Information Society - STS Finals PDF

Information Society LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. determine the human and social impacts of the developments in the information age; 2. discuss the evolution of technology from ancient times up to the present; and 3. illustrate how infor...

Information Society LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. determine the human and social impacts of the developments in the information age; 2. discuss the evolution of technology from ancient times up to the present; and 3. illustrate how information society has affected people’s lives. Can you guess what is this? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wupToqz1e2g Can you guess what are these? Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA in 1977 as part of the Voyager program. Its mission was to study the outer Solar System, including Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons. Voyager 1 is currently the farthest human-made object from Earth and the only spacecraft to have entered interstellar space, which is the space between stars in our galaxy. It carries a number of scientific instruments to study the interstellar medium, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, and other phenomena. In addition to its scientific instruments, Voyager 1 also carries a "Golden Record" that contains sounds, images, and messages from Earth, intended as a message to any extraterrestrial intelligence that might encounter the spacecraft. Voyager 1 is still transmitting data back to Earth, although it is expected to run out of power and stop transmitting by around 2025. Listen to this, can you guess what is this sound?  SEATWORK 1. How is it possible that one’s idea can simultaneously exists in one’s mind and in another? 2. Does the power of communicated words come from the speaker, who is the thinker and the source, or from the listener, who is the recipient of the communication? Explain your answer. 3. Social media also poses certain risks especially in the dissemination of false information. As a student, how will you use social media to ensure that you do not propagate inaccurate and unreliable information? 4. How can we be sure that technology share knowledge and truth? 5. We live in an age where most, if not all of us use technological devices all day, everyday. Is technology taking over our world? Explain your answer. What is information? INFORMATION A word is a combination of sounds that represent something. It is this significance which makes words distinct from just any kind of vocal utterance. Words are made up of sounds and yet they transmit something more significant. They transmit a message. The words are "informed" because they carry "information“. INFORMATION Words are informed with meaning given by the speaker and intended for the listener. Simply put, they communicate meaning. Human’s quest for understanding the natural world wa first done through naming and classifying objects. INFORMATION facts about a situation, person, event, etc.: facts provided or learned about something or someone. what is conveyed or represented by a particular arrangement or Information is sequence of things. processed, communicate meaning organized and structured data. THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE A Glimpse from Ancient Greeks Words can function across space and time without reducing their meaning. Thinking in terms of a common system being generated by a speaker and received by the listener is useful in the pursuit of knowledge. The scientific search for truth recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to make sense of nature. THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE LANGUAGE: the principal method of human communication a structured system of communication Cuneiform is the first known traditionally seen as consisting of three form of written language, but spoken language predates parts: signs, meanings, and a code writing by at least many tens of connecting signs with their meanings. thousands of years. Caesar cipher 1. MXKABJFZ 2. FKCLOJXQFLK MATHEMATICS AS THE LANGUAGE OF NATURE Technology in the modern world is the fruit of science. Since people have discovered the laws and language of nature, they can develop technology that uses these laws and languages for their benefits. This is mathematics, the great contribution of Isaac Newton. Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian and author who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution. Mathematics is the study of pattern and structure. Mathematics is fundamental to the physical and biological sciences, engineering and information technology, to economics and increasingly to the social sciences. Mathematics in our World Looking at simple things deeply, finding a pattern, and using the pattern to gain new insights provides great value. Technology as a source of information Do they all provide information or just noise? How can we be sure that technology share knowledge and truth? The Technological World Technological World describes a world that is based in science and applied to everyday life to solve problems. The Printing Press preservation of words. transform cultures its development in 15th Century is regarded as the beginning of a true revolution. allowed words and scientific ideas to establish a view of nature anchored in scholarly works and studies. The Printing Press German blacksmith, goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg Information Age ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer made in 1945. It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming. Turing-complete A system (computer system, programming language, etc.) that can be used for any algorithm, regardless of complexity, to find a solution. Source(s): NISTIR 8202 WWW The World Wide Web A way of addressing data processing and information sharing needs among scientists for the European Organization for Nuclear Research. CERN (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). "The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge.