Communicative Language Teaching Principles & Practices SPT Webinar PDF

SPT WEBINAR Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning; and TOPIC: COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING - Language that is mea...

SPT WEBINAR Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning; and TOPIC: COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING - Language that is meaningful to the learner PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES promotes learning. Resource Speaker: Dr. Joey B. Manalastas Jr. CL Principles Method - “An umbrella term form the specification and The goal of CLT is for learners to communicate interrelation of theory and practice” - Richards & in the target language. Rodgers (2001) CLT represents a movement away from the view Approach - The theory of language and that language teaching involves ONLY the learning teaching og grammatical structures. Design - The content of instruction, the learner It focuses on allowing learners to express their and teacher roles, and the instructional materials ideas (notions) in a variety of social interactions types and functions (functions). Procedure - The actual moment-to-moment Students often work in pairs or small groups techniques, practices, and activities independent of the teacher. Role of the teacher: The teacher facilitates the The Advent of CLT communication in the classroom, and he also Grammar Translation (Timeless) acts like an adviser and a guide. Direct Method (1880 - 1940) Role of the students: Students are Audiolingual (1940 - 1960) communicators. They are actively engaged in Cognitive Approach (1960 - 1970) trying to make themselves understood and in Communicative Teaching Language (1970 - understanding others. present) Use of the mother tongue: Can be used. However, whenever possible the target CLT language should be used. Whole Language In these groups, they make decisions and Content-based Instruction negotiate their ideas. ○ Theme-based Classroom materials and activities are often ○ Sheltered Instruction authentic; they reflect real-life situations and Task-based demands. Cooperative Learning Skills are integrated from the beginning. The CLT classroom is not always Communicative Competence teacher-fronted; often the teacher moves around 1. Grammatical Competence - Using the present the classroom to facilitate pair of group work. simple to describe habitual events. Students’ errors are not always viewed as 2. Sociolinguistic Competence - Selecting the negative. Students are encouraged to take risks appropriate linguistic variety according to the when they communicate and error is viewed as social context. a natural part of the communicative process. 3. Strategic Competence - Using mime, The teaching of grammar and vocabulary is paraphrasing, circumlocution, to get a point viewed as a necessary first step for students to across. be able to communicate effectively. 4. Discourse Competence - Knowing how to The teacher must be flexible, and adapt the construct larger stretches of language. lesson to students’ communicative needs. Sometimes the focus will be on accuracy. At CLT Gurus other times, the focus will be on fluency. Marianne Celce-Murcia H. Douglas Brown CLT vs. Traditional Methods Diane Larsen-Freeman 1. Role of the Teacher Jack C. Richards Traditional: The teacher has one main role as a controller of the classroom. Theory of Language CLT: The teacher has multiple roles; as Language is for communication and linguistic controller, facilitator, resources, etc. competence and the knowledge of forms and meanings 2. Role of the Student are part of the communicative competence. Another Traditional: The student is a passive learner. aspect of this knowledge is to learn the use of the S/he carries out commands given by the language. teacher. CLT: The student is an active participant in the Theory of Learning learning process. Activities that involve real communication promote learning; CLT Activiites Involve using language for a purpose.  They create a desire in the learners to Why did the student make the mistake? communicate. Is it something the students have already There is usually some kind of “gap” which learned? students need to fill. Is this a mistake that several students are They encourage students to be creative and making? contribute their ideas, often to solve a problem. Students focus on the message. In other words, they focus on WHAT they are saying rather than HOW they are saying it. Students work independently of the teacher. There is not only one correct answer. Students can make their own choice. Activities should keep in mind the natural progression form controlled to guided to free. The activity should encourage students to select from what they know and to use language that is appropriate to the task. Finally, the activity should be appropriate to the students’ level of language, world knowledge Advantages and interests. Students will be more motivated by learning to communicate. CLT Activities Students will learn to communicate effectively. Scrambled sentences Disadvantages Language (board) games No grammar rules are presented. Pricture strip story Role play TOPIC: THE ART OF QUESTIONING Repeat in the manner of the word Resource Speaker: Mr. Gary Logatoc Madriño Conversation Panel discussions “Questions are at the heart of Inquiry Learning”. Interview Dialogue Research tells us that questioning has positive Disappearing dialogue impact on student learning and is the signature of Running dictation outstanding pedagogical practice. Jazz chants This is why questioning lies at the heart of Story chains inquiry. Inquiry teachers want their students to be Two truths and a lie questioners - to be curious, risk taking, wondering Guessing games learners who are thirsty to find out, critique and explore the world. CLT A school culture of inquiry relies on students and Techniques - CLT uses almost any activity that engages teachers maintaining a continuous cycle of asking and learners in authentic communication. Functional responding to powerful questions. As educators there communication activities in which communication is are number of strategies teachers can leverage to help involved, and social interaction activities. foster a culture of questioning within the learning Materials - Language materials authentic to native environment. These include: speakers of the target language, such as news paper, 1. Provoking and Modeling - A curious radio and television broadcast, podcast, menus, weather disposition across the day. If he want to see a forecast, timetables. culture of questioning develop then we as educators need to be the one leading the way Evaluation and showing learner what this looks like, sounds A teach can informally evaluate students’ like, feels like, etc. performance in his role as an adviser or 2. Valuing - And working with students questions co-communicator. and building their questioning skills and For formal evaluation, an integrative test is used knowledge. Take the time to truly listen to the which has a real communicative function. questions your learners are asking. Show them In order to assess students writing skills, a that their questions and thoughts matter and are teacher might ask them to write a letter to a valuable to our learning. friend. 