Blood and Respiratory System PDF

Blood Function: ○ Transportation - transports nutrients to cells and carries wastes away from cells ○ Protection - white blood cells fight infections / blood clotting proteins ○ Regulation - helps regulate body temperature Contents of blood ○ Blood is a connec...

Blood Function: ○ Transportation - transports nutrients to cells and carries wastes away from cells ○ Protection - white blood cells fight infections / blood clotting proteins ○ Regulation - helps regulate body temperature Contents of blood ○ Blood is a connective tissue Liquid matrix Plasma ○ Cells (formed elements) Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells Plasma ○ Water ○ Dissolved substances Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, nutrients, wastes ○ Proteins Albumins Carrier protein - keeps blood isotonic with extracellular fluid Globulins Antibodies Clotting proteins Stops bleeding How clotting occurs: ○ Constrict blood vessels to reduce blood loss ○ Make platelet plug (not the clot) Exposed collagen activate platelet Activated platelets are “sticky” and form a plug over the damaged area ○ Form clot Activated platelets release chemicals that activate clotting proteins Prothrombin (inactive) -> thrombin (active) Fibrinogen (inactive) ->thrombin -> fibrin (active) -> makes clot  ○ White Blood Cells ○ Neutrophils First responder to site of infection Phagocytic: engulfs bacteria, virus, dead cells ○ Eosinophils Destroys parasitic worms ○ Basophils Secretes histamine to induce inflammatory response ○ Monocytes Transform into macrophages Macrophages performs phagocytosis like neutrophils ○ Lymphocytes Produce antibodies Red Blood Cells ○ Full of hemoglobin ○ Hemoglobin binds oxygen (1 hemoglobin to 4 oxygen) ○ Hemoglobin lasts about 4 months - 120 days ○ No nucleus to make new proteins ○ Kidney regulates the RBC production ○ Spleen and liver are “graveyards” for RBC ○ Heme = iron group Iron is reused for hemoglobin Rest forms bilirubin that produce bile in the liver Recovered for reuse following red blood cell destruction ○ Globin = amino acids Digest into amino acids that are reused for other proteins  Blood types ○ Genetically determined by the glycoproteins found on the surface of RBCs ○ Will form antibodies against the antigens not found on the surface of RBCs ○ Named by the antigen found on the surface of the cell: A, B, AB, O Blood type Antigen - glycoprotein Antibodies in the Blood can receive on RBCs plasma A A Anti B A and O B B Anti A A and O AB A and B none A, B, , AB and O - Universal recipient O Neither A or B Anti A and Anti B O - Universal donor ○ What about +/- Determined by presence or absence of the Rh factor Do not make antibodies against Rh factor unless exposed to it ○ Rh- mom with with Rh+ baby Blood mixes at birth Mom makes Rh+ antibodies ○ Rh- mom with Rh+ antibodies with Rh+ baby Blood mixes at birth  Mom’s Rh+ antibodies attach baby’s RBCs Prevented with a drug that inhibits Rh antibodies Respiratory system Nose ○ Warms air with capillaries Cold air will destroy cells in the lung ○ Moistens air with mucus Dry air, oxygen can not cross dry membrane ○ Filters air with nose hair ○ Cleans air with cilia Pharynx ○ Common pathway for both food and water Larynx ○ Voice box or Adam's Apple ○ Only air ○ Epiglottis - covers glottis when swallowing Trachea ○ Cartilage support Bronchi of lungs ○ Cartilage support Bronchioles of the lungs ○ Smooth muscle controls diameter Alveoli ○ Cells of lungs for gas exchange ○ Blood is brought to alveoli by pulmonary circuit  Mechanisms of breathing ○ Air moves from high to low pressure ○ No air movement if pressure in lungs = pressure atmosphere (resting lung) ○ Inhale -> lungs increase in size to decrease pressure below atmosphere Contract muscles ○ Exhale -> lungs decrease in size to increase pressure above atmosphere Relax muscles and recoil causing the smaller size ○ ○ ○ Internal respiration Occur at all tissues Oxygen moves into tissues Carbon dioxide moves into blood ○ External respiration Occurs at lungs Oxygen move into the blood Carbon dioxide moves into the lungs ○ Regulation of breathing Neural controls medulla oblongata Chemical controls CO2 sensors (H+) in major blood vessels ○ When CO2 is high in the blood - medulla oblongata does not send action potential to breathing muscles relax/exhale ○ When CO2 decreases it turns off sensors and medulla will send action potential to contract breathing muscles Inhale O2 sensors