“ Information Age began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily. Information Age a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology. The Industrial Revolution 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government. Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9rZOa3CUC8  First Industrial Revolution marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining  Second Industrial Revolution also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. Second Industrial Revolution allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas a period of great economic growth with an increase in productivity, a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.  Third Industrial Revolution the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century slowdown of industrialization and The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical technological advancement computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937, which he built in his parents' home from 1936 to 1938. started with production of the Z1 Turing-complete A system (computer system, computer, which used binary programming language, etc.) that can be used for any algorithm, regardless of floating-point numbers and complexity, to find a solution. Source(s): NISTIR 8202 Boolean logic  Third Industrial Revolution The next significant development in communication technologies was the supercomputer with extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production process machinery began to abrogate the need for human power. Fourth Industrial Revolution the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes. characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.  Fourth Industrial Revolution The distinguishing features of the 4IR: Cyber-physical systems: to enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of physical systems, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and automation. Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems, etc..  Fourth Industrial Revolution The distinguishing features of the 4IR: Internet of Things (IoT): to enable real-time data collection and analysis, and are being used to optimize processes and improve efficiency.  Fourth Industrial Revolution The distinguishing features of the 4IR: Cloud computing: a model for delivering computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence, over the internet.  Fourth Industrial Revolution The distinguishing features of the 4IR: Artificial intelligence: to automate a range of tasks, from manufacturing to customer service, and are expected to have a profound impact on the way we work and live.  Fourth Industrial Revolution The distinguishing features of the 4IR: Augmented reality and virtual reality: to create immersive experiences, such as training simulations, and are expected to have a significant impact on industries such as education, entertainment, and healthcare.  Fourth Industrial Revolution 4IR is characterized by the convergence of multiple technologies, which are being used to create new opportunities and transform the way we work and live. References: http://www.clarityoneaudio.com/living- technological-world-negative-positive-effects- know/ https://historyoftechnologyif.weebly.com/information-age.html https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/fibonacci-sequence.html https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA23645.jpg https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-schwab https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it- means-and-how-to-respond/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution https://unsplash.com/s/photos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9rZOa3CUC8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wupToqz1e2g  Biodiversity and Biotechnology LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. determine the interrelatedness of society, the environment, and health; 2. explain the process of genetic engineering; and 3. discuss the ethics, implications, and potential impacts. Introduction to Biodiversity  What is Gene theory? Gene theory is a fundamental concept in biology that explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. It provides a framework for understanding genetics, heredity, and evolution. What are Genes? Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins. Proteins are the building blocks of life and carry out many functions in cells and organisms. How do genes work? Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. What is DNA? What is RNA? What is Protein? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a Proteins are the building is a double-stranded molecule single-stranded molecule that blocks of life and carry out that contains the genetic carries genetic information many functions in cells and information of an organism. from DNA to proteins. organisms. It is made up of four There are three types of RNA: They are made up of chains nucleotides: adenine, messenger RNA (mRNA), of amino acids that are guanine, cytosine, and transfer RNA (tRNA), and folded into specific shapes to thymine. ribosomal RNA (rRNA). carry out their functions. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA. It occurs in the nucleus of a cell and involves the use of an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Transcription and Translation Translation is the process by which RNA is used to make proteins. It occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and involves the use of ribosomes, which read the mRNA sequence and assemble the corresponding amino acids into a protein. Biodiversity (biological diversity) the total variety of life on Earth measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) A sampling of fungi collected during summer 2008 in Northern Saskatchewan mixed woods, near LaRonge, is an example regarding the species diversity of fungi. In this photo, there are also leaf lichens and mosses. Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778) Swedish botanist Systema Naturae: a classification scheme that used morphology to group organisms into hierarchical categories Taxonomy: the classifying of organisms based on morphology and genetics. This illustration by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0  The broadest, most inclusive, taxonomic category is the Domain. All living things can be categorized into one of three Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya This illustration by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Domain Archaea Microscopic, unicellular prokaryotes Superficially similar to bacteria, but significant genetic differences exist Many archaea are extremophiles Domain Bacteria Microscopic, unicellular prokaryotes Some species are autotrophs, while others are heterotrophs This figure by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Domain Eukarya Includes unicellular and multicellular organisms that all have eukaryotic cells Includes the plant, animal, fungus kingdoms Also includes the protists, a highly diverse group of organisms that includes algae, slime molds, and much more  Why does so much biodiversity exist of Earth? This Photo by Amanda, Jonathan & Hannes Grober is licensed under CC BY-SA Evolution, by the mechanism of natural selection, provides a logical explanation for how populations change over time. ultimately, this change can lead to the creation of new species life has been evolving for billions of years on Earth Evolutionary theory was co-discovered by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, working separately. Both traveled the world extensively, making observations and collecting specimens that helped them formulate their theories These photos are public domain, CCO Origin of Biodiversity Both Darwin and Wallace recognized natural selection as a mechanism by which populations can evolve over time. Natural selection relies on variation of traits in a population With this variation, individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits to future generations. Over time, beneficial traits become more common, maladaptive traits become less common. Biodiversity and Extinction Change in Biodiversity through Time This figure by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Biodiversity and Extinction Background extinction rate Based on the fossil record Estimated to be about 1 per million species years The problem: current extinction rates are several times higher than the background rate Biodiversity and Extinction This photo is public domain and licensed under CCO Extinction rates are currently so high that biologist argue that we’re currently experiencing the 6th Mass Extinction Most extinctions are due to anthropogenic causes That’s pretty messed up. This photo by Ed Uthmanr taken at the Natural History Museum, London, England is licensed under CC BY. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity Preserving Biodiversity Preserving Biodiversity Introduction to Biotechnology  Inquiry 1. Provide three potential benefits and drawbacks of genetically modified organisms (GMO). 2. What benefit does golden rice provide? 3. What is a transgene? 4. Which organism is most often used in GM?  Inquiry 5. Dog breeds are an example of (Explain why or how). A) Artificial selection B) Natural selection C) Genetic modification Horrors of GMO? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfKziDyMAP0 Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification), is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIM38NlkWEo Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering GMO genetically modified organism: organisms whose genetic characteristics have been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. Transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another.A Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Humans have modified crops and animals for thousands of years using traditional breeding practices (selective breeding or artificial selection) Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Most livestock, crops, and pets were developed by genetically modifying the traits of wild species ○ These modified organisms no longer resemble their wild ancestors Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia.  Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Maize was developed from a wild species called teosinte beginning about 8,000 years ago. Video: “Popped Secret: the Mysterious Origin of Corn” by HHMI Biointeractive This work” by Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation is in the Public Domain, CC0. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Common GM Foods Experts say 60% to 70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients. Some genetically modified foods Starlink corn Benefits of Genetic Engineering Enhanced nutrition Increased food supply (cheaper production cost) Increased pest and disease resistance (reduced pesticides) Grow food in harsh climate Make drugs This Photo by International Rice Research Institute is licensed under CC BY This Photo by International Rice Research Institute is licensed under CC BY Grow food in harsh climate Make drugs Scientific Consensus on GE Crops Extensive 2016 report by US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine (NASEM) o Reviewed more than 900 research articles o No evidence of ecological harm from genetic transfer to wild species o No evidence of harm to human health compared to traditionally-breed crops. This graphic is licensed CC0 Public Domain. THE NANO WORLD and Gene Therapy THE NANO WORLD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u70je75CvcA  https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/samsung-s-smart-contact-lenses-tur n-your-eye-into-a-computer-2945428 https://invisionmag.com/this-contact-lens-puts-a-screen-display-directly-in-your-eye/ ILO: Discuss the major potential and realized impacts of Nanotech and Gene Therapy on society; Examine the costs and benefits of Nanotech and Gene Therapy on society to society; Analyze and assess the social and ethical considerations in conducting Gene Therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology employs the study and application of exceptional small thing in other areas of science. Concept of nanoscience and nanotechnology December 29, 1959 By the physicist Richard Feynman He talks “there’s plenty of room at the bottom” Coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974 1 nanometer (nm) is equal to a billionth of a meter (10^(−9) 𝑚) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUDWK4MGcr 0 TYPES OF MICROSCOPES USED IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY  Electron microscope a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. In 1930, German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope.  Atomic Force Microscope a type of high resolution scanning probe microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer. was pioneered in 1986 by Nobel Prize Winner Gerd Binnig along with Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber. Scanning Tunneling Microscope an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Benefits and concerns of the application of nanotechnology in different areas. Example of Areas Affected by Nanotechnology Possible Benefits Concerns Environment Improved High reactivity and toxicity detection and Pervasive distribution in the removal of environment contaminants. No nano-specific EPA Development of regulation benign industrial processes and materials Health Improved medicine Ability to cross cell membranes and translocate in the body No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or supplements Economy Better Redistribution of products wealth New jobs Potential cost of clean ups and healthcare Accessibility to all income levels References: http://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience- nanotechnology/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/0 90610192431.htm https://www.ntnu.edu/nano/nanostructured- materials https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672766 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages- disadvantages-nanotechnology-37398.html https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-unesco- medals-contributions-development-nanoscience- and-nanotechnologies Gene Therapy https://youtu.be/19fSG4Skvws  “It is tremendously THERAPY rewarding to see how our work, GENE starting with the test tube, can positively impact the society, by creating the groundwork for new medical treatments. “- Christine Karim What Are Cells? the basic building blocks of all living things. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Where is DNA located in the Cell? What are genes? the basic physical and functional units of heredity. made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. Genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. provide the information for the production of specific proteins and enzymes that make muscles, bones, and blood, which in turn support most of our body’s functions, such as digestion, making energy, and growing. What is Genetic Disorder? What is Mutation? Mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism. What is Gene Therapy? involves the manipulation of genes to fight or prevent diseases. it introduces a "good" gene into a person who has a disease caused by a "bad" gene. How does gene therapy work? What are the two types of gene therapy?  1. Somatic Gene Therapy Involves introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells to treat the patient. More conservative, safer approach because it affects only the targeted cells in the patient and is not passed on to future used togenerations. correct the disease causing genetic sequence Categories of Somatic Gene Therapy ex vivo, which means exterior (where cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back in again). In some gene therapy clinical trials, cells from the patient’s blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory. The cells are exposed to the virus that is carrying the desired gene. The virus enters the cells and inserts the desired gene into the cells’ DNA. The cells grow in the laboratory and are then returned to the patient by injection into a vein. This type of gene therapy is called ex vivo because the cells are treated outside the body. in vivo, which means interior (where genes are changed in cells still in the body). This form of gene therapy is called in vivo, because the gene is transferred to cells inside the patient’s body. Ex vivo and In vivo  2. Germline Gene Therapy which involves modifying the genes in egg or sperm cells, which will then pass any genetic changes to future generations.  