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# Genetics Chapter 12 Pre-Test **Instructions**: Match the terms in Column 1 with the definitions in Column 2. | Column 1 | Column 2 | |---|---| | 1. Segregation | The scientific study of inheritance | | 2. Principle of Dominance | Factors passed on from parents to offspring | | 3. Independent Ass...

# Genetics Chapter 12 Pre-Test **Instructions**: Match the terms in Column 1 with the definitions in Column 2. | Column 1 | Column 2 | |---|---| | 1. Segregation | The scientific study of inheritance | | 2. Principle of Dominance | Factors passed on from parents to offspring | | 3. Independent Assortment | Genes of different traits segregate independently during gamete formation | | 4. Incomplete Dominance | Alleles that aren't completely dominant or recessive | | 5. Polygenic trait | Traits affected by interaction of several genes, showcasing a wide range of phenotypes | | 6. Codominance | Traits where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. | | 7. Allele | Different forms of a gene | | 8. Homozygous | Organisms with two identical alleles for a gene | | 9. Heterozygous | Organisms with two different alleles for a gene | | 10. Gamete | Reproductive cells carrying half of the organism's genetic material, haploid cells | | 11. Trait | A specific characteristic of an organism (e.g., seed color, plant height) | | 12. Fertilization | The process of male and female reproductive cells combining to form a new cell (zygote). | | 13. Probability | Likelihood that a particular event will occur| | 14. Genotype | Genetic makeup (e.g., GG, Gg, gg) | | 15. Phenotype | Physical traits (e.g., green pods) | | 16. Karyotype | A microphotograph of the entire diploid set of chromosomes arranged in order of decreasing size. | | 17. Punnett Square | A method of predicting the probability of genetic combinations in offspring | | 18. Hybrid | Offspring of crosses between parents with contrasting characteristics | | 19. Gene | A segment of DNA that contains the code for a particular trait. | | 20. Genetics | A subfield of biology studying inheritance. | **Additional notes or concepts discussed**: * **Meiosis**: Alleles transfer to separate gametes during meiosis. * **Mendel's Laws**: One of Mendel's conclusions is that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. Organisms with different alleles for a particular gene have 2 different alleles. * **Factors Affecting Reproduction**: Factors may include the interaction of different genes, and the relationship between parent's phenotypes and genotypes. * **Genetic Makeup and Variations**: Genetic makeup is passed from parents to offspring through reproductive cells (gametes). * **Offspring Traits**: Offspring can develop contrasting physical characteristics from their parents. **Examples:** * **Eye Color**: Eye color is a polygenic trait, meaning it's influenced by multiple genes. * **Pods**: Organisms can have green or other color pods. * **Plant Height**: Plant height can be affected by the interaction of genes. * **Genetic Material**: Reproductive cells carry half of the organisms genetic material.