STM 111 Reviewer PDF

STM 111 Reviewer Volcanic Eruption Prepared by: ASEC (Jarell Jay A. Alfaro) Expulsion of gasses, ash, rock fragments, and molten lava....

STM 111 Reviewer Volcanic Eruption Prepared by: ASEC (Jarell Jay A. Alfaro) Expulsion of gasses, ash, rock fragments, and molten lava. Large dust and ash impacts. Lesson #1: Basic Concept of Lava can travel far, causing damage to people, Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, houses, and trees. Disaster and Disaster Risk C. Hydrometeorological Hazard Hazards “Hydro” – Oceanic / water Dangerous Phenomenon, causes life, health, “Meteorological” – Atmospheric property, livelihood, social, economic, and environmental damage. Tropical Cyclones Different types of Hazards: Involves multiple hazards: extreme winds, heavy rainfall, storm surge, flooding, lightning, Natural Hazard – Occurs from the natural tornadoes. processes in the environment. Interaction of these hazards increases threat. EX: Volcanic Eruption, Earthquake, and Tsunami Flooding Man-made Hazard – Occurs from Human Activities Overflow of normal water bodies. Potential for injuries and deaths. EX: Pollution, transportation accidents and terrorism Disruption of water purification and sewage systems. Types of Natural Hazards Overflow of toxic water waste. A. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Drought Pathogens A lack of precipitation characterizes it. Organism causes host disease. Causes water shortage. Symptom severity is referred to as virulence. It may impact health, agriculture, economies, The disease can be transmitted between energy, and the environment. organisms. MAN-MADE (Technological Hazard) EX: Virus and Bacteria 1. Transpiration Accident Fungi Involves injuries from motor vehicles, bicycles, trams, and motorbikes. Mold produces toxic substances. (Mycotoxins) Can affect drivers, pedestrians, bystanders, and Inhaled, absorbed, or ingested can cause health emergency responders. problems. 2. War/Terrorism EX: Molds Unlawful Violence: Creating Fear Locusts Targets civilians Aims for political objectives Devastate crops. Cause major agricultural damage. 3. Human Error/Negligence Lead to famine and starvation. Hazardous Materials Improperly leaked, spilled, discharged Threatens human health, safety, property, B. Geological Hazard environment. Includes explosives, toxic chemicals, Earthquake radioactive materials. Sudden movement of Earth's crust. Causes ground shaking, soil liquefaction, Exposure landslides, avalanches, fires, and tsunamis.  The risk of community assets, including people, Community's susceptibility to hazards, resulting buildings, factories, and farmland, is determined from poor design, asset protection, public by their location, attributes, and value. awareness, and land management, and is present even before a disaster. Elements Vulnerability is situation and hazard-specific. People, animals, property, systems. Four Types of Vulnerability Subject to potential loss. Includes buildings, facilities, population, 1. Physical Vulnerability livestock, economic activities, public services, Population density levels, remoteness of and environment. a settlement, the site, design, and materials used for critical infrastructure. Essential Component of exposure 2. Social Vulnerability definition: Inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts 1. People, property, systems, and other of hazards systems Level of well-being of individuals, We must be able to identify and give a name to communities, and society. specific elements. It may be tangible or Level of literacy and education Intangible. Existence of peace and security 2. Present in Hazard Zones Access to basic human rights Elements should be located within an area and System of good governance during hazard events that can occur. 3. Economic Vulnerability 3. That are thereby subject to potential loss Highly dependent upon the economic Elements should have value or importance for it status of individuals, communities, and to be subject to potential loss. nations 4. Environmental Vulnerability CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AT RISK Natural resource depletion and resource degradation. 1. Physical elements: Buildings, urban land use, Communities and government must be building height, building age, replacement costs. sensitive about it. Monuments and cultural heritage. 2. Essential Facilities: Emergency shelters, Schools, Concept of disaster Hospitals, Police, and fire brigades. 3. Transportation Facilities: Roads, railway, metro, The Philippines DRR Law in 2010 adopted public transportation systems, harbor facilities, UNISDR (2009) Disaster is a severe disruption airport facilities. of community functioning resulting in widespread 4. Life Lines: Water supply, electricity supply, gas losses and impacts exceeding resources, often supply, telecommunications, mobile telephone affecting those unable to cope. network, sewage system. 