Possible Effects of Gene Therapy The viruses and other agents used to deliver the "good" genes can affect more than the cells for which they're intended. If a gene is added to DNA, it could be put in the wrong place, which could potentially cause cancer or other damage. Genes also can be "overexpressed," meaning they can drive the production of so much of a protein that they can be harmful. a virus introduced into one person could be transmitted to others or into the environment. Referenc es: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene- therapy.html?fbclid=IwAR21RCVn4NR1CYtnO B u2Y9zih9bH2LfGZmdnk_YvzTC9EydrTuVuXn_ G_3w https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer- updates/what-gene-therapy-how-does-it-work https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryng ology/article-abstract/621891 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbJasFgJk L g&feature=emb_logo  TAKE YOUR QUIZ NOW. FOR QUESTIONS AND RECONSIDERATION, PLEASE MESSAGE ME IMMEDIATELY. Climate Change: The Basics What is climate change and why is it happening? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMwFNMfjFuU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBjabNusoKM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBRHlegibpU Learning Intended Outcome Define and differentiate the terms “weather“ and "climate“, "climate change" and "global warming.“ Analyze and assess the cause and evidence of climate change. Design an individual way of contributing to the mitigation of climate change or its effects. What’s the difference? Weather Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions. Temporary behavior of atmosphere Small geographic area Can change rapidly What’s the difference? cClimate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+ years) Large geographic area Very slow to change Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. What’s the difference? CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING Is the long-term changes in climate, Is the increase of the Earth’s average including average temperature and surface temperature due to a build-up precipitation. of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It recognizes that, although the average surface temperature may increase, the regional or local temperature may decrease or remain constant. What Causes Climate Change? What Causes Climate Change? Milankovitch Cycles (Milankovitch Parameters) describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years. named for Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković. hypothesized (1920s) that variations in eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession combined to result in cyclical variations in the distribution of solar radiation at the Earth's surface, and strongly influenced the Earth's climatic patterns.  What Causes Climate Change? Volcanic Eruptions Every few decades or so, there is a volcanic eruption (e.g., Mount Pinatubo, El Chichón) that throws out a tremendous number of particles and other gases. These will effectively shield us enough from the Sun to lead to a short-lived global cooling period. The particles and gases typically dissipate after about 1 to 2 years, but the effect is nearly global. What Causes Climate Change? Tectonic Plates The distribution of landmasses and formation and breakup of supercontinents has dramatically influenced global and local climate on timescales of 100 million years, with cycles repeating for the past few billion years of Earth's history. Late Carboniferous 300 Ma Global icehouse; low sea level; continental collisions  What Causes Climate Change? The Greenhouse Effect The thickness of the atmosphere and the concentration of its gases influence the surface temperature on any planet. The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth's surface by “greenhouse gases.”  What Causes Climate Change? The Greenhouse Effect Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), fluorinated gasses, ozone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) are greenhouse gases that are found in the atmosphere.  What Causes Climate Change? The Greenhouse Effect Energy travels from the Sun to the Earth as short wave radiation. It does not interact strongly with the greenhouse gas molecules so it reaches the Earth’s surface. Why is climate change happening? What evidence do we have? What evidence do we have? This map shows the five-year average variation of global surface temperatures from 1884 to 2012. Dark blue indicates areas cooler than average. Dark red indicates areas warmer than average. Source: NASA Climate http://climate.nasa.gov/key_indicators#globalTemp What evidence do we have? Earth’s global average surface temperature has risen, as shown in this plot of combined land and ocean measurements from 1850 to 2019 derived from three independent analyses of the available data sets. The temperature changes are relative to the global average surface temperature, averaged from 1961−1990. Source: NOAA Climate.gov, based on IPCC AR5. Data from UK Met Office Hadley Centre (maroon), US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies (red), and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information What evidence do we have? Sources: - Mauna Loa Observatory, NOAA: ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/product s/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.txt - Law Dome Ice Core, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/c o2/lawdome.combined.dat What evidence do we have? What evidence do we have? Temperature & CO2 Data Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Source: NASA Climate, Data from NOA http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/ http://climate.nasa.gov/key_indicators#co2 What evidence do we have? Global Sea Level Rise Visit: http://climate.nasa.gov/key_indicators for interactive charts on sea level and other key climate change indicators. Source: NASA Climate http://climate.nasa.gov/key_indicators#seaLevel What evidence do we have? Glaciers are melting Portage Glacier, Alaska 1914 2004 What evidence do we have? Glaciers are melting. Ok glacier in September 