Structure and Function of Blood PDF

Structure and function of blood Jo Sharp  yal- Discuss the functions of blood 16 12 : 2...

Structure and function of blood Jo Sharp  yal- Discuss the functions of blood 16 12 : 2 Describe the physical characteristics and Learning ② components of blood (plasma and formed J elements) and their function objectives Less & Describe the clotting mechanism (Haemostasis) (jjjsi)  Tip I ① 12 Transportation: gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide),② nutrients, waster products, hormones ⑪ 24 ① EKeepsthingMies) Functions of Regulation: homeostasis of body fluids, pH, ⑳ ③ body temperature, blood osmotic pressure g blood (impacts on water content of cells) ،‫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻮازن ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﺳﻤﻮزي ﻟﻠﺪم‬،‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ 3* ① (‫)اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ Protection: clotting (reduces blood loss), ③ ② white blood cells (phagocytosis), proteins - (antibodies) protect against disease !  ] [in-x , Specialised connective tissue Denser than water - sticky Approximately- 5 litres circulating at any one time Blood pH 7.35 – 7.45 Temperature - 38°CO Two components – blood plasma and formed - elements (cells)  Proteins ① ProteinsI 7% AGF1-Albumins G Albumins, globulins, S een Plasma Gl o bul i n s fibrinogen 55% Q Water 91.5% ↳ Electrolytes, nutrients, waste ③ Other solutes products, regulatory 1.5% substances I Formed Platelets ↑N%1 G elements White blood ① Neutrophils Lymphocytes ⑨ 45% cells Neutrophils Cells Lymphocytes Monocytes ② Josinophils Monocytes Red blood Eosinophils ③ Basophils cells Basophils Taken from Tortora G.J & Derrickson B., (2015) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Wiley, USA (e-book, page 879)  Accounts for 55% of blood volume Water (91.5%) – solvent Proteins (7%) ① - Albumins (most numerous) maintain colloid osmotic pressure ⑪ - Globulins large proteins.- Plasma (antibodies) fight disease Immunoglobulins ③ - Fibrinogen involved in clotting Other solutes 351j55 - Electrolytes (Na+, K+) and gases help with cell function, enzymes catalyse reactions, hormones - - - - regulate metabolism, waste products Red blood cells (erythrocyte) 4.8 – 5.4 number per µL of blood Biconcave disc with no nucleus 7-8µm in diameter Heamoglobin c molecule Protein (globin) 4 polypeptide chains, non protein pigment (heam) attaching to each chain Centre of each heam is an iron ion Fe2+ which combines reversibly with - oxygen  less numerous ① Larger than RBC & White blood cells – ② 5000 10000/ML ablocd - (leucocyte) ③ Have a nucleus Larger than RBC and less numerous ⑦ Granular (Phils) 5000-10000/µL of blood Have a nucleus ⑤ Agranular (cytes) kidney Round shaped llobed nuclei nucleus -most Granular (phils) – neutrophils, eosinophil and basophils t Agranular (cytes) – lymphocytes (B and T & Least cells & Natural Killer cells) and monocytes present - B & T cells - Natural Killer cells  Cell Structure Function ⑳ Neutrophils 10-12µm in diameter Phagocytosis mustent (60-70%) 2-5 lobed nuclei 41] Eosinophils 10-12µm in diameter Respond during allergic reactions – -0 dampen histamine. Raised with ⑧ (2-4%) 2 lobed nuclei parasitic infections - worms 28. Basophils 8-10µm in diameter O Release histamine Leastent (0.5-1%) 2 lobed nuclei ⑧ Develop into mast cells when leaving the blood Lymphocytes Small – 6-9µm Mediate immune response (20-25%) = Large – 10-14µm Round nucleus Q S! ⑨ Monocytes 10-20µm in diameter Phagocytosis. (3-8%) Kidney shaped nucleus Develop into macrophages when leaving the blood & S , n Taken from Tortora G.J & Derrickson B., (2015) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Wiley, USA (e-book, page 898)  150,000 – 400,000/µm of blood Cell fragments * 2-4µm in diameter Platelets Disc shaped * No nucleus * Function – involved in clotting *  Means to reduce blood loss if aA vessel wall is damaged At the site collagen is exposed - 3 stages J O 1. Vascular spasm – constriction of vessel to Haemostasis reduce blood loss O- 2. Platelet plug – platelets stick to the exposed collagen, chemical released to encourage more platelets to the area, # temporary seal - O - 3. Blood clotting involving a cascade of vijt] enzymes (clotting factors) E  Don’t worry Blood clotting abt clotting 351 - 1 factors Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Tissue damage releases tissue factor blood in contact with collagen Me & + clotting factors + clotting factors Prothrombinase (enzyme) *** Calcium ions # required # Prothrombin Thrombin (enzyme) **** Fibrinogen (soluble) fibrin (insoluble) clot (fibres, blood cells and platelets) Clotting  Clotting in an unbroken vessel (usually a vein) May be due to[ roughened endothelial surfaces3 > resulting from atherosclerosis, trauma or Thrombus - infection③ ① ② - Blood flowing too slowly → clotting factors % accumulate locally to initiate coagulation igj Thrombosis jjst The clot is called a thrombus – may dissolve- spontaneously - 850's jl If it remains intact it may become dislodged – this is called an embolus G An embolus in an artery might reduce the blood supply to an organ -p When an embolus lodges in the lungs – pulmonary embolism.  Functions of blood Blood and its components looking at structure and function Clot formation Overview Thrombosis Table 19.3 in chapter 19 of Tortora’s Anatomy and Physiology