5. Population: Density of population, distribution in space, distribution in time, age distribution, gender distribution, handicapped, income distribution 6. Socioeconomic Aspects: Organization of population, governance, community organization, government support, socio-economic levels. Cultural heritage and traditions 7. Economic Activities: Spatial distribution of economic activities, input-output table, dependency, redundancy, unemployment, and economic production in various sectors. Disaster Risk 8. Environmental Elements: Ecosystems, protected areas, natural parks, environmentally sensitive Anticipated loss of lives, injuries, property areas, forests, wetlands, aquifers, flora, fauna, damage, and economic disruption due to natural biodiversity. phenomena influenced by specific risks and elements. Vulnerability Combination of hazard severity, frequency, exposure, and vulnerability, with capacity aiming  to reduce damage severity and minimize the Reducing Hazards in Community Capacity impact of disasters. Enhancement. Implementing measures to eliminate or reduce impact. Disaster Risk formula EX: Hazard mapping and risk assessment 1. Hazard A natural, human-made, or technological hazard Prevention - Eliminating hazards' impact. at a given location or region that could Reducing susceptibility. potentially cause a disaster. Mitigation - Reduce inevitable impact. 2. Capacity A combination of all strengths and resources 2. Disaster preparedness available within a community, society, or Enhancing Communities' Emergency Response. organization that can reduce the level of risk or Preparing, managing, and recovering from effects of a disaster. disasters. 3. Exposure People, property, systems, or other elements EX: public awareness, and evacuation plan that would be affected by the hazard if it occurs 3. Disaster response 4. Vulnerability The degree of loss to a given element at risk at Provides emergency services and public a certain severity level. assistance. Reduces health impacts. Ensures public safety and meets basic RISK = EXPOSURE (to HAZARD) x subsistence needs. VULBERABILITY / CAPACITY Capacity EX: Evacuation, and Relief aid 4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery Collective resources within a community, society, or organization that can mitigate Involves restoring and improving facilities, and disaster risk, including infrastructure, and livelihoods following the "build back better" institutions. principle. Republic Act No. 10121 – Philippine 1. Physical and psychological support for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of affected individuals. 2010 2. Reconstruction and improvement of facilities. ⮚ Integrates disaster risk reduction education into secondary and tertiary curricula. Biological Perspective ⮚ Preparing students for understanding, How disasters impact living organisms. Natural mitigating, preparing, responding, and habitats and potential risk from infectious recovering from disasters. diseases Physical Perspective Damage to physical elements such as building, infrastructure, people, and their properties. Psychological Perspective People's emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal responses to disasters, which may include trauma, shock, and fear among victims. Four Priority Areas of NDRRMP Economic Perspective The NDRRMF aims to create safer, Effects of disasters on economic adaptive, and disaster-resistant Filipino activities in communities such as the communities for sustainable development flow of goods, and the cost of damage through the NDRRMP. of disaster. 1. Disaster prevention and mitigation Sociocultural Perspective  Characteristics of people such as their religion, customs, and attitudes can influence how they prepare, respond, and recover from disasters. Lesson #2: Earthquake And Other Geological Hazards Earthquake: Seismic waves, caused by natural phenomena, are a major concern for disaster preparedness and emergency response due to the potential dangers Magnitude posed by tectonic plate entanglement. Energy released, measured by ground displacement or shaking. Represented by Arabic numbers in the Richter Magnitude Scale. Intensity The strength of an earthquake perceived by locals Represented by Roman Numerals in the Modified Mercalli Scale and PEIS. Earthquake Hazards Permanent features can lead to other types of destruction, such as landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, and fire, which can result from an earthquake. 1. Ground Shaking/Aftershocks - Caused by stressed rocks, can cause ground shaking, and trigger hazards, Mitigation through building codes, warning systems, and planning is crucial. 