3. Using sophisticated, thoughtful questioning / dialogue techniques in the classroom. Correcting Errors and Giving Feedback 4. Planning - Learning experiences around Does this mistake affect communication? questions. Are we concentrating on accuracy at the moment?  Research conducted by the likes of David The likelihood of inferences based on Hopkins and John Hattie, highlight that questioning plays evidence increases a large part in our classrooms, being the one of the most utilised teaching strategy behind teacher talk. However, TOPIC: MATATAG CURRICULUM most of the questions that we asks our students are Resource Speaker: Ms. Lanny C. Tapec lower-order or lower-cognitive questions that ask students to recall facts or are procedural. This is The MATATAG Curriculum focuses on: indicative of a focus on knowledge acquisitions. 1. Makatao (compassionate) 2. Matatag (resilient) Utilising higher-order questioning enables 3. Magaling (competent) students to convert information to knowledge, and move from knowledge acquisition to knowledge application. Four Key Areas of MATATAG Curriculum It is important to emphasize, as brain studies show, that 1. Language and Literacy motivation to learn is not sustained simply by asking 2. Numeract and Cogntive Development questions. It is sustained by identifying, explaining, and 3. Socio-Emotional Development using the new knowledge and understanding that results 4. Physical Development from asking and responding to questions. Play-Based Learning in MATATAG Bloom’s Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Skills is - Play is a central element in early childhood education, widely used as the basis for constructing questions - and the MATATAG Curriculum fully embraces play-based particularly higher-order questions. Bloom classifies learning. thinking into 6 categories. Knowledge Play-Based and Experiential Learning in ECE Comprehension - The MATATAG Curriculum also promotes inquiry-based Application and experiential learning. Analysis Synthesis Integrated Learning: Language, Values, and Filipino Evaluation Culture - A unique aspect of the MATATAG Curriculum is the The Value of Waiting integration of Filipino values and culture into learning. “Wait Time” The time we wait for a response to a question Continuous Assessment in MATATAG ECE The time we wait between the person - Assessment in the MATATAG Curriculum is continuous responding to one question before we ask the and developmentally appropriate, focusing on progress next question. rather than traditional grades. Whatever questions we ask, it is essential to give students time to pursue curiosity thinking. The Role of Teachers and Parents in MATATAG ECE There are two types of wait time that support the - Collaboration between teachers and parents is vital for development of thinking and curiosity. success ot the MATATAG Curriculum 1. The time we wait for a response to a question which research shows is anywhere between 1.5 Final Thought and 3.9 seconds. MATATAG Curriculum offers a robust framework for 2. The time we wait between the person developing well-rounded learners in early childhood responding to one question before we ask the education. By focusing on ply-based, inquiry-drive, and next question which ranges from 0.6 of a second values-centered teaching, it equips children with the up to 2.2 seconds. By making a conscious and skills they need to succeed both in school and in life. concerted effort to extend wait time from 1 second to 3 seconds, research shows there are TOPIC: ENJOYMENT IN WRITING: A WRITING several positive impacts on students responses, WORKSHOP IN THE PRESCHOOL SETTING including: Resource Speaker: Ms. Genalyn R. Apura Longer responses Decrease in students failing to respond Teachers play an important role in the development of Confidence in responding increases 3-5 years olds’ emergent writing by encouraging children Number of spontaneous and relevant to communicate their thoughts and record their ideas. responses increases (Hall et al. 2015) Increase in the number of speculative responses Children as young as 2 years old begin to imitate the act Increase in the number of different of writing by creating drawings and symbolic markings approaches to a question that represent their thoughts and ideas (Rowe & Neitzel Students are more likely to respond to 2010; Dennis & Votteler 2013) the responses of their peers Graves studied how children learn to write (the writing process), and his research involved 6-year-old elementary school students. He began to view children as writers, instead of as children tying to write. Age and their Pre-writing Expectation 1-2 years Randomly scribbles Spontaneously scribbles in vertical/horizontal and/or circular direction Imitates a horizontal/vertical/circular direction 2-3 years Imitates a horizontal/vertical line, and circle 3- 4 years Copies a horizontal/vertical line, and circle Imitates +, /, \, and square 4-5 years Copies a +, /, \, and square Imitates X and △ Traces a line Grasps pencil in writing position 5-6 years Copies X and △ Recognizes between a big and small line or Children gain knowledge of an interest in writing as they curve are continually exposed to print and writing in their environment. There are multiple strategies teachers can To better understand writing development - and to use to scaffold children’s writing, such as verbally support teachers’ work with young children - researches reminding children to use writing in their classroom have proposed a framework to explain emergent writing activities and providing appropriate writing instructions practices (Puranik & Lonigan 2014) The framework is (Gerde, Bingham, & Wasik 2012). composesd of three domains: conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and generative knowledge. Names are meaningful to children, and preschoolers typically are interested in learning to write the letters in Conceptual Knowledge - includes learning the function theri name, especially the first letter (Both-de Vries & of writing. In this domain, young children learn that Bus 2008). writing has a purpose and that print is meaningful (i.e., it communicates ideas, stories, and facts). Name writing proficiency provides a foundation for other literacy knowledge and skills; it is associated with Procedural Knowledge - is the mechanics of letter and alphabet knowledge, letter writing, print concepts, and word writing (e.g., name writing) and includes spelling spelling (Cabell et al. 2009; Drouin & Harmon 2009; and gaining alphabet knowledge. Learning the Puranik & Lonigan 2012). alphabetic code (including how to form letters and the sounds associated with each letter) is an essential Learning from Teacher Modeling component of gaining procedural knowledge. Children benefit from teachers modeling writing and from opportunities to interact with others on writing projects. Generative Knowledge - describes children’s abilities to Teachers can connect writing to topics of interest, think write phrases and sentences that convey meaning. It is aloud about the process of composing a message the ability to translate thoughts into writing that goes (Dennis & Votteler 2013), and explain how to plan what beyond the words level (Puranik & Lonigan 2014). to write (e.g., choosing words and topics, along with the During early childhood, teachers are laying the mechanics of writing, such as punctuation). foundation for generative knowledge as children learn to express themselves orally and experiment with different Writing Throughout the Day forms of written communication, such as composing a Writing can become an important component of every story, writing notes, creating lists, and taking messages. learning center in the preschool classroom (Pool & Carter 2011), especially of teachers strategically place a Stages of Emergent Writing variety of writing materials throughout the classroom and offer specifi guidance on using the materials (Mayer, 2007). Pencil grip is only on component of handwriting. Most children naturally develop a pencil grip that is comfortable for them. In any kinder or school class a KAHALAGAHAN NG KOMUNIKASYON variety of pencil grips will be seen. 1. Ang komunikasyon ay nagbibigay-pagkakataon na ibahagi ng tao sa kanyang kapwa ang kanyang General guidelines for a good pencil include: nadarama. The pencil is held in a stable position between 2. Nagkakaroon ang tao ng ganap na kabatiran tungkol the thumb, index, and middle fingers. sa sariling pagkatao batay sa perspektiba ng kanyang The ring and the little fingers are bent and rest kapwa. comfortably on the table. 3. Napaglalapit ng komunikasyon ang mga pusong The index finger and thumb form an open space. magkakalayo kahit espasyo, dingding, tubig o pulo man The wrist is bent back slightly, and the forearm is ang pagitan. resting on the table. 4. Napag-iisa kundi man ay napaglalapit ang dalawang The pencil is held about 1-2 cm from the tip. taong may hidwaan. 5. Nakapagbabahagian ang mga tao ng mga kaalamang What is the Correct Pencil Grasp? mahalaga at kailangan sa kanilang buhay. An ideal pencil grip is one in which enables the child to: 6. Nauunawaan ng tao ang tamang paggamit ng wika. Move the fingers (not the whole hand, the wrist or the arm), because the fingers are mores Ano ang komunikasyon? efficient at controlling the pencil. Ang salitang komunikasyon ay mula sa salitang Complete a writing or drawing task without Latin na communicare na ang ibig sabihin ay getting tired. maibahagi. Ito ay pagtatalaga ng kahulugan sa Complete a writing or drawing task neatly. mensaheng kilos o pangayayari. Home-school Connection BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION School connection is that children see the value of what they learn in school when parents actively participate in the same type of activities at home. Teachers can encourage parents to display photos of their child engaged in writing activities at home and to share samples of their child’s writing or drawings from home to inform instruction (Schickendancz & Casbergue 2009). Remember: Focus on the process of writing before stressing about the mechanics. Even as an adult writer, I will stress myself out trying to write something if I get too focused on the mechanics of it. Do I need comma here? Is that Sa libro naman ni Hernandez (1989), itinuturing how you spell that word? Our students feel the same nya na ang komunikasyon bilang isang way when we try to make them think about all the rules cooperative enterprise. of writing and spelling. Let them tell their story, the rest Sa isang cooperative enterprise may dalawa o will come. higit pang tao na nagbibigayan at kung gayon, ang bawat isa sa kanila ay nakapagdedebelop Writing should be a positive experience. Students should ng dalawang kakayahan - ang makinig at feel excited to be able to communicate in this new way, magsalita ng mahusay. not stressed about making the letters perfect or spelling Ayon naman kay Stewart Tubbs (2010), ang everything right. komunikasyon ay "bahagian ng karanasan" sa pagitan ng isa o higit pang mga tao. Focus on language and telling a story, then add pictures Sa aklat naman ni Robert Ampil (2014), ang and words last. komunikasyon ay binigyang kahulugan bilang pinagsamang pagkaunawa ng mensahe, at MALAYAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON NG WIKANG malaking bahagi ng pagtatagumpay nito ay ang FILIPINO (Part I) pagkakaroon ng komon na "wika" ng mga Resource Speaker: Ms. Mary Grace R. Buban kasapi ng komunikasyon at ang kanilang kahusayan sa paggamit nito. Buod ng Talakayan 1. Kahalagahan ng Komunikasyon URI NG KOMUNIKASYON 2. Kahulugan ng Komunikasyon 1. Berbal na Komunikasyon - Ito ay isang uri ng 3. Iba't ibang Lebel ng Komunikasyon komunikasyon kung saan ang impormasyon ay 4. Katangian ng Mahusay o Epektibong Komunikeytor naibabahagi o naihahatid sa pamamagitan ng 5. Etika ng Komunikasyon mga salita. Maaring pasulat o pasalita 6. Mga tuntuning Dapat Malaman Upang Matamo ang 2. Di-berbal na Komunikasyon - Ito ay uri ng Mahusay na Komunikasyon komunikasyon kung saan ang impormasyon ay  naibabahagi o naihahatid sa pamamagitan ng kinasasangkutan ng 3 hanggang 20 tao. Kung saan ang kilos o galaw. proseso ng komunikasyon pwedeng gawin sa mediated 3. Komunikasyong Biswal - Ito ay uri ng face-to-face na pamamaraan. Sa lebel na ito mahalaga komunikasyon kung saan ang impormasyon ay ang paglutas sa suliranin. naibabahagi o naihahatid sa pamamagitan ng 4. Pampublikong Komunikasyon - Lebel ng larawan, o simbolo na maaaring kumatawan sa komunikasyon na pormal (planado ang pagdiriwang) na salita. maituturing. Ito ay kinasasangkutan ng mahigit 20 tagapakinig. Sa lebel na ito ay inaasahang handa ang MGA ELEMENTO NG KOMUNIKASYON tagapagsalita. 1. Kalahok/Partisipante - Tumutukoy sa bawat 5. Komunikasyong Pangmadla - Ito ay lebel ng indibidwal na sangkot sa proseso ng komunikasyon. Ito komunikasyon kung saan hindi malinaw sa tagapaghatid ay maaaring tagapagpadala ng mensahe ng mensahe kung anong uri o saang pangkat kabilang (sender/source) o tagatanggap ng mensahe (receiver). ang kanyang mga tagapakinig/manonood. Ito ay isang 2. Mensahe - Ito ay elemento ng komunikasyon na uri ng mediated communication. At itinuturing bilang siyang bibigyang kahulugan ng tagatanggap ng pinakapormal at pinakamagastos na lebel ng mensahe. Maaari itong berbal at di-berbal na mensahe. komunikayson. 3. Tsanel - Ito ay elemento ng komunikasyon na 6. Komunikasyong Interkultural - Ito ay tumutukoy sa nagsisilbing daluyan ng mensahe mula sa tagapaghatid komunikasyon sa pagitan ng mga taong nabibilang sa ng mensahe. Maaari itong sensory organs o mediated iba't ibang kultura, kabilang na din ang iba't ibang kultura channels. na matatagpuan sa isang bansa. 4. Ingay o Interference - Ang isang intereference ay elemento ng komunikasyon na nagsisilbing sagabal na Sina Gudykunst at Kim (1992) ay nagbigay ng isang proseso ng komunikasyon. Sakop nito ang halimbawa ng Interkultural na Komunikasyon: pisikal/teknikal na sagabal, semantikong sagabal, Consider a visit to North America by strangers from a pisyolohikal na sagabal at sikolohikal na sagabal. culture with a communication rule requiring that direct 5. Feedback - Ito ay elemento ng komunikasyon na eye contact always be avoided. If the strangers do not nagsisilbing tugon sa mensaheng ipinadala ng sender. look them in the eye when talking, the North Americans Gaya ng mensahe, ang tugon ay maaari ring berbal will assume that the strangers either have something to (pasalita/pasulat) at di-berbal (simbolo). hide or are not telling the truth (p. 35). 