical operations You can change the makeup of your microbiome by more efficient what you eat NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR CANCER TREATMENTS Improving the prevention and treatment of various Nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, technology conducted at a nano scale obesity, type 2 diabetes, autism spectrum disorders, Nanobots can assist medical professionals in complex and mental health conditions, by modulating the gut tasks after passing through tiny spaces in the human microbiome through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal body microbiota transplantation (FMT) Richard Fineman = predicted that technology will be It revealed that the gut microbiome can influence our small and replace surgeons mood, behavior, and mental health by producing Nanobots contain things that could destroy tumors and neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune factors that cancers communicate with the brain. Nanobots can be made from DNA or manmade It suggested that the gut microbiome can be Nanobots: modulated by diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal - DNA robots that can detoxify blood transplants to improve various aspects of health, such - DNA robots that can starve tumors as obesity, diabetes, autism, depression, anxiety, and - Man made robots that can swim through dense Alzheimer’s disease. tissues THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN - Nano robots that consensus chemical The mightiest weapon against disease environment within a body and relay the info to Penicillin is an antibiotic medical professionals Alexander Fleming = initial discovery - DNA nanorobot development kit Howard Florey and EB Chain= finding its curative VACCINES FOR IMMUNITY power Infectious diseases are caused by germs  Attenuated microbes can be used to prevent diseases Because of smallpox, vaccination for immunity is developed ROBOT TECHNOLOGY FOR SURGERY A surgery with less trauma to the tissues The robot is used by the surgeon to perform the surgery The da Vinci Integrated Robotic Surgery Suite at Swedish