Statistics Exam Review PDF
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Oakland Community College
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Summary
This document provides a comprehensive study guide for a statistics exam, based on previous tests. It covers fundamental concepts like levels of measurement, data types, descriptive statistics, sampling methods, probability, confidence intervals, and linear regression.
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Statistics Exam Review Comprehensive Study Guide Based on Previous Tests Levels of Measurement 1. Nominal: Categories without order (e.g., favorite colors). 2. Ordinal: Categories with order (e.g., rankings). 3. Interval: Ordered data with meaningful differences, no true...
Statistics Exam Review Comprehensive Study Guide Based on Previous Tests Levels of Measurement 1. Nominal: Categories without order (e.g., favorite colors). 2. Ordinal: Categories with order (e.g., rankings). 3. Interval: Ordered data with meaningful differences, no true zero (e.g., temperature). 4. Ratio: Ordered, meaningful differences, true zero (e.g., age, height). Data Types 1. Quantitative: Numerical data (e.g., age, income). - Discrete: Countable values (e.g., number of books). - Continuous: Measured values (e.g., height, weight). 2. Qualitative: Categorical data (e.g., hair color, favorite food). Descriptive Statistics 1. Measures of Central Tendency: - Mean: Average value. - Median: Middle value. - Mode: Most frequent value. 2. Measures of Spread: - Range: Difference between max and min. - Standard Deviation: Spread of data around the mean. Sampling Methods 1. Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance. 2. Systematic Sampling: Every nth individual is selected. 3. Stratified Sampling: Population divided into groups, samples taken from each. 4. Cluster Sampling: Population divided into groups, entire groups are sampled. Probability Basics 1. Complement Rule: P(A') = 1 - P(A). 2. Example: Rolling a die. - P(rolling a 6) = 1/6. - P(not rolling a 6) = 5/6. 3. Binomial Probability: - Mean: μ = n × p. - Standard Deviation: σ = √(n × p × (1-p)). Confidence Intervals 1. Formula: CI = x̄ ± z × (σ / √n). 2. Key Terms: - x̄: Sample mean. - z: Z-score (based on confidence level). - σ: Standard deviation. - n: Sample size. Linear Regression & Correlation 1. Regression Equation: y = mx + b. - m: Slope. - b: Intercept. 2. Correlation Coefficient (r): - Measures strength of relationship. - Values range from -1 to 1.