6. Konteksto (Context) - Ang konteksto bilang bahagi ng komunikasyon ay tumutukoy sa sitwasyon at Nagbigay naman si John Luckmann ng Auburn pinangyarihan ng proseso ng komunikasyon. Nahahati University at Montgomery ng ganitong halimbawa ng ito sa apat: pisikal na konteksto, sosyal na konteksto, Interkultural na Komunikasyon sa Usapin ng historikal na konteksto, at sikolohikal na konteksto. Pananahimik: Some cultures value silence whereas other LEBEL NG KOMUNIKASYON cultural groups feel that silence is a vacuum that 1. Intrapersonal na Komunikasyon must immediately be filled with words. Among 2. Interpersonal na Komunikasyon some native Americans, silence is essential 3. Komunikasyong Panggrupo element of showing respect and understanding. 4. Komunikasyong Pampubliko In some Arab cultures, silence may indicate 5. Komunikasyong Pangmadla concern for personal privacy. The French, 6. Interkultural na Komunikasyon Spanish, and Soviet cultures interpret silence as a sign of agreement. MALAYAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON NG WIKANG FILIPINO (Part II) Sa usapin naman ng Komunikasyong Di-berbal: Resource Speaker: Dr. Hazel D. Arquiza In nearly all cultures, people use their mouths and LEBEL NG KOMUNIKASYON eyebrows to convey surprise, anger, pleasure, and fear, 1. Intrapersonal na Komunikasyon - kilala rin bilang while they use hand gestures to convey openness or komunikasyong pansarili, Madalas, hindi ganitong lébel intimidation. Furthermore, some Asians and Native ng komunikasyon ay nagpapatunay na likas sa isang Americans believe that prolonged eye contact is rude indibidwal ang maging rasyonal. (panaginip, meditasyon, and an invasion of privacy. kontemplasyon) a. Internal na Diskurso Native Americans may divert their eyes to the floor when b. Isahang Pasulat na Komunikasyon they are paying attention or thinking. Muslim women c. Isahang Pasalitang Komunikasyon may avoid eye contact because they feel that it 2. Interpersonal na Komunikasyon - Tumutukoy sa expresses hostility and aggressiveness. dalawang indibidwal na nagpapalitan ng mga ideya batay sa karanasan, trabaho, at mga kaugnay nito. Singapore Taboos Kadalasan, ayon kina Knapp at Daly (2000), ang mga Slapping your fist into the open palm of the other sangkot dito may malinaw na relasyon sa isa't isa. hand can be an obscene gesture. 3. Komunikasyong Panggrupo - Ayon kina Beeve at Avoid sticking your chopsticks boright in a bowl Mastersin (2006), ito ay lebel ng komunikasyon na  Do NOT litter and chew gum and smoke in MEDICAL TERM EQUIVALENT BLACK TERM public because these are illegal practices. Pain Miseries Brunei Taboos Staring is considered rude and should be Syphilis Bad blood avoided. Avoid eating while walking about. Anemia Low blood Avoid patting or touching someone on the head. Vomiting Throw up Laos Taboos It is rude to point directly at a person. Constipation Locked bowels When entering a temple, women should avoid wearing anything exposing their shoulders. Diarrhea Running off Showing the soles of your bare feet is considered rude. Mensturation Red flag, curse Philippines Taboos Urine Pass water, peepee Avoid refusing a meal at someone's house. It is considered rude to talk to your superiors as equals Joan Luckmann, Transcultural Communication in Avoid addressing elders by their first names. Health (2005) The key to successful intercultural Mga Sagabal sa Interkultural na Komunikasyon communication is to recognize the uniqueness 1. Kakulangan ng Kaalaman sa Kultura - Kakulangan of every culture, every relationships, and every sa kaalaman sa usaping pangkultura ang isa sa mga individual including yourself. pangunahing dahilan kung bakit pangunahing mga kasapi sa proseso ng komunikasyon. Kaya naman MGA PARAAN NG PAGPAPABUTI NG mahalagang maunawaan ng bawat kasapi ang KOMUNIKASYONG BERBAL kahalagahan ng pagaaral ng kultura bilang bahagi sa Ang Epektibong Paraan ng Komunikasyon ay Triangulo paghubog ng pagkatao ng bawat isa. ng Komunikasyon. 2. Takot at Walang Tiwala - Bagama't normal ang magkaroon ng pag-aalinlangang makihalubilo sa mga ANG MODELO NG INTERPERSONAL NA bagong kakilala, masasabing ang labis na takot at KOMUNIKASYON kawalan ng tiwala ang isa namang malaking balakid 1. Taong nag-uusap upang matamo ng 2 taong may magkaibang kultura ang 2. Relasyong Namamagitan matagumpay na 3. Konteksto 3. Rasismo (Racism) - Ang diskriminasyon sa ubang kultura ay isang malaking balakid sa pagtatamo ng ISANG PRAGMATIKONG PAGTANAW SA matagumpay na komunikasyon. Buhay na halimbawa KOMUNIKASYON nito ang maling pagtingin at pagmamaliit sa mga taong Prinsipyo 1: Ang kilos o galaw ng tao ang penomenang may maitim na balat, makapal na labi, at mga kailangan sa pag-unawa ng komunikasyon. kapintasang kaugnay nito. Prinsipyo 2: Ang interpretasyon o depinisyon ng kilos 4. Etnosentrism (Ethnocentrism) - Problematikong na pinapahayang ay makikita sa "patterns" kung maituturing ang pagkakaroon ng paniniwala ng isang paanong ang mga kilos ay may pagkakaugnay-ugnay. indibidwal na mas mataas ang kanyang kultura kaysa sa Prinsipyo 3: Upang matuklasan ang tunay na iba. "People have tendency to be biased toward their kahulugan o kahalagahan ng komunikasyon, kailangang own cultural values, and to feel that their values are right ilagay ito sa isang konteksto. and the values of others are wrong or not as good". Prinsipyo 4: Upang maunawaan ang komunikasyon, 5. Stereotyping - Ito ay isang uri ng de-kahong kailangang lagayan ito ng kabuluhan matapos na ito ay paglalarawan sa isang kultura o lahi na ikinakapit natin maganap. sa bawat taong bahagi ng nasabing kultura. At hindi Prinsipyo 5: Ang pragmatikong pagtanaw sa iniisip ang indibidwal na katangian ng bawat isa. Ang komunikasyon ay kinapapalooban ng pagbibigay ng iba't tinatawag na pag-iindeks. "Stereotyping is particularly ibang tanong upang magkaroon ng sapat na kaalaman destructive when negative traits or characteristics are at pagkaunawa. imposed on all members of a cultural group". 6. Pagkakaiba ng Wika - Malaking sagabal na Paraan ng Pagpapabuti ng Komunikasyon maituturing ang hindi pagkakaunawaan tungkol gamit ng 1. Dapat bago makapagpadala ng mensahe ang isang wika. Problematikong maituturing ito sapagkat tao sa ibang tao, kailangang isipin niya muna kung ano nakasalaylay sa wika ang pagkakaintindihan ng bawat ang mensaheng ipadadala niya, paano niya iyong bahagi ng komunikasyon dahil ito ang nagsisilbing ipadadala, anu-anong salita ang kanyang gagamitin, instrumento upang maipahayag ang ating kaalaman at paano niya iyon isasaayos upang maunawaan, sa anong emosyon. daluyan niya iyon paraanin at ano ang inaasahan niyang - Fonema = a reaksyon ng pagpapadalhan niya ng mensahe. - Tauhan, maglaba, doktora Ito ang tinatawag na proseso ng encoding o ang 3. Sintaksis - pag-aaral ng sintaks; sintaks ay ang proseso ng pag-encode ng mensahe. tawag sa formasyon ng mga pangungusap sa isang wika. Sa Filipino, maaaring mauna ang paksa sa 2. Kapag natanggap na ng ibang tao ang mensahe, panaguri at posible namang pagbaligtaran ito. iisipin niya (tagatanggap) naman kung ano ang Samantalang sa Ingles laging nauuna ang paksa. kahulugan ng mensaheng iyon, ano