2. Ground or Surface Ruptures 80% occurring around the Pacific Ocean's 'Ring of - Surface rupture occurs when a fault breaks Fire', the most seismically and volcanically active Earth's surface, causing damage to zone globally. buildings, and potentially endangering lives due to earthquake-induced flooding. Use to measure earthquakes: 3. Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence 1. A seismograph - is a device used to record the - A seismic event, results in ground lowering, motion of the ground during an earthquake. flooding, topography alteration, and reduced 2. A seismogram - is a record of the seismic aquifer storage due to vertical displacement. waves from an earthquake. 4. Earthquake-Induced Landslide - Triggered by strong ground motion, causing rock falls, slope failures, and debris flows. They can cause debris collisions, causing deaths and economic losses. 5. Liquefaction - Caused by earthquake shaking, weakens saturated soil, causing cracking, flooding, cavities, and undermining foundations, causing slope failures.  1. Compass rose - This will give you the proper 6. Tsunami direction. This is also called “orientation.” - Caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater explosions, is a series of 2. Title - It tells what the map is about. waves causing extreme destruction, 3. Symbols - These are representations of an object. including drowning and traumatic injuries. 4. Legend or Key - It explains the meaning of symbols Four Necessary Conditions for an Earthquake to and color. Cause a Tsunami 5. Color - It highlights the important information to help The earthquake’s epicenter must occur beneath the interpret maps. ocean or cause material to slide into the ocean. 6. Scale - It shows the proportion of the map and its The earthquake must be strong, at least magnitude 6.5. elements to real life. The earthquake must rupture to Earth’s surface and it 7. Grid Reference - These are intersecting lines to help must occur at a shallow depth less than 70 km below the locate specific places on the map. In some maps, it is seafloor. also called “border.” The earthquake must cause vertical movement of the seafloor. Common Earthquake/Tsunami Safety Colors Signs of an Impending Tsunami 1. Severe Ground shaking 2. Drawback 3. Roaring sound 4. Animal Behavior Interpreting a Hazard Map - Interpreting a hazard map involves analyzing its symbols and aspects to identify potential hazards, with an essential map consisting of seven parts for effective deciphering. Mitigation Strategies Preparedness (Before) 1. Understand earthquake risks in your area and assess your home's structural integrity. Retrofit if needed. 2. Participate in government earthquake drills and disaster preparedness training. 3. Learn the exit routes in your home and frequent buildings, and know how to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms, and communication tools. 4. Prepare an emergency kit with essentials like non- perishable food, water, clothing, a battery-operated radio, flashlights, and a first-aid kit. 5. Share your knowledge and skills with family and friends. Response (During) 5. Construction, agriculture, and forestry activities changing water infiltration 1. Stay indoors if your building is structurally sound. If not, exit quickly after the shaking. Natural Causes of Landslides: 2. Avoid glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and heavy 1.Groundwater pressure destabilizing slopes objects. Beware of falling items. 2. Loss of vegetation and soil structure (e.g., after wildfires) 3. If outside, move to an open area and follow these 3. Erosion by rivers or ocean wave safety measures: 4. Saturation from snowmelt, glacier melt, or heavy rains Stay away from trees, power lines, posts, and concrete 5. Earthquakes adding loads or causing liquefaction and structures. volcanic eruptions Avoid steep slopes that could cause landslides. 8 Warning Signs a Landslide Might Soon Occur: If near the shore and feeling an earthquake, especially 1. Spring, seeps, or saturated ground in areas that a strong one, move to higher ground to avoid tsunamis. typically haven’t be wet previously. 2. Sudden decrease in creek water level even 4. Those who are in a moving vehicle should stop and though rain is still falling or just recently stopped. get out. Do not attempt to cross bridges, overpasses, or 3. Movement of soil away from foundations. flyovers that may have been damaged. 4. Tilting or cracking of concrete floors and foundations. Rehabilitation (After) 5. Tilting or moving of other parts of the house 1. Be prepared for aftershocks. When the shaking stops, such as rooms, decks, and patios. exit the building quickly and safely. 