Historical Antecedents in STS PDF

Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations changed the course of STS LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa; 2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course o...

Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations changed the course of STS LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa; 2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history; and 3. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ TRANSPORTATION ✓ NAVIGATION ✓ COMMUNICATION ✓ SECURITY AND PROTECTION ✓ HEALTH MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING ✓ MASS PRODUCTION ✓ AESTHETIC ✓ RECORD KEEPING  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ TRANSPORTATION To go different places to search for food Find better place for settlements To travel their surplus goods exchange for things they are lacked  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ NAVIGATION Assisted them their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world Allowed them to returned home after discovered places and complete important trade  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ COMMUNICATION Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ SAFETY AND PROTECTION Weapons and armors are important, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different culture and orientations Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much more resources.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ HEALTH Different illness and diseases, both natural and man made hampered the full potential of human being. Given the predicament, science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of illnesses.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ ARCHITECTURE During ancient times, architectural designs were signs of the technological advancement of a particular civilization. Also establish the identity of the nation.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ MASS PRODUCTION The increase in size and number of nations connoted the increase the demand for food and other basic necessities. The people need a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ AESTHETIC People looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body.  MOST COMMON PROBLEM DURING ANCIENT TIMES ✓ RECORD KEEPING To remember places they had been to and document the trades they made with each other. They keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their own identities and relate to other culture and civilization STS IN THE ANCIENT TIMES Major Technological Advancement  ANCIENT TIMES Ancient Civilization paved the way for advances in Science and Technology. These advancement allowed civilization to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self- organization and ways of living.  Cooperative, developed SUMERIANS many things connected with S&T Great builders, BABYLONIANS engineers, and architectures Infrastructure, EGYPTIANS engineering technology  SUMERIANS CONTRIBUTIONS Old World (3500 - 1200 BC) Sumerian Civilization: cradle of the world's earliest known civilization, Sumer of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) SAILBOAT - transportation between Euphrates and Tigris Rivers for travel and trade ❑Wheel is not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was thru waterways such as rivers and seas. ❑Important for transportation and trading. Land between the rivers SYSTEMATIZED TECHNIQUE OF FARMING – seed plow and irrigation  IRRIGATION AND DIKES ▪ Its main purpose is to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This may result to the increase of food production.  CUNEIFORM ▪ First writing system ▪ Word pictures and triangular symbols ▪ Carved clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.  SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, is a numeral system with sixty as its base. It originated with the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC, was passed down to the ancient Babylonians, and is still used—in a modified form—for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates. URUK CITY ▪ First true city in the world ▪ Built using mud or clay on the river mixed with sunbaked bricks. ▪ Used the bricks to make houses to protect from harsh weather, wild animals, and neighboring raiders from entering. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR ▪ Also called “The Mountain of God” built the same manner with the Uruk City  ROADS ▪ In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads using sunbaked bricks.  WHEEL ▪ First wheel is not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. ▪ With the use of wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Less effort to the farmers to mill the grains.  To Summarize SOME CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUMERIANS SAIL BOAT Transportation ROADS URUK CITY Safety and Protection THE GREAT Architecture ZIGGURAT OF UR SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM Record Keeping CUNEIFORM  WHEEL Mass Production IRRIGATION AND DIKES  BABYLONIAN’S CONTRIBUTIONS  Old World (3500 - 1200 BC) Babylonian Civilization: capital, and served as a commercial center in Tigris- Euphrates valley (modern-day Iraq)  ADAPTED CUNIEFORM & SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM SYSTEM OF BOOKKEEPING, DOUBLE-ENTRY (ACCOUNTING, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION TABLES, GEOMETRY) BABYLONIAN CALENDAR HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON ▪ One of the seven wonders of the ancients world. ▪ Made of layer of plants, trees, and vines.  HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON ▪ No exact location. It was said that its is only a product of creative imagination – destroy by war, erosion, or earthquake– impossible to replicate.  EGYPTIANS CONTRIBUTIONS  Old World (3500 - 1200 BC) Egyptian Civilization: Northeastern part of African continent, Nile River, provided fertile delta  EGYPTIANS ✓ agriculture - supported by irrigation system ✓ shipbuilding; canal construction; wheat and barley plantation; bred ducks, geese, pigs, and goats; manufactures soaps, creams, oils, perfumes, eye make up  INK ▪ Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. HIEROGLYPHICS ▪ A system of writing using symbols. They believed that it was provided to them by their Gods. It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. COSMETICS ▪ The Egyptians invented the use of cosmetics. It function is for both health and aesthetic reasons. They wear Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye disease.  WIG ▪ Wigs are worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetics purposes. Wigs used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun.  WIG ▪ Also to prevent accumulation of head lice and allows heat to escape rather a scarf. WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA ▪ The device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full.  GREEK, PERSIAN, ROMAN CIVILIZATION  GREEK CIVILIZATION  ALARM CLOCK ▪ Its main purpose was to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. ▪ They use of water or sometimes small stones or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture.  