ang inaasahang Halimbawa: Mataas ang puno. / Ang puno ay reaksyon mula sa kanya, paano niya iyon tutugunan at mataas. sa paanong paraan niya ipadadala ang kanyang The tree is tall. (hindi maaaring 'Tall is the tree." reaksyon. o 'Tall the tree.") Ito naman ang tinatawag na proseso ng 4. Semantiks - pag-aaral ng relasyon ng salita sa bawat decoding o proseso ng pagde-decode ng isa sa iisang pangungusap; ang mga salita sa pagbuo mensahe. Idagdag pa na ang proseso ng ng pangungusap ay bumabagay sa iba pang salita sa komunikasyon ay hindi maaaring one-way pangungusap upang maging malinaw ang nais lamang. ipahayag. Halimbawa: Inakyat niya ang puno. / Umakyat Katangian ng Mabuting Tagapakinig siya sa puno. 1. Ang mabuting tagapakinig ay nakikinig na nakatingin Makikita na nang ginamit ang pandiwang sa kausap [inakyat] ang panghalip ng aktor sa 2. Ang mabuting tagapakinig ay hindi nagbibigay ng pangungusap ay [niya] at ang pantukoy sa payo paksa ay [ang]. Samantalang sa ikalawang 3. Ang mabuting tagapakinig ay hindi sumisira ng pangungusap ang pandiwa ay napalitan ng pagtitiwala [umakyat] kaya nakaapekto ito sa panghalip ng 4. Ang mabuting tagapakinig ay tinatapos ang isang aktor na dati'y [niya] ngayo' y [siya] na. Imbis na usapang may kinahinatnan pantukoy na [ang] ay napalitan na ng pang-ukol 5. Ang mabuting tagapakinig ay nagpapakita ng na [sa]. Nagkaiba na ang kahulugan ng kabutihang loob kung siya ay pinagkakatiwalaan ng dalawang pangungusap. nagsasalita Balangkas ng Wika Wika 1. Fonoloji - Tunog (Fonema) "Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas na 2. Morfoloji - Salitang ugat-Panlapi-Morfemang sinasalitang tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa Fonema (Morfema) paraang arbitraryo na ginagamit ng tao sa 3. Sintaks - Pangungusap (Sambitla) komunikasyon na kabilang sa particular na 4. Diskors kultura." - Henry Gleason 2. Ang wika ay sinasalitang tunog. Hindi lahat ng KATANGIAN NG WIKA tunog ay wika sapakat hindi lahat ng tunog ay may 1. Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas. Dahil ito ay kahulugan. Sa tao, ang pinakamakahulugang tunog na binubuo ng mga makabuluhang tunog (fonema) na nalilikha natin at kung gayo'y kasangkapan ng kapag pinagsama-sama sa makabuluhang sikwens ay komunikasyon sa halos lahat kung hindi man lahat ng makalilikha ng mga salita (morfema) na bumabagay sa pakakataon ay ang tunog na sinasalita. Samakatwid, ito iba pang mga salita (semantiks) upang makabuo ng mga ang mga tunog na nalilikha ng ating aparato sa pangungusap. Ang pangungusap ay may istraktyur pagsasalita na nagmumula sa hanging nanggagaling sa (sintaks) na nagiging basehan sa pagpapakahulugan sa baga o ang pinanggagalingan ng lakas o enerji, paggamit ng wika. nagdaraan sa pumapalag na bagay na lumilikha ng tunog at minomodifay ng resonador. 1. Ponolohiya o fonoloji - pag-aaral ng fonema o ponema; ang fonema ay tawag sa makabuluhang yunit 3. Ang wika ay pinipili at isinasaayos. Upang tayo'y ng binibigkas na tunog sa isang wika. maunawaan ng ating kausap. Hindi maaaring ipagpilitan Halimbawa ay ang mga fonemang /l/, /u/, /m/, /i/, natin gamitin ang isang wikang hindi naunawaan ng /p/, /a/ at /t/ na kung pagsama-samahin sa ating kausap at gayundin ang ating kausap, hindi niya makabuluhang ayos ay mabubuo ang salitang maaaring ipagpalitan ang wikang hindi natin batid. Tayo (lumipat). o ang ating kausap ay kaylangang pumili ng komong 2. Morpolohiya o morfoloji - pag-aaral ng morfema; wika kung saan makakaunawaan. Samantala para ang morfema ay tawag sa pinamakamaliit na maging epektibo ang ating komunikasyon kailangan makabuluhang yunit ng salita sa isang wika. Sa Filipino natin isaayos ang paggamit ng wika. ang tatlong uri ng morfema ay ang salitang-ugat, panlapi at fonema. 4. Ang wika ay arbitraryo. Ayon kay Archibad Hill - Salitang-ugat = tao, laba, saya, bulaklak, kunng gayon, ang isang taong walang ugnayan sa isang singsing, doktor, dentista komunidad ay hindi matututong magsalita kung paanong - Panlapi = mag-, -in-, -um=, -an/-han ang mga naninirahan sa komunidad na iyon ay nagsasalita sapagkat ang esensya nw wika ay 1. Monolinggwal - isang wika lamang ang alam ng panlipunan. Samantalang ang bawat komunidaday isang tao. nakabubuo ng mga sariling pagkakakilanlan sa paggamit 2. Bilinggwal - taong marunong magsalita ng dalawang ng wika na ikinaiiba nila sa ibang komunidad, bawat wika. individual ay nakadedevelop din ng sariling 3. Multilinggwal - taong marunong magsalita ng higit sa pagkakakilanlan sa pagsasalita na ikinakaiiba niya sa dalawang wika at nauunawan ang agham ng wika ng lahat. iyon. 4. Polyglot - mahigit sa tatlong wika ang ginagamit ng 5. Ang wika ay ginagamit. Ang wika ay kasangkapan isang tao. sa komunikasyon at katulad ng iba pang kasangkapan. Ang isang kasangkapang hindi na ginagamit ay Lingkwistika nawawala na ng saysay. Gayon din sa wika, idagdag pa a. Ponolohiya - pag-aaral ng makabuluhang ponema kapag ang wika ay hindi na ginagamit ito ay unti-unting b. Morpolohiya - pag-aaral ng salita mawawala at tuluyang mamatay. c. Sintaksis - pag-aaral ng ugnayan ng mga pangungusap 6. Ang wika ay nakabatay sa kultura. Dahil hindi d. Semantika - pag-aaral sa kahulugan maaaring paghiwalayin ang wika at kultura sapagkat sa e. Pragmatiks - pag-aaral sa praktikal na gamit ng salita pamamagitan ng wika, nasasalamin ang kultura hg isang f. Ortograpiya - paraan ng pagsulat bansa. Paraan ng pagpili ng wika batay kay Eastman (1982). 7. Ang wika ay nagbabago. Hindi ito tumangi May sampung kategorya kung saan maaaring magbago. Ang isang wikang stagnant ay maaaring makapamili ngn isang wika na sasailalim ng mamatay tulad ng hindi paggamit nito. At maaari din estandarysisayon (Constantino, 1996). nadaragdagan ang vokabularyo, bunga ng pagiging 1. Indigenous Language - wikang sinasalita ng mga malikhain ng mga tao, maaaring sila ay nakakalikha ng sinaunang tao na nakapanirahan sa isang lugar. bagong salita. At yung mga salitang balbal ay isa ding 2. Lingua Franca - wikang gamitin ng mga taong may dahilan. magkaibang unang wika na may tiyak na layunin sa paggamit. Iba't ibang mga Teorya ng Wika 3. Mother Tongue - wikang naakwayr mula sa 1. Teoryang Bow-wow - tunog na nalitikha ng pagkabata. mga hayop at ng kalikasan gaya ng ihip ng 4. National Language - wikang ginagamit sa politika, hangin. sosyal at kuttural na pagkakakilantan. 2. Dingdong - sariling tunog ng tahat ng bagay sa 5. Official Language - wikang ginagamit kapaligiran tulad ng tiktok ng orasan. satransaksyong pampahalaan. 3. Pooh-pooh - matinding damdamin bunga ng 6. Pidgin - Nabuo sa pamamagitan ng paghahalo-halo pagkatakot, sakit, labis na katuwaan o ng wika wikang kadalasang ginagamit ng mga taong kalungkutan. may magkaibang pinagmulang wika. 4. Tarara Boom De-ay - tunog na bunga ng mga 7. Regional Language - komong wika na ginagamit ng nilikhang ritwal ng mga sinaunang tao. mga taong may magkaibang pinagmulan na naninirahan 5. Sing song - teorya kung saan ang mga unang sa isang particular na lugar. salita ay mahaba at musikal, at hindi maikling 8. Second Language - wikang natutunan bilang blalas na pinaniniwalaan ng marami. karagdagan sa unang wika. 6. Babel - ito ay mula sa Bible (Genesis 11:1-9 na 9. Vernacular Language - wika ng isang sosyal na nagsasabi na ang buong lupa ay iisang wika at grupo na nadomina ng ibang wika. isang mga salita). 