Science, Technology, and Society Finals - PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE – People used traditional paper and writing INFORMATION AGE materials, signs or symbols to 1945...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE – People used traditional paper and writing INFORMATION AGE materials, signs or symbols to 1945 communicate with each other. - Fremont Rider described the miniaturized – For example, Egyptians used papyrus microform analog photographs, which could scrolls. be duplicated on demand for library patrons – Sumerian used clay tablets, pre-historic and other institutions. men used hand stencils and simple 1965 geometric shapes to create art on the walls of caves and Johannes Gutenberg invented - Moore’s law was formulated. It is an the printing press during Renaissance observation that the number of transistors in a period. dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years. INDUSTRIAL AGE - Began around 1760 in Great Britain and EARLY 1980S spread globally. - Characterized by economic and social - production of the smaller and less expensive transformation, driven by machine tools personal computers allowed for direct access and industrial establishments. to information. - Replacement of hand tools with power- 1995 driven machines (e.g., Jacquard loom, steam engine). - NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE published his book, “Being Digital”, which talked about COMMUNICATION INDUSTRIAL AGE the similarities and differences between SAMUEL MORSE products made of atoms and bits. - invented telegraph and morse code, which TYPE OF INFORMATION AGE became the standard for international PRIMARY INFORMATION AGE communication. - Communication mediums: Books, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL newspapers, radios, televisions. - patented the telephone, an electric tool SECONDARY INFORMATION AGE transmitting analogue speech along wires. - Technologies: Internet, satellite, THOMAS EDISON smartphones. - invented the phonograph, a device for the TERTIARY INFORMATION AGE mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. - Emerged from the integration of primary and secondary information ages. HEINRICH HERTZ Example: Kindle app or product, which allows - identified and studied radio waves in 1886. users to read books via tablets or smartphones. GUIGLIELMO MARCONI PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGES - developed the first practical radio – About 2.5 million years before writing was transmitters and receivers. developed, technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone tools, PHILO FARNSWORTH which they may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead. - invented the first fully electronic – Communications were limited between television. communities. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B ELECTRONIC AGE INFORMATION AGE - Began when electronic equipment and - An era where people advance the use of large technologies, including computers microelectronics with personal computers, came into use. People harnessed the power mobile devices, and wearable easily of transistors that led to the transistor accessible through the internet. radio, electronic circuits, and the early KEY DEVELOPMENT computers. YouTube 1. TRANSISTOR - Created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and - Played a key role in the creation of various Jawed Karim. media tools. - A popular online video-sharing platform. 2. EDSAC (ELECTRONIC DELAY Facebook (Meta) STORAGE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR) - Founded by Mark Zuckerberg and - Recognized as the first stored-program colleagues. electronic computer. - Now an integrated platform comprising Instagram, Messenger, Facebook Watch, 3. ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL and Facebook Business Suite. INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER) TikTok - The first electronic general-purpose digital computer. - Developed by ByteDance. - Originally launched as "Douyin" and 4. UNIVAC (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC internationally known as TikTok. COMPUTER) macOS - The first line of electronic digital universal stored-program computers. - Developed by Apple (Steve Jobs) in 2001. - The primary operating system for Apple’s 5. IBM Mac computers. - The first institution to mass-produce ChatGPT computers with floating-point arithmetic hardware. - A generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI. 6. HEWLETT-PACKARD 9100A - Based on GPT-4, it provides human-like - An early prototype of a programmable responses and enables conversation calculator. customization. 7. FLOPPY DISKS - Early removable magnetic storage medium, shaped like a CD. 8. WALKMAN - The first digital portable audio cassette player. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B NANOTECNOLOGY - Their primary use is to control NANOSCIENCE conductivity, or how much electricity can flow, between its source and drain - is the study of phenomena and terminals based on the amount of voltage manipulation of materials at atomic applied to its gate terminal. molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from 1974 those at a larger scale. - Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of NANOTECHNOLOGIES Tokyo University of Science, coined the term “Nanotechnology” to describe - are the design, characterization, semiconductor processes such as film production, and application of structures, deposition and ion beam milling. devised, and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. 1981 APPROACH TO NANOTECHNOLOGY - The invention of “Scanning Tunneling TOP-DOWN APPROACH Microscope”, an instrument used for - The creation of nanomaterials by breaking imaging surfaces at the atomic level, down bigger materials to smaller pieces in begun. order to generate required nanostructures - It was invented by Gerd Binnig and from them. (Etching coppers and silvers Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich and won a into smaller block-shaped chips to be put Nobel Prize in Physics. into computer processors like Intel Cores 1985 or Ryzen Cores.) - Fullerenes were discovered, they are an BOTTOM-UP APPROACH allotrope of carbon whose molecule - The assembly of single atoms and consists of carbon atoms connected by molecules intro larger nanostructures. (The single and double bonds so as to form a creation of synthetic nanoparticles such as closed or partially closed mesh with fused C60 carbon nanotube for quantum dots.) rings of five to seven atoms. HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1986 1959 - Publication of the book “Engines of - Richard Feynman, an American Physicist Creation: The Coming Era of discussed “There’s Plenty of Room at the Nanotechnology” by Eric Dexler, begun. Bottom”, it predicted that one day we will 1991 be making things at the atomic level. - And since these small things will build up- - The discovery of carbon nanotubes by wards we will be able to make them more Sumio Lijima happened. precisely and control what we want them 2006 to do. - The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, world’s 1960 smallest nanoelectronics device was - Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng created by Korean researchers from Korea fabricated the first MOSFET (metal-oxide- Advanced Institute of Technology in semiconductor field-effect transistor) with collaboration with the National Nano Fab a gate oxide thickness if 100nm, along Center. with a length of 20μm. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B EARLY USES OF NANOMATERIALS IN MESOPOTAMIA - nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots. IN MODERN TIMES - Pottery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter. IN ROME - Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes color when light gleamed through it. IN PRE-COLUMBIAN MAYAN CITY OF CHICHEN ITZA, - a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as “Maya Blue”, which contains nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment. IN MIDDLE EAST - Damascus steel swords contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY OVEREXPLOITATION/OVERHUNTING/OV GENETIC DIVERSITY ERHARVESTING/OVERFISHING - refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms. (Different - excessive extraction of natural resources breeds of dogs, different varieties of roses, often leads to an imbalanced genetic and different types of bees) species diversity, resulting to SPECIES DIVERSITY endangerment of the ecosystem itself. - refers to the variety of different types of (Commercial logging, community logging, species found in a particular area. timber poaching, and kaingin (slash and (Different animals in a given ecosystem, burn agriculture). e.g., different fishes in an ocean) HABITAT LOSS/HABITAT DESTRUCTION/ ECOSYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY HABITAT ALTERATION - refers to the different ecosystems that exist within a region. (Savanna, Rainforest, - The death of a habitat is the death of a Mountain ranges, Desert, Ocean, River, specie, which dominoes to the death of the Pond, etc.) food chain. (In coral reefs, coastal HABITAT VS. ECOSYSTEM development, aquaculture, agriculture, and - HABITAT is a place in which a particular land-cover change increasing sediments specie of organism lives (e.g. clownfish to and nutrients outflow onto reefs, and the sea anemones) muro-ami fishing technique.) - ECOSYSTEM is a self-contained CLIMATE CHANGE community of microorganism, animals, and plants that interact with one another - drastic changes in the atmosphere can have and with their physical environment (it catastrophic effects such as super- contains multiple smaller ecosystems and typhoons, flashfloods, increased is large enough to encompass many concentration of greenhouse gases. different habitats). INVASIVE SPECIES IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY - species that are non-native to an ecosystem 1. It supports healthy ecosystems. could destroy its balance often altering its 2. An essential part of the solution to climate food chain and could cause the extinction change. of another species; it also cause alterations 3. Good for the economy. either within species groups or within the 4. An integral part of culture and identity. environment. 5. Provides raw materials like lumber, food, spices etc. STATUS OF PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY 6. Provides opportunities for recreational - The Department of Environment and activities. Natural Resources (DENR 2009) claims 7. Serves as sources of medicine. that in terms of biodiversity, the Philippine THREATS OF BIODIVERSITY was 5th in the world as to number of plant ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION species; 8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in endemic birds; 5th in - pollution leads to environmental diseases endemic mammals; and 8th in endemic and environmental stress such as coral reptiles. bleaching, smogs, acid rains, etc. (Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are poorly treated and are often discharged into the sea, and to other bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes.) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - FINALS MERCADO, MARK AARON L. BSN Y1 – M3B LIST OF ENDEMIC SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. RAFFLESIA MANILLANA - the world’s largest flower. 2. VANDA SANDERIANA (waling-waling) - one of the world’s largest orchid species. 3. PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI (monkey - eating eagle), - the largest bird 4. RHYNCODON TYPUS - the largest fish 5. TRIDACNA GIGAS (giant clam) - the largest seashell 6. PANDAKA PYGMEA (dwarf goby) - the smallest freshwater fish 7. TARSIUS SYRICHTA (tarsier) - the smallest primate 8. TRAGALUS NIGRICANS - the smallest hoofed mammal 9. TYLONYCTERIS PACHPUS (bamboo bat) - the smallest bat; 10. PISIDUM - the tiniest shell in the world 11. CONNUS GLORIAMARIS - one of the most expensive shells in the world 12. CERVUS ALFREDI - the most endangered deer 13. BUBALUS MINDORENSIS (tamarau or dwarf water buffalo) - one of the top ten most endangered species in the world and the largest endangered animal