WATER MILL ▪ Used in agricultural processes like milling of grains. Milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereal, flour and etc. ▪ Only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small buckets of water attached to it could be installed. WATER MILL  PERSIAN CIVILIZATION PERSIAN RUGS ▪ Persian rugs a carpet hand- knotted in Iran. It is also highly regarded for their quality and durability. The main materials used are wool, silk and cotton. Sometimes camel or goats wool is used by tribal weavers.  ROMAN CIVILIZATION NEWSPAPER ▪ Gazettes – the first newspaper, it contains announcement of Roman Empire to the people. This is engraved in metal or stone tables and then publicly displaced.  BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX ▪ The ancient Egyptians had wax and wood “notebooks,” but the Romans were the first to create bound books from paper (papyrus). ▪ The Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.  CHINESE, OLMEC, MAYAN CIVILIZATION  CHINESE CIVILIZATION  SILK ▪ Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. ▪ This is a creation of a product for trade.  TEA PRODUCTION ▪ It is beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. ▪ China became known for its tea exports aside from its silk products.  GREAT WALL OF CHINA ▪ Man made structure that could be seen from outer space, it is the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. ▪ Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of china.  GUN POWDER ▪ It was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generated large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.  OLMEC CIVILIZATION  “Slash-and-burn" Technique ▪ The Olmecs practiced basic agriculture using the "slash-and- burn" technique, in which overgrown plots of land are burned: this clears them for planting and the ashes act as fertilizer. They planted many of the same crops seen in the region today, such as squash, beans, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes.  MAYAN CIVILIZATION  MAYAN CALENDAR ▪ The Maya calendar is a system of three interlacing calendars and almanacs. The calendar was based on a ritual cycle of 260 named days and a year of 365 days. Taken together, they form a longer cycle of 18,980 days, or 52 years of 365 days, called a Calendar Round.  STS IN THE MIDDLE/MEDIEVAL AGES ( 500-1500 AD) MOST INNOVATIVE MINDS CAME FROM THIS PERIOD ▪ PRINTING PRESS ▪ HORSE COLLAR ▪ MICROSCOPE ▪ HORSESHOE ▪ TELESCOPE ▪ ARTESIAN WELL ▪ WAR WEAPONS AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS  HORSE COLLAR AND HORSESHOE ▪ Horses work roughly 50 percent faster than oxen. With the collar, combined with the horseshoe, the heavy plow, and other developments in the agricultural system, the efficiency of the European peasant farmer in producing food increased, allowing further societal development in Europe.  WHEEL BARROW ▪ construction, farming, carrying materials from place to place  ARTESIAN WELL ▪ An artesian is a well tapping groundwater that is under pressure. In some artesian wells, the pressure is high enough that a pump isn't needed to bring water to the surface. These wells are known as flowing artesian wells  THREE FIELD CROP ROTATION ▪ One field is fallow (so animals could graze upon and drop manure on it); one is sown with oats; one is sown with legumes BLACK DEATH 14 th - Century ▪ First Pandemic (527-565 CE); ▪ Second Pandemic (Middle Ages, 14th C); ▪ Third Pandemic (19th C.) o Only in 2010, that it has been associated with bacteria—Yersinia pestis (bacterium responsible for modern bubonic plague), after DNA extraction from mass graves (skeletons) from Black Death. ▪ Bubonic Plague - painful swellings often in the groin, armpits, or neck; fatality rate - 70-80%; the bacteria can enter the respiratory system resulting in a pneumonic plague (deadlier, fatality rate > 90%)  Political and Social Impact (Short-run) ▪ Coincided with the Hundred Years Wars between England and France (14th C) ▪ Social disorder known as "Flagellant movement" - religious followers would whip themselves as they believe that by punishing themselves, God would show mercy toward them ▪ Scapegoating of Jews: blamed for spreading the epidemic ▪ Quarantine technique (40-day-period) - introduced by the Republic of Ragusa RENAISSANCE 1300 – 1550 AD  PRINTING PRESS ▪ Johann Guttenberg was the one invent the printing press. Printing using a cast type. ▪ He utilized wooden machines extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper.  MICROSCOPE ▪ With this device people were able to observe organism that were normally unseen by naked eye. It was the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing illnesses. WAR WEAPONS ▪ In a close range hand-hand combat soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors.  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 16TH– 17TH Century  TELESCOPE ▪ Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea.  STS IN THE MODERN TIMES Industrial Revolution 1730-1950  FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Transition from human and animal labor technology into machinery, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. ▪ Steam Engine Fueled primarily by coal, used in Great Britain (England) ▪Thomas Newcomen – Designed the first prototype of the modern steam engine ▪James Watt Improved Newcomen’s steam engine in 1776  PASTEURIZATION ▪ It is a process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. ▪ Milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. Also prevent illnesses cause by harmful bacteria.  PETROLEUM REFINIRY ▪ Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was referred as the “illuminating oil’ because it was used first to provide lighting to homes. TELEPHONE ❑Alexander Graham Bell – inventor of telephones. ❑Important day to day decisions must be discussed and addresses at the fastest time and possible. CALCULATOR ❑It pave way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.  PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS ▪ SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE ▪ SALT LAMP ▪ MEDICAL INCUBATOR ▪ MOSQUITO OVICIDAL / LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM ▪ EJEEPNEY  SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE ▪ H20 technologies headed by Dominic Chung, Lamberto Armada, and Chief Designer Victor Llave, invent the Salamander. It is an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also utilized to travel from island to island. SALT LAMP ▪ Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system, that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines- saltwater. She invented Sustainable Alternative Lightning (SALt) lamp, an environmental- friendly light source that runs and emits no toxic gases.  MEDICAL INCUBATOR ▪ Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. It was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles where inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. MEDICAL INCUBATOR  MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM ▪ In 2010, the DOST-industrial Technology Development Institute was able to introduce it, which is also known as OL Trap. It is made by natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans and the environment. EJEEPNEY ▪ This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It is environmental- friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise. THANK YOU !