Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe an organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered in a way that does not occur naturally?

  • Genetically engineered organism
  • Artificially selected organism
  • Genetically modified organism (GMO) (correct)
  • Transgenic organism
  • What is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome to alter the genetic makeup of an organism?

  • Artificial selection
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic modification (correct)
  • Natural selection
  • What is the term used to describe a gene that has been transferred from one organism to another?

  • Naturally occurring gene
  • Artificially selected gene
  • Genetically modified gene
  • Transgene (correct)
  • What has been used for thousands of years to modify crops and animals?

    <p>Traditional breeding practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of processed foods in the U.S. that are genetically modified?

    <p>60% to 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was developed from a wild species called teosinte?

    <p>Maize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products?

    <p>Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long have humans been manipulating DNA in plants and animals?

    <p>Millennia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture?

    <p>Increasing pest and disease resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of nanoscience and nanotechnology?

    <p>Application of exceptionally small things in various fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the uses of genetic engineering?

    <p>Production of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization conducted a comprehensive review of genetic engineering and its effects?

    <p>US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering &amp; Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a genetically modified crop?

    <p>Starlink corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of genetic engineering?

    <p>Growing food in harsh climates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of genetically modified organisms?

    <p>Increased food supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of genetic engineering?

    <p>Enhanced nutrition in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of genes in the human body?

    <p>To provide the information for the production of specific proteins and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic disorder?

    <p>A condition caused by an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of gene therapy?

    <p>To introduce a 'good' gene into a person to fight or prevent a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy?

    <p>Somatic gene therapy affects only targeted cells, while germline gene therapy affects all cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ex vivo gene therapy?

    <p>A type of gene therapy where cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back in again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is in vivo gene therapy?

    <p>A type of gene therapy where genes are changed in cells still in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of somatic gene therapy?

    <p>It is more conservative and safer because it affects only targeted cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gene therapy in treating diseases?

    <p>To introduce a 'good' gene into a person to fight or prevent a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

    • Biotechnology: the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products
    • Genetic engineering: the direct manipulation of an organism's genome to alter its genetic makeup
    • Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): an organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered in a way that does not occur naturally

    History of Genetic Modification

    • Humans have modified crops and animals for thousands of years using traditional breeding practices (selective breeding or artificial selection)
    • Most livestock, crops, and pets were developed by genetically modifying the traits of wild species
    • Maize was developed from a wild species called teosinte around 8,000 years ago

    Genetically Modified Foods

    • Experts say 60-70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients
    • Examples of genetically modified foods: Starlink corn

    Benefits of Genetic Engineering

    • Enhanced nutrition
    • Increased food supply (cheaper production cost)
    • Increased pest and disease resistance (reduced pesticides)
    • Grow food in harsh climate
    • Make drugs

    Scientific Consensus on GE Crops

    • 2016 report by US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine (NASEM) reviewed over 900 research articles
    • No evidence of ecological harm from genetic transfer to wild species
    • No evidence of harm to human health compared to traditionally-breed crops

    Nanotechnology

    • Refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale
    • Involves the study and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science

    Gene Therapy

    • Involves the manipulation of genes to fight or prevent diseases
    • Introduces a "good" gene into a person who has a disease caused by a "bad" gene
    • Two types of gene therapy:
      • Somatic Gene Therapy: introduces a "good" gene into targeted cells to treat the patient
        • Ex vivo: cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back in again
        • In vivo: genes are changed in cells still in the body

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of biotechnology and genetic engineering, including the difference between artificial selection and natural selection, and the process of genetic modification.

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