6. Leaning electric or telephone poles and posts, walls and fences 2. Do not use elevators, enter damaged buildings, or 7. Unusual sounds, like trees cracking or rocks use telephones unless necessary. knocking together, that might indicate moving debris 3. Check yourself and others for injuries. Inspect water 8. Faint rumbling noise that gets louder as the and electrical lines, and be cautious for spills of landslide nears. chemical, toxic, or flammable materials. 4. Stay updated on disaster prevention instructions and Mitigation Strategies news from authorities. Preparedness (Before) 5. Most importantly, do not panic. 1. Secure clearance from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) on potential landslides. Other Geological Hazard 2. Prepare family members for evacuation as directed by - There are geologic conditions that may pose a authorities. hazard to lives and properties when exposed to heavy or prolonged rain. 3. Maintain a list of emergency contact numbers. Rainfall-induced Landslide 4. Participate in planting grasses on slopes or building riprap to prevent soil erosion. - Large-scale movements of slope materials, due to heavy rainfall, increased water content, 5. Join regular evacuation drills. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, deforestation, 6. Promote public awareness and involvement in and human activities like road grading or landslide mitigation. construction. 7. Develop a family preparedness and evacuation plan. Causes of Landslide Response (During) Human Activities That Cause Landslides: 1. Evacuate immediately if warned of an impending 1. Deforestation, cultivation, and construction landslide or mudflow. destabilizing slopes 2. Vibrations from machinery or traffic and blasting 2. Stay away from the path of landslide debris or seek activities refuge behind a sturdy tree or boulder. 3. Earthwork altering slope shape or adding new loads 4. Removal of deep-rooted vegetation in shallow soils 3. Leave the house immediately if you hear rumbling 3. A circular lake (or a large, deep puddle): This can sounds from upstream or feel ground tremors, indicating be indicative of a sinkhole that has opened up and been a possible mudflow. filled with water. 4. Run across a slope, not downward. 4. A foundation settling: If part of the structure starts dropping down and cracking, this could be a sign of a Rehabilitation (After) sinkhole forming under a house or building. 1. Thoroughly examine the damaged parts and utilities of 5. Cracks in roads or pavement: Cracks in asphalt the house before reoccupying it. and pavement can appear for several reasons. One 2. Stay away from the landslide area to avoid potential reason could be that there are issues developing in the additional landslides. subgrade. 3. Carefully check for injured and trapped persons in the 6. A sudden drop of well water levels on a site: This landslide area and guide rescuers to their locations. is good to check out even when there’s no surface expression. A drop in well levels could indicate a 4. Listen to local radio or TV stations for the latest sinkhole opening up and changing the water table emergency information. beneath the site. 5. Seek the advice of a geotechnical expert to evaluate 7. Rainwater disappearing into ground openings: A the landslide. small opening in the ground that rainwater seems to disappear into could mean it’s entering an underground Sinkhole void. - Groundwater dissolves soluble rocks, creating Mitigation strategies underground spaces and caverns beneath houses or roads, leading to sudden, large Preparedness (before) collapses causing significant damage. 1. Check if the area is prone to sinkholes before Types of sinkholes purchasing land or a house. 1.Solution sinkholes 2. Carry a whistle daily as a signaling device. - Limestone forms when exposed to thin soil and sand, 3. If you live in an area with frequent sinkholes, consider with intense dissolution occurring near water contact, relocating to a safer place. forming small, slow sinkholes. Response (during) 2. Cover-subsidence sinkholes 1. If trapped in a sinkhole, make noise without tapping or - Gradually in areas with permeable, sand-containing digging to avoid triggering further soil erosion. sediments, while they are rare, smaller, and may go undetected for extended periods in thicker or clay- 2. If you have a cell phone and move slowly and containing areas. cautiously call for help. 3. Cover-collapse sinkholes 3. Stay calm, conserve your energy, and wait for passersby to call for help and rescue. - Occur in clay-covered sediments, forming shallow bowl-shaped depressions due to surface drainage, Rehabilitation (After) erosion, and deposition over time. 1. If you escape a sinkhole, check yourself for injuries and seek help immediately. Report the incident to the 7 Most Common Signs a Sinkhole may authorities. Appear: 2. If you discover a sinkhole, report it promptly to the 1. A round circular depression in the earth: Before authorities. the ceiling of a void collapses completely, it tends to droop or depress. These depressions usually have a circular shape. 