2003, few years before it disappeared. Seen from an airplane flying over Kaldidalur looking West. Oddur Sigurðsson Wikimedia Commons under CC ShareAlike 4.0 What evidence do we have? Glaciers are melting. What evidence do we have? “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, human influence on the climate system is clear …” - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, January, 2014, Press Release Climate Projections: Temperature (Source: PAGASA, 2018) - Observed temperature increases by 0.1 C/decade - Projections suggest continued warming - By 2050, averaged mean temperature could increase - From 0.9 C to 1.9 C for a moderate emission scenario - From 1.2 C to 2.3 C for a high emission scenario (RCP8.5) - By 2100, averaged mean temperature - From 1.3 C to 2.5C for a moderate emission scenario - From 2.5 C to 4.1 C for a high emission scenario  Climate Projections: Rainfall and Tropical Cyclones (Source: PAGASA, 2018) - Reduced rainfall from March-May in most areas, making the dry season drier - Increased heavy and extreme rainfall in Luzon and Visayas during the southwest monsoon, making the wet season wetter - Rainfall reduction is projected over Central sections of Mindanao - Lesser tropical cyclones, but higher in terms of intensity level Impacts of Rainfall and Cyclones to Food Cyclones and heavy rains bring severe flooding and increase runoff and soil erosion, reducing soil fertility, damaging crops and altering productivity, especially during La Nina years. An estimated annual GDP loss of up to 2.2% is projected by 2100 due to extreme weather events. Climate Projections: Sea Level Rise (Source: PAGASA, 2018) - From 1993 to 2015, sea level has risen in some parts by nearly double the global average rate. - 5.7 to 7.0 mm/yr in the Philippine Sea (AVISO altimetry) vs. 2.8 to 3.6 mm/yr global rate (1993 to 2010) – research what this means in terms of hectares of land or percent of land mass loss in the Philippines to visualize the impact - Projected SLR under an RCP8.5 scenario is estimated at 20 cm. research what this means in terms of hectares of land or percent of land mass loss in the Philippines to visualize the impact Impacts of Rising Sea Level to Food Could worsen the impacts of storm surges Loss of coastal land due to inundation Salt-water intrusion and increased salinity levels in agricultural land Salt water intrusion of coastal aquifiers affects water quality in about 25% of coastal municipalities in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Increased salinity and sea level could also damage mangroves Impacts of Sea Level Rise in the Philippines By 2030, sea-level rise will affect 74.16 million people, over half of the projected population. 60% of Filipinos live in coastal areas, making them highly vulnerable. Settlement Nightmare: Government faces difficulties in accommodating the affected population by 2030. Coastal Areas at Risk: Major cities and coastal towns will experience severe problems, with 37% of coastal areas (167,000 hectares) facing submersion. Health and Nutrition Crisis: Over half of the population will suffer from malnutrition as marine fisheries, which contribute to 50% of animal protein intake, are impacted.  Paris Agreement COP21 In 2015, at COP21 in Paris, the nations signed an agreement that set out an ambitious plan to tackle climate change. In the Paris Agreement, nations agreed to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. To do this we will need to reach ‘net zero’ by 2050. This means that any carbon emissions will need to be balanced by removing carbon dioxide from the air. Comité de Paris, COP21, by UN Climate Change licensed under CC BY Declare a Climate Emergency Now! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Q0xUXo2zEY  Declare a Climate Emergency Right now there is an upsurge in different climate movements to campaign for climate emergency. As of July 2019, there are 967 jurisdictions in 18 countries have declared a climate emergency. Populations covered by jurisdictions that have declared a climate emergency amount to 212 million citizens, with 47 million of these living in the United Kingdom. This means in Britain now roughly 70 per cent of the population lives in areas that have declared a climate emergency. In New Zealand, the percentage is even higher: 73 per cent of the population. It’s 24 per cent in Switzerland and Spain. These countries felt that by declaring climate emergency cities are adopting more powers to help curb the effects of climate change and the national government needs to declare an emergency and put resources in place to enable councils to help reduce carbon emissions. While seeing that there is not yet a global consensus in solving the climate crisis, it is but important that the Philippine Government must go ahead, plan and prepare its people for the expected impacts. The Philippines being a country that always in the top list of the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change.  References IPCC Summary Report for Policy Makers. 2014 https://gpm.nasa.gov/education/sites/default/files/lesson_plan_files/climate-packag e/Weather%20vs%20Climate.MS.pdf IPCC Summary Report graphics. 2014 "About IPCC." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 20 Apr. 2009. "Climate Change | U.S. EPA." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 20 Apr. 2009. Rischard, J. F. High Noon: Twenty Global Problems, Twenty Years to Solve Them. New York: Basic Books, 2002. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-eastasia-stateless/2021/06/966e1865-gpea-a sian-cites-sea-level-rise-report-200621-f-3.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMwFNMfjFuU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0B6AxeVNY8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBjabNusoKM