SSC UTS Midterm Exam Guide Notes PDF

UNDSELF Prof. Leni R. Carballo GUIDE NOTES (for Modules 1 to 5) This presentation and all the materials prepared for our UTS class is an Intellectual Property and cannot be copied, distributed, shared, downloaded wi...

UNDSELF Prof. Leni R. Carballo GUIDE NOTES (for Modules 1 to 5) This presentation and all the materials prepared for our UTS class is an Intellectual Property and cannot be copied, distributed, shared, downloaded without the permission from the professor and for other reasons other than for the exclusive use of this class. Violation of the Intellectual Property Act is a criminal offense. _____________________________________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS: The following can serve as your guide notes in your review about the topics discussed and shared during our sessions. These are essentially the outline topics presented in the powerpoint (minus the digital/graphical designs). No explanation will be provided as you are likewise expected to have captured the lessons with your engagement during our Class Zoom sessions and with the lessons that you can easily go over and over again in the Modular Activity Guide per module posted in our NEO classroom. So please make sure also to READ and REVIEW the Modular Activity Guide of all the modules (from Introduction to Objectives, to Modular Tasks, Criteria for Grading, Endnote as well as the suggested links to view) to add to your review and reflection. ____________________________________________________________________________ Remember this quote: "There are three things that are extremely hard: steel, diamond and to know thyself." by Benjamin Franklin I. Introduction Whether you know anything about UTS or not, the world and your own life from new and sometimes controversial perspectives. UTS 1 is a way of life. UNDSELF or UTS has its roots in significant societal influences and changes. * explains why these influences are important * how it can change your perspective of yourself, your life and the world around you * how personal and reflections are significant in your SELFHOOD The UNDSELF Journey: COURSE CONTENT UNDSELF is a course that covers your cognitive (thoughts), affective (feelings) and psychomotor (actions) behavior. 1 THERE ARE 3 INTERCONNECTED PARTS OF THE SYLLABUS THAT YOU WILL GO THROUGH IN YOUR UTS JOURNEY: Part I: (The Self from Multidisciplinary Perspectives) philosophical, psychological, socio- anthropological including the pseudoscientific perspectives of self-identity and other theoretical and conceptual approaches in understanding one’s selfhood. Part II explores a deeper understanding of the selfusing the various conceptual approaches (Dimensions of the Self include the following: biological/physical, intellectual, moral-spiritual, social, emotional, political, material/economic digital Self Part III (Valuing and Managing the Self) serves as the capstone where practical application of life skills using the various perspectives and approaches of the self will be explored. Topics suggested include: life goal setting and career development, coping and managing adolescent stresses, enhancement of study habits, wellness and self-care, interpersonal effectiveness, etc.) MODULAR LESSONS MODULE 1: The Self from Various Perspectives (The Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the Self) A multidisciplinary approach involves drawing appropriately from multiple disciplines and diverse perspectives in viewing one’s Selfhood. You are encouraged to practice multidisciplinary thinking in reflecting about the various aspects of the self and your life experiences. You are a multidimensional being of amazing proportions! Your SELFHOOD can be viewed in various aspects and dimensions. The following presentation will be a visual map to help you navigate how the SELF can be viewed in different perspectives and will challenge you to expand your understanding of your uniqueness and universality shared with your fellow human beings. THE NATURE OF THE SELF “Human beings are, by nature, curious” Most of this curiosity is directed towards understanding ourselves. Why we do things we do and how we make the choices we make How do we achieve this? Through: * Self-disclosure * Insights from how others perceive us 2 * From some theoretical concepts and empirical findings – from various scientific disciplines These are all fundamental to: * CLEAR AND VALUED SELF-UNDERSTANDING AND SELF-WORTH * INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS * WHOLISTIC AND INTEGRATED PERSONHOOD * QUALITY OF LIFE AND RELEVANT MEANING OF EXISTENCE THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY BASES of UTS: I. Influence of PSEUDO-SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES (CONNECT EACH WITH HOW TO EXPLAIN AND UNDERSTAND THE SELF. Which of them are you using?) Examples: * PALMISTRY: reading a person’s character and fate from the lines of the palms * NUMEROLOGY (study of the occult significance of numbers): the effect of numbers in our lives * SPIRITUALISM: communication with the dead through the living * ASTROLOGY: the supposed influences of stars and planets on human affairs and events * PHYSIOGNOMY: personality traits and temperament based on one’s appearance * PHRENOLOGY: character traits and mental faculties are based on the size and contours of the skull * GRAPHOLOGY: an individual’s personality is analyzed based on the strokes, intensity, shapes, size, slant and patterns of handwriting * OTHERS: superstitious beliefs, feng shui, divine intervention,.... WHAT ELSE? II. CONTRIBUTIONS of SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES UNDSELF operates on the concepts and insights of the following scientific disciplines. Share your thoughts as to how each can be useful to explain and understand yourself Examples: SOCIOLOGY: analysis of social structures, social institutions, group behaviors to understand in which an individual lives LITERATURE: novels, dramas, arts, and their insights in individual’s actions in their own special worlds PHILOSOPHY: Wisdom, knowing who you are as explained by Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, etc. PSYCHOLOGY: personality structures, interests, abilities, growth and development, dynamics of human behavior CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: cultural norms and values, social classes, historical background and their impact to a person’s formation 3 III. INFLUENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UNDSELF IN VARIOUS SETTINGS How can Self -understanding help you and others in the following? Personal growth and transformation Vocational choices and career development Educational process Intra and interpersonal relationships Human resource development Clinical/medical assessments and therapeutic relationships Manpower and personnel service Government and community service IV. Other Key Constructs and CONCEPTS of the Self to guide you in your self-presentation as the self is defined conceptually A. The ABCs of the self (Brehm and Kassin (1993) 1. “Affective” self – manner in which individuals evaluate themselves, enhance self-esteem and protect their sense of self-worth 2. “Behavioral” self -manner in which individuals present themselves to others 3. “Cognitive self” – processes by which individuals come to know themselves, develop and maintain a stable identity. B. The Self As a sum total of our REFLEXIVE CONSCIOUSNESS “The true nature of the self is consciousness itself” Halliday, E. (1999) Reflexive Consciousness: a way by which we can develop the ability to respond adequately to the demands life makes of us, the ability to assimilate the shocks and blows of experience, so we can live a whole and balanced life The way to gain balance amidst challenges is through an understanding of the centre of our own being, our consciousness and through this, finding our place in relation to the universe. C. The Self As our INTERPERSONAL BEING We are born with, we grow and learn in a group We desire to be with and to interact with others Interaction allows us to discover our uniqueness and self-identity (“self-consciousness” arises) 4 D. The Self as having EXECUTIVE FUNCTION SELF as an AGENT: enables man to make choices, plan and initiate action and exert control. guides our thoughts and behavior in accordance with internally or externally generated goals or plans Why UTS? The modular lessons and activities of the course can be a reflective guide as you explore the following various challenges that would significantly affect your selfhood and behavior:  Complexity of living (education, career, economics, relationships, mobility, Cybertechnology, life goals) Varied “worldviews”  Changing family situation and structure and personal lifestyle, gender roles  Increasing crises in various forms (population, calamities, diseases, crimes, learning disabilities, disorders, etc.) Value Skills that you can reflect upon and enhance: DIRECTION EFFICIENCY and EFFECTIVENESS WISER CHOICES RE-ENGINEERED SKILLS SENSE of ORDER and MEANING HOPE and POSITIVITY BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE ____________________________________________________________________________ MODULE 2: The Various COMPONENTS and CONSTRUCTS of the SELF We begin Module 2 by taking a glimpse of the lessons of the first Module (The Self from Various Perspectives). The main feature was the disciplinal perspectives of looking into your Self: 5  The self can be redefined as a dynamic, responsive process that structures the pathways according to our past, present and future environments that collaborate with various dimensions of the self. It can also be explored and understood from the various disciplinal and conceptual constructs some of which are described below: The philosophy of self seeks to describe essential qualities that constitute a person's uniqueness or essential being. There have been various approaches to defining these qualities. The self can be considered that being which is the source of consciousness, the agent responsible for an individual's thoughts and actions, or the substantial nature of a person which endures and unifies consciousness over time (Levinas, E. cited in Wikipedia, retrieved 2020). Psychologically, we can look at the Self in the 3 dimensions of behavior: cognitive, affective and psychomotor representation of one's identity or the subject of experience. These behavioral dimensions of the self is playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and social identity. Psychodynamically, "The self is not only the center, but also the whole circumference which embraces both conscious and unconscious; it is the center of this totality". Physiologically, it is increasingly possible to correlate the cognitive, affective and psychomotor experiences of self with neural processes and how the brain integrates our perception and sensation about the Self in us. Read the rest in the Modular 2 Activity Guide. The Self and its Components (Important for you to study and remember the following definitions) 1. SELF-CONCEPT refers to your subjective description of who you think you are — it is filtered through your own perceptions of your abilities, attributes, attitudes and values; the labels we consistently use to describe ourselves to others How Your Self-Concept Develops (1) our interactions with other individuals (2) our association with groups (3) roles we assume (4) our own labels (5) our personalities 2. SELF-IMAGE A mental picture of yourself; the conceptualization we form in our minds about the kind of person we are; A personal view we have of ourselves. 3. SELF-ESTEEM: your self-worth closely related to your self-concept: you describe who you are and your value; you evaluate who you are, your worth, your value 6  HIGH SELF ESTEEM * we have a positive view of ourselves. This tends to lead to confidence in our own abilities * Self-acceptance * Not worrying about what others think * Optimism LOW SELF ESTEEM a negative view of ourselves. This tends to lead to lack of confidence * Want to be/look like someone else * Always worrying what others might think * Pessimism 4. IDEAL vs. REAL SELF REAL SELF Who and what you are; Your actual self; how the person really is. IDEAL SELF what you should be; how you want to be 5. “Looking Glass Self” vs. “Generalized Others” Looking Glass Self: a self-concept based on what you believe others think of you 1. We imagine how others see us 2. We imagine the judgments others make about us. 3. We create our self-image according to the comments of others Generalized Others a conception of the attitudes and expectations held in common by the members of the organized groups with whom they interact. When we imagine what the group expects of us, we are taking the role of the generalized other. (Wonser, R.) The term Generalized Others does not refer to an actual group of people, but rather to an idea or conception a person derives from his or her experiences. The person then regulates behavior in terms of the supposed opinions and attitudes of others. Ex. you may have a generalized other of what moms are like, what lovers are like, or what people in society in general think 6. SELF-ASSESSMENT evaluation of oneself or one's actions, attitudes, or performance You observe, analyze, and judge our performance on the basis of criteria process of gathering information about yourself 7 7. SELF DISCLOSURE You purposefully provide information to others about yourself that they would not learn if you did not tell them. It is reciprocal and involves risk and trust. 8. SELF TALK internal monologues; your own "running commentary" on your life; Intrapersonal communication 9. SELF ACTUALIZATION the quest to become the best you can be by deciding what you want from life and then doing what is necessary to get it; fulfilling your potential and becoming all that you are capable of being. WHO are YOU as described by these COMPONENTS? * self-concept (positive vs. negative) * self-worth/self-esteem * self-image (positive vs. negative * ideal vs. real self * Looking Glass Self vs. Generalized others * Self-assessment * self-disclosure * self-talk * self-actualization ____________________________________________________________________________ MODULE 3: The NATURE of the SELF and other CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES Featuring: COAT of ARMS Our values, emotions, beliefs, and ideals are constantly changing and at some points, even in the way we look, express and understand ourselves. How has who you are today changed from who you were five years ago? The deeper you go into your own self, the more easily you identify your core personal values and traits. Use your self-reflection skills as you present and share your COAT of ARMS. Coat-of-arms: to help you understand the significance of this model in the formation of your self-identity. Why is it important to have your self-identity? To cover, protect, and identify the wearer Your unique design that symbolizes where you come from What you stand for, your values and ideals Your legend and legacy Your trademark 8  What’s your Archetype? (refer to the chart below) When we see ourselves clearly, we are more confident and more creative. We make sounder decisions, build stronger relationships, and communicate more effectively. Introspection Doesn’t Always Improve Self-Awareness – you should take actions and purposeful commitment to be your better version __________________________________________________________________________ MODULE 4: The SELF Steps Out: Interpersonal Effectiveness and the Process of Socialization in Self- development Featuring: The JOHARI Window You can think of your self-awareness and self-disclosure as slider bars in assessing your interpersonal effectiveness. Using a model in communication called Johari Window, this exercise can help you figure out where your slider bars are at. Some of you might be familiar with this model and have done this exercise… but think of today as another opportunity to know if your slider bars and lenses have changed or have remained the same. 9 The Johari Window model is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self- awareness and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window model can also be used to assess and improve a group's relationship with other groups. Also referred to as a 'Disclosure/Feedback Model of Self Awareness. - devised by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 In concept, each window quadrant is “movable/adjustable”. So one can have a bigger OPEN ARENA if the person oftentimes prefers and is comfortable to share a lot about himself. If the person is too secretive and would not like to disclose certain areas of his/her life, then it is the FAÇADE which would be bigger. If the person is not open to feedback and not willing to reach out to learn more about how he/she affects others, then it is the BLINDSPOT which will the biggest among the four quadrants. 10  Enhance your JOHARI WINDOW As people learn and work with one another over time, we reveal things about ourselves, whether directly or indirectly Be open to the insights of others and be more open about who and what we are. Please review also the ppt presentation ____________________________________________________________________________ MODULE 5: The PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL SELF Featuring: Body Image and the 3Ws (Wellness, Wellbeing and Wholeness): factors, influencers and enhancers of one’s body image Humans have the unique ability to form abstract conceptions about themselves and to gaze at themselves as both the seer and the object seen (psychology.jrank.org.) Conflict occurs when the seer places unrealistic demands on him or herself and the body. Social scientists are interested in body image primarily to determine whether the image held reasonably agrees with reality. There is that phase and stage in our lives when we want to change something or the other about the way we look. But for some, this dissatisfaction becomes a persistent worry; they are unable to focus on their other responsibilities - studies, relationships, career or their daily routine. It is then considered a body image issue. In the midst of body image issues, people tend to forget about the body's important utility, and it does so much for us, too! Before we focus on our Body Image: Exploring and increasing our awareness about our PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL Self is important because: Our body is made up of biological processes. Everything we feel, think or do has biological and physical components. Biological processes help us to understand behavior. The JOURNEY into your BODY IMAGE encompasses all our parts. It is important to create balance in your life by nurturing your whole person, which includes the different DIMENSIONS of the Self. What is Body Image? Body image is not merely what you look like. It has to do with your personal relationship with your body, which includes your: 11 1. Thoughts, Beliefs, Perceptions, Feelings and Experiences that pertain to your weight, shape, skin color, size, height, posture, facial expressions, bodily features and their appearance more broadly. 2. Body image is the mental representation an individual creates of themselves, but it may or may not bear any relation to how one actually appears 3. Body image, in most modern definitions, involves two key elements: a mental picture of one’s physical body (including size, shape, and appearance), and one’s attitude toward the physical self (such as thoughts, feelings and beliefs about one’s body). Body image can be influenced by a number of social factors, such as culture, the media, and interactions with family and friends. Understanding your BODY IMAGE using the following concepts: 1. “SELFIE” "top 10 buzzwords" of 2012 – TIME mag “pinnacle of creative expression in the 21st.” – New York Daily News, 2013 seems to be embraced by a range of ages and walks of life 2. “ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM”(David Elkind, 1976) Explains why teenagers tend to be critical of their parents or authority figures, unwilling to accept criticisms, and quick to find faults; makes them feel that no one understands them Adolescents display heightened self-consciousness and consists of these two elements: 1. Imaginary Audience Others are interested in them as they themselves are the main actors and all others are the audience; they are the primary focus of everyone’s attention (“attention-getting”). 2. Personal Fable the phenomenon where one thinks that he or she is exceptional and unique; emotions are different and more intense than those of others. Self-focus refers to the idea where an adolescent focuses on himself rather than towards others; they are exceptional; invulnerable to dangers; causes teens to take risks because they believe that nothing bad could possibly happen. 3. “FACEBOOK NARCISSISM” an extreme interest in your own life, appearance and problems, caused by obsessive use of the Facebook social networking service Facebook Narcissism results in users presenting a kind of 'perfect' image of themselves which bears little resemblance to their personality in the real world. For your reflection: How would these 3 aforementioned concepts affect your Body Image? 12 How are you and your body image? DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR BODY IMAGE? How would you like to change it? Changing your body image involves an attitude adjustment instead of just an appearance adjustment. It means feeling at home in your own skin rather than feeling separated from your own body. Before you make your changes…. Check which of these is your “BODY VIEW”. How would you blend the two? 1. Functional: seeing the body as serving a purpose; perceiving and appreciating what the body does for the individual 2. Ornamental: experiencing the body in terms of how it appears to others; judging the body based on how it looks; relating to it as an object. What is the relationship between your body image (ornamental and functional) and your self-esteem? When we relate to our bodies ornamentally, we become vulnerable to the opinions of others and images of perfection When we relate to our bodies functionally, self- esteem tends to shift from being determined by external judgments to being shaped by abilities and accomplishments, a sense of competence and by our inner self-worth Body image can be influenced by a number of factors. It often adapts to reflect new information, people, and experiences. A negative or unhealthy body image can contribute to low self-esteem and cause persistent anxiety. On the other hand, a "healthy body image” means you are comfortable with the body you have. It does not mean you think your body is perfect, rather, that you accept it and commit to loving and caring for (Ondina Hatvany, LMFT, 2019). REFLECT ON THE FOLLOWING and add your insights:  Promote a body ideal that is based on your unique selfhood as it achieves the 3Ws (Wellbeing, Wellness and Wholeness) and not just mere appearance  Build positive and healthy body image relevant to your career plans, life goals and for our future generation.  Encourage body image shapers to be mindful and supportive of body image issues ___________________________________________________________________________ 13 MODULE 6: The SEXUAL SELF You are in a period of physical, psychological, emotional and social transition from your teenage years toward your adult life journey in which the construction of your personality is shaped and completed. As a young adult, you are creating your identity through the exploration of new territories, including the sexual domain. Sexuality is part of who you are and who you will become. Human Sexuality is an essential and integral part of all stages of human life. Whatever our age and gender is and even our status and beliefs in life, it plays a major role in everyone's life and an it is an integral part of what we do and who we are. It is a very complex behavior that is affected by many facets of our lives including our physiology, cognition, learning, our beliefs and values, our culture and how we have been nurtured as human beings. What is Human Sexuality for you? It describes WHO YOU ARE It involves the CHANGES in your human developmental journey (physical/biological, emotional social) It includes RESPONSIBILITES and expression of APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR It examines your PREFERENCES and CHOICES It builds and tests your VALUES and BELIEFS It enhances your INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS What HUMAN SEXUALITY means: It defines your CHARACTER  being female or male and the similarities and differences we share  how we view our bodies,  our feelings, thoughts and behaviors of being female or male  sexual identity and behavior  having crushes; being in love being attracted and attractive to others being in relationships that include friendship and intimacy  the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual or religious aspects of human sexuality  how we grow and change over the years  Your Total Self  God’s Gift Remember your Puberty? body’s transition from childhood to adulthood Puberty begins when an important hormone is produced in our bodies: Pituitary gland that regulates these two sex glands: 1. OVARY that produces the female hormone: Estrogen (produces ovum) 14 2. TESTES that produces the male hormone: Testosterone (produces sperm cells These hormones also produce the “secondary sex characteristics” (traits that make girls feminine and boys to appear masculine) “menarche” – first menstruation Nocturnal emissions = “wet dreams” ISSUES RELATED TO ADULT SEXUALITY Which among these affect you and your journey toward adulthood? Sexual orientation/gender identity confusion Human reproduction and childbirth Sexual dysfunctions/disorders related to sexuality pornography cybersex “virginity”/”non-virginity) Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Sexual vocabulary/expression of sexual terms Birth control and population management Teenage pregnancy/unwanted pregnancy Prostitution/sex slavery Sexual bullying/harassment Adolescent sexual self can also mean  A special time to grow into a responsible adult  Exposure to opportunities to build your character  Increasing intellectual capacity  Learn and master your environment boost self- confidence  Discover and build more talents  Appreciate and enhance your “new looks”  Excitement, new discoveries, new relationships FACE-to-FACE with Your SEXUAL SELF! Your BODY and PHYSICALITY as an expression of your human sexuality 1. How you project your body and sexuality to others: * what your family and friends believe is okay and not okay to do with your body and looks * what your family and friends believe is okay and not okay to do with your body and looks * the way you are touched by others * what your family and friends believe is okay and not okay to do with your body and looks * the way your body feels to you 15 2. Expressing your SEXUAL SELF thru Your EMOTIONS and RELATIONSHIPS: *Preparing you for responsible adult relationships *Proper and respectful expression of emotions and behavior * Set your own limits and boundaries * Respect privacy of self and others * Choose your role models * Don’t’ just “feel and express”: think of the consequences * Stay close to your family and seek wisdom from responsible adults and professionals Sexuality is about caring, concern, appreciation and responsibilities for SELF and OTHERS: Don’t allow anybody to “dehumanize you and your sexual self” You are not a toy or an object You are not a commodity to be sold or marketed or bargained You are not anybody’s possession Your SEXUAL SELF involves you: Personhood Character Integrity Values Behavior Life goals  PLEASE REVIEW the CHART on the next page and  Take the time to remember and memorize the meaning of the acronym SEXUALITY found on the last page 16 17 Tip: This acronym (S.E.X.U.A.L.I.T.Y.) is surely included in your Midterm exam. Just memorize those in BOLD letters. Example: Seek for guidance (no need to memorize “from your family, responsible adults…….” ____________________________________________________________________________ Note: All these materials and content are covered and protected by the Intellectual Property Law, thus, cannot be shared, used, or copied, distributed or modified without the permission of the professor and of St. Scholastica’s College By: Prof. Leni R. Carballo Faculty St. Scholastica’s College 18