2. Localized subsidence or depression anywhere on the property: In other words, an area that has dropped down relative to the surrounding land. Lesson #3: Volcano Related magma flowing slowly, and steeper slopes causing faster and longer flows. Hazards Negative Impacts: Volcano - Pose significant hazards by burying, - Volcanoes are Earth's crustal openings that crushing, and burning everything in their release energy, forming lava, ash, and gas, and path. are both fascinating and dangerous natural formations. 2. Ashfall, or tephra fall - It can also occur from ash clouds during Pyroclastic Density Currents - 60% of active volcanoes occur at tectonic plate (PDCs). Heavier particles, called volcanic boundaries, with most along the Pacific Ring of bombs, fall near the vent as ballistic projectiles. Fire, including the Philippines and New Guinea, formed through geologic events. Negative Impacts: - Some volcanoes, like those that form the - Poor visibility, agricultural losses, airborne Hawaiian Islands, occur in the interior of plates particles, engine failure, hazardous gases, at areas called “hot spots.” and structural damage pose risks to driving. Volcanoes are classified as: 3. Pyroclastic Density Current (PDC) or Pyroclastic Flow - Papid descents or spreads Active volcano - Currently in a state of regular of fragmented volcanic particles, hot gases, and eruptions or has recently erupted and there is a ash from volcanic slopes, varying in density and possibility that it may erupt soon. concentration. A dormant or inactive volcano - one that has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can Negative Impact erupt in the future. - PDCs are highly destructive due to their mass, high temperature, velocity, and An extinct volcano - one which has erupted mobility. thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of an eruption. 4. Lahars or volcanic mudflows - Volcanic Volcanic Hazards sediment, debris, and water mix down slopes after eruptions, causing long-term pyroclastic flows, particularly in large volumes. Negative Impact: - Lahars destroy infrastructure bury valleys and communities in debris. They also deposit sediment along rivers, leading to long-term flooding in downstream communities. 5. Volcanic Gases-Gases and aerosols - emitted into the atmosphere include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. Negative Impact: Volcanic hazards are potential threats to people or - Significant health risks to humans, animals, property due to volcanic activity, with common hazards agriculture, and property due to acid rain, in Philippine active volcanoes. high CO2 concentrations, and contaminated Volcanic Hazard vegetation. 1. Lava Flows - Flow differently due to viscosity, with low silica magma flowing quickly and high silica  6. Ballistic Projectiles- These are fragments of 9. Springs and wells around the volcano dry up. solid-fluid volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with force and trajectory. 10. New thermal areas appear or old ones reactivate, including solfataras PHIVOLCS has developed alert levels to indicate the Negative Impact: state of an impending volcanic eruption, urging the public to take immediate actions from Level 0 to Level 5. - Endanger life and property by the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an eruption vent. 7. Volcanic Tsunami- Sea waves or wave trains that are generated by sudden displacement of water. Negative Impact: - Deforms the lake floor when PDCs or landslides displace water. Volcanic Hazard Map 8. A debris avalanche or volcanic landslide – - Volcanic collapse, often triggered by earthquakes or eruptions, involves the sudden collapse of a volcano, causing rock, debris, and volcanic material to fall down its slope. Negative effect - It destroys infrastructure, alters landscapes by filling valleys and redirecting rivers, and can generate lahars and tsunamis if it enters water. Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the government agency responsible for monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the Philippines, using various precursors to volcanic eruptions. 1. Increased volcanic earthquakes with rumbling sounds and tremors. 2. Steaming activity intensifies, with steam color changing to gray due to ash. 3. Crater glow indicates magma presence. 4. Ground swells, tilt, and fissures from magma intrusion. 5. Landslides and rockfalls occur in the summit area. 6. Vegetation dries up around upper slopes. 7. Higher temperatures noted in hot springs, wells, and crater lakes nearby. 8. Changes in the chemical composition of nearby springs and lakes.