10. World Language - wikang ginagamit sa malawak na 7. Yo He Yo - ayon kay A.S. Diamond, ang mga saklaw ng mundo. tao ay natutong magsalita bunga ng kanyang pwersang pisikal. Antas ng Wika 8. Ta-ta - gating sa wikang Pranses, ito ay Ang wika ay nahahati sa iba't ibang kategorya nangunguhulugang paalam sapagkat kapag ang sa antas na ginagamit ng tao batay sa kanyang isang tao ay nagpapatam, siya ay kumakampay pagkatao, sa lipunang kanyang ginagalawan, ang kamay nang pataas at pababa. lugar na tinitirahan, panahon, katayuan, at 9. Jean Jacques Roussea - ang kalayaan ng tao okasyong dinadaluhan. ang nagtulak sa kanya na lumika ng wika. Ang unang wika ay magaspang at primitibo 1. Pormal - ito ay antas ng wika na istandard at 10. Aramean - sinaunang tao na nainirehan sa kinikilala/ginagamit ng nakararami. Syria at Mesopotamia na ang wika ay ARAMAIC a. Pambansa - ito ay ginagamit sa karaniwang na nagmula sa Afro-Asiatic timog-silangan manunulat sa aklat at pambararila para sa paralan at kanturan ng asya. pamahalaan. Mga salitang ginagamit sa mga aklat at babasahing ipinalalabas sa buong kapuluuan at lahat ng Dagdag impormasyon: paaralan. Ang wikang ginagamit ng pamahalaan at wikang panturo sa mga nagsisipag-aral. Halimbawa: Asawa, anak, tahanan Corrective Reading b. Pampanitikan o panretorika - ito ay ginagamit ng - Directed Reading Instruction mga malikhaing manunulat. Ang mga salita ay - Decoding karaniwang malalim, makulay at masining. - Comprehension Halimbawa: - Other Domains of Literacy Pambansa - kapatid Pampanitikan - kapusod Task-Based Reading Authentic Materials - Such as old receipts, 2. Impormal - ito ay antas ng wika na karaniwan, tickets, brochures, and notes. palasak, pang araw-araw, madalas gamitin sa Task-based Activites - encourage students to pakikipagusapn at pakikipagtalastasan. focus on the meaning and function of language a. Lalawiganin (Provincialism) - mga salitang kilala at rather than specific forms. saklaw lamang ng pook na pinaggagamitan nito. Mga Stations - Are a distinct physical work area kakaibang bigkas at tono. within a classroom that allow students to move Halimbawa: around while materials stay in the same Ina - pambasa location. Mamay - Bikol lloy - Bisaya TOPIC II: EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES Nanang - Ilokano AND DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION b. Kolokyal (Colloquial) - mga salitang ginagamit sa Resource Speaker: Dr. Jesca A. Inocando pang araw-araw na pakikipagtalastasan ngunit may kagaspangan at pagkabulgar, bagama't may anyong Effective Instructional Strategies (Least to Most repinado at malinis ayon sa kung sino ang nagsabi. Effective) Halimbawa: - Lecture 5% Pormal - Wika ko - Reading 10% Impormal - kako - Audio/Visual 20% c. Balbal (Slang) - nagkakaroon ng sariting codes, - Demonstration 30% mababa ang antas na ito, ikalawa sa antas ng bulgar. - Discussion 50% Una ay hindi tinatanggap ng mga matatanda at mga may - Practice by doing 75% pinag-aralan dahit hindi raw maganda pakinggan. Kitala - Teach others / Immediate use of learning 95% rin bilang salitang kanto o salitang kalye. Halimbawa: Differentiated Instruction - Is a systematic approach to Pormal - Tatay/Ama planning curriculum and instruction for academically Balbal - Erpat diverse learners with the goals of honoring each student’s learning needs. TOPIC I: LITERACY DEVELOPMENT: CRAFTING CORRECTIVE READING ACTIVITIES AMONG Traditional Classroom - Assessment is most common LEARNERS at the end of learning to see “who got it”. Resource Speaker: Mr. Chester Dave D. Cañedo Differentiated Classroom - Assessment is on-going Literacy Development and diagnostic to make instruction more responsive to Is the process of learning words, sounds, and learner’s needs. language (Maryville University, 2022). The way where a child learns literacy into a Differentiated Classroom systemic and procedural process. - Differences are studied as a basis for planning. - Focus on multiple forms of intelligences is Concerns of Literacy Development (Local) evident. 1. “90% of Filipino children aged 10 struggle to - Student readiness, interest, and learning profile read or understand simple text”. (World Bank, shape instruction. 2022; Chi, 2024) - Many instructional arrangements are used. 2. Class size and limited number of teacher training (Gatcho & Gutierrez, 2019) Traditional Classroom 3. Lack of age-appropriate reading materials, - Differences are acted upon when problematic. socio-economic disparities, and scarcity of - A relatively narrow sense of intelligence prevails. resources in many schools (Kilag, et al., 2024) - Whole class instruction dominates. - Coverage of curriculum guides drive instruciton. Reading - A single text prevails. - Is an activity or skill of getting information from books (Cambridge Dictionary) Samples of Differentiated Instructions across all - Processing in looking into symbols and make-meaning learning areas out of it (English Club, 2024) Tiered Activities - Are planning strategies for a mixed Teleological Theory - It is a type of moral ability classroom. theory that focuses on the outcomes on consequences of actions. TOPIC: ETHICS: KEY CONCEPT Deontological Theory - Places special Resource Speaker: Dr. Ma. Lourdes D. Rola emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of the action. - Immanuel Kant Standards of Etiqutte - A non-moral standards Hypothetical Imperatives - Commands that we by which we judge manners as good or bad. should follow if we want something. Standards of Law - A non-moral standards by Categorial Imperatives - Commands we must which we judge actions to be legally right or follow, regardless of our desires. It is the source wrong. of “moral from within”. Standards of Language - A non-moral Morality - Is concerned about the rightness or standards by which we judge what is wrongness of human action. grammatically right or wrong. Lawrence Kohlberg - Proponent of Moral Standards of Aesthetics - A non-moral Development Theory. standards by which we judge good and bad arts. Consequentialism - Is the ethical theory which Ethos - It is a customs, usage, or character. claims that the consequences of an action are Meta-ethics - It deals with the nature of moral the ones that ultimately matter. judgment. It als prescribes moral principles or Utilitarianism - A philosophy advocating the maxims greates happiness of the greatest number. - Normative ethics - Concerned with the content Jeremy Bentham. of moral judgments and the criteria for what is Culture - Includes all features of a society’s way right or wrong. of life. Applied ethics - Involves examining specific Subjective Culture - Viewed as something controversial issues, such as abortion, invisible that resides in people’s minds and it is infanticide, and etc. also known as non-material culture. Ex. Human act - It is a conscious, voluntary, and pakikisama, utang na loob, bayanihan. free act. Objective Culture - Can be conceptualized as “Wrong is wrong even if everyone is doing it. created by individuals and it is also known as Right is right even if no one is doing it.” - St. material culture. Ex. physical, observable Augustine of Hippo elements such as traditional clothing, tools, food, Hedonistic lifestyle - By looking at things as and structures. moral in their capacity to provide pleasure or Cultural Relativism - The practice of assessing prevent pain. a culture by its own standards rather than Etiquette - The set of rules or customs that viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. determine the accepted and proper behaviors in Ethnocentrism - A belief or attitude that one’s particular social group. own culture is better than all others. Law - Is an ordinance of reason, promulgated by Xenocentrism - Refers to the belief that another legitimate authority for the purpose of the culture is superior to one’s own. common good. Cultural Imperialism - Deliberate imposition of Moral Standards - Have universal validity that one’s own cultural values on another culture. they apply to all who are in the same situation. Toleration - Presumably means refraining from Moral Virtue - According to Aristotle, it is using force to impose the moral beliefs of one’s attained by means of habit. own culture on other cultures. Virtue Ethics Theory TOPIC: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD - Reflects the ancient assumptions that humans Resource Speaker: Dr. Manuel Zuniega have fixed nature. - Focuses on the determination of what makes a 1. These are arrangement of lines or shapes in person, or character good, rather than what images in which same shape is repeated at regular makes an action good. intervals allowing a person to predict what comes - It recognizes that Eudaimonia or happiness is next. the ultimate purpose of a person. Answer: Pattern - the key words repetition, and - Honesty, kindness, courage, and integrity. predicting outcomes suggests that there is a basis of what will come next in the sequence by analyzing the Natural Law Ethics By St. Thomas Aquinas patterns. The three determinants of moral actions are: 1. The Object or The End of An Action (Finis 2. A class took their summative test and obtained Operas) the following scores, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13,17, 17, 21, 21, 21, 2. The Intention of the Agent (Fins Operantis) 25. Find the percentile score of 13. 3. The Circumstances (Circumstantise) Answer: 36.36 - From the given scores 6, 7, 9, 12, 11. In solving for simple interest, which of the 13,17, 17, 21, 21, 21, 25, you need to get the percentile following elements is NOT needed? score 13. Answer: Balance - In solving for the interest, the formula - Arrange the data set in increasing order is principal x rate (in decimal) x time. - Count the numbers before 13 and divide it with the total number of data. 12. If Caloocan City has a population of 1,500,000 in 2022 at 7% birth rate, what will be its population in 3. Which of the following steps in Polya’s problem 2027? solving includes the execution of the method to be Answer: 2,128,601 - In solving for the population growth: used? Population = given population x e (Euler’s rule) Answer: Carry out the Plan - Carrying out the plan means implementing the operation to be used. This 13. Which statements shows the use of Mathematics includes the number sentence and the solution on the as predicting a phenomena? problem. Answer: Philippine population will double in the next 20 years. - The key word “will” suggests that it is about 4. Which mathematical tool should Mr. Cruz use if he predicting an outcome. wants to check the dispersion of the responses in each set of data. 14. Teacher James wants to use inductive reasoning Answer: Standard Deviation - Standard deviation is used in his lesson, he can use the following activities to determine the distance of scores of each student from except ___________. their mean. Answer: Solving logic puzzles - The choices counterexamples, predicting a number and making a 5. Which of the following statistical tools should you conjecture are all under inductive reasoning. use in computing grades for a semester or quarter by considering the criteria? 15. Which of the following shows the proportions Answer: Weighted Mean - Weighted mean is used since and symmetry of the human body? each criteria in grading system has their own weight. For Answer: Vitruvian man - The Vitruvian Man is da Vinci's example written works (40%), performance task (40%) study of the human form, which is meant to be perfectly and periodic exam (20%) proportionate through the application of geometry and mathematics. 6. This type of reasoning deals with the general idea down to specific ones. 16. A total of P66,915 is invested at a simple interest Answer: Deductive - Deductive reasoning is from rate of 6% for 5 years. How much interest is earned general to specific while inductive reasoning is from in this investment? specific to general. Answer: P20,074.50 - P16,915 x 0.06 x 5 years 7. In a Venn diagram, the intersection between or 17. Which of the following described a mathematical among circles shows __________ in between or statement that has not yet been rigorously proved? among sets. This arises when one notices a pattern that holds Answer: Similarities - Venn diagram shows the true in many cases. intersection of two circles in the middle to illustrate the Answer: Conjecture - Conjecture is an opinion or common elements in two given sets. conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information. In mathematics, it is formed by following a 8. Translate this into a mathematical expression: “a series of pattern. number multiplied to 5 added to 4”. Answer: 5x + 4 - A number multiplied to 5 added to 4 can 18. What do you call a sequence of number wherein sometimes be written as 4 + 5x but in standard form, the last two numbers are added to get the next constants should be on the right side. number? Answer: Fibonacci - 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8… It plays a 9. If there is an outlier in a given set of data, what significant role in research purposes as well in various statistical method should be used? sectors. Several biologists and physicists also use this Answer: Median - Median is used if there is an outlier in sequence as a comparison method in observing nature the data set. This is the time where using the mean is science. inappropriate. 19. If there is an instance that your calculator does 10. Ruth has received her Math grades from first to not contain the function Euler’s rule for computing fourth quarter, 85, 89, 90, 91, respectively. What is population rate, which value can be used for the her average in Math? value of such? Answer: 88.75 - By adding the grades, the total is 355 Answer: 2.718 - This value can be used as the close and it is divided by 4 since there are 4 quarters. estimation of the Euler’s rule. 20. In translating mathematical sentence into mathematical equation, which of these symbols can 29. Which statistical tool is appropriate to use if you be used to replace the words “is”, “are”, “was”, want to test the relationship between two variables? “were”, and “will be”? Answer: Pearson r - The Pearson product momentum or Answer: = - In mathematical sentences, the equal sign Pearson r is used to measure the strength of stands for the be verbs. relationships of two independent variables. 21. Which of the following ordered pairs are equal 30. Which among the parts of standard research which will coincide in one location only? paper contains the table and statistical computation Answer: (√(36), 8/2) (6,4) - These two points are equal in of the data gathered? a sense that the first ordered pair has the same Answer: Chapter 4 - Chapter 4 contains the data simplified value as the second one. analysis and interpretation of the research. 22. Mae wrote set A = {blue, white, green}, what way TOPIC: UNLEASH THE POWER WITHIN: THE KEY of writing set A elements did she use? TO UNLOCKING MOTIVATION Answer: Roster method - Roster method is a form of Resource Speaker: Dr. Evelyn D. Paguio writing elements in a set where all elements are specified inside the braces while set builder notation only 1. Factor that is essential in unleashing one’s sets a rule on the contents of a set. potential. Answer: Intrinsic Motivation 23. If you want to find the median of the scores in a test and the population of the students who took the 2. A role does reflection play in maintaining teaching test is an even number. How are you going to solve passion. for the median? Answer: It helps identity areas for improvement Answer: Get the average of the two middle numbers - If you have a given set of data (even) and you need to get Cultivating a Passion for Learning the median, you need to get the mean of the middle - Continuous Learning numbers. - Collaborative Experiences - Reflection and Growth 24. What is statement nullfies the validity of the giving mathematical equation? Inspiring Students Through Innovative Lesson Answer: Counterexample - In the given 1/x = 1 when x = Planning 1, the statement is true but if x=0, the value will be - Engaging Lesson Design undefined, therefore, x = 0 is a counterexample of this - Integrating Technology given. - Authentic Assessments 25. ”Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 The Power of Authentic Connections to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3” - Empathy and Understanding is an example of _____. - Building Trust Answer: Making conjecture - Making a conjecture follows - Personalized Guidance a set of instructions were the first number is compared to - Lasting Relationships the result. The conjecture is true even if we use a different value. 3. How can teaches effectively deal with the stress of teaching? 26. The students in section A scored 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Answer: Building a supportive community 11, 12, 18, 21. What is the second quartile of the given scores? Overcoming Challenges and Maintaining Passion Answer: 8 - Second quartile or Q2 is also the median or - Recognize Burnout the middle number. - Practice Self-Care - Seek Support 27. In research, which table should you use as basis to get the result in a z – test? Strategies for Reigniting the Spark Answer: T – table - T - table is used to get the values of - Professional Development x in t - test and z - test while z - table is used for solving - Creativity and Innovation for z - score. - Collaborative Networks - Reconnect with Purpose 28. In hypothesis testing, which among the given is NOT a valid decision? Fostering a Collaborating and Supportive Answer: Failed to reject alternative - In reseach, null Environment hypothesis is a general claim and it is the one being - Shared Vision rejected if the result of the data analysis exceeds at least - Mentorship Programs 95% of the claim. - Collaborative Planning  - Supportive Leadership Comprehensive Code of Conduct - Code of Conduct ensures that ideas like those Empowering Future Educators to Lead with Passion do not become an excuse for recklessness or - Inspiring Role Models worse, ruin your reputation, or the company’s. - Hands-on Experiences - It is about not breaking the law and being a good - On-going Support person. - It is about building trust and honoring Leaving a Lasting Legacy: Passion-Driven Teaching responsibility. - Transforming Lives - It is about behaving decently, honestly, and with - Inspiring the Next Generation integrity. - Lasting Impact - It is about holding yourself to a high professional standard. 4. What is a benefit of maintaining motivation in the teaching profession? Approaches to Professional Dilemma Answer: Greater student engagement and success 1. Ethical Virtue Approach - Emphasizes the role of core virtues in making moral decisions. M.O.T.I.V.A.T.E. - The Pathway to Passion-Driven 2. Ethical Utilitarian Approach - Utilitarian refers to Teaching making a decision that leads to the most pleasure or the M - Maintain a Positive Mindset least pain as a result of the decision. O - Observe and Connect 3. Ethical Duty Approach - People’s obligation towards T - Teach with Innovation others, their own moral framework, or company policies I - Ignite a Sense of Purpose come into play. V - Venture Beyond the Classroom A - Adapt and Evolve Code of Conduct T - Thrive in a Supportive Environment Govern Decisions Around: E - Empower and Inspire ○ Task Allocation ○ Gift-Giving TOPIC: BUSINESS ETHICS IN THE EDUCATIONAL ○ Conflicts of Interest SETTING ○ Promotion Resource Speaker: Mr. Deejay Santiago Covers Issues About: ○ Confidentiality Ethics ○ Data Privacy - It can be drive everyday behavior including ○ Intellectual Property work. - Based on accepted standards of right and 5 Steps to Codify your Personal Code of Conduct wrong. Step 1: Why? - Determine why you are writing a - Based on human rights and obligations and personal code of conduct. values of fairness, not causing harm and doing Step 2: List - List down the positive personal traits and good. virtues that are important to you. Step 3: Consider - Consider your relationship with Personal Ethics others. - Guide individual behavior and choices. Step 4: Create - Create a set of statements of intent to - Based on virtues i.e. honesty, integrity, follow. trustworthiness, and responsibility. Step 5: Develop - Develop a set of measurable - A freedom of choice. guidelines to apply to your code. Business Ethics 3 Steps to Follow when Making Ethical Decisions - Actions and choices a person makes in a Step 1: Consider the people affected by the decision. professional environment. Step 2: Determine the ethical approach you will apply to - Employees are expected to adhere strictly to your decision. business ethics. Step 3: Create an if-then plan. - More than simply staying in compliance with the law. Frameworks on Ethical Decisions - Clearly set out as policies and 1. Gather facts statements. 2. Identify stakeholders included - Creates a bond of trust. 3. Recognize consequences - Employees are suggested to apply 4. Consider value business in their everyday life. - Enahnces the company’s brand and TOPIC: ENHANCING CULTURAL RESPONSIVENESS reputation. IN THE CLASSROOM: STRATEGIES AND INSIGHTS - Serves as guide in decision-making. FROM MULTICULTURAL TEACHING COMPETENCY ASSESSMENTS (Part I)  Resource Speaker: Dr. Sandra Marie A. Garcia and engagement among all students (Alisoy, 2023). Theoretical Framework Respect and Connectedness (Inclusion) Culturally Responsive Practices in Four Leverage Choice and Personal Relevance (Attitude) Points (By: IDRA) Authenticity and Effectiveness (Competence) - Schools Challenge and Engagement (Meaning) - Leadership - Educators 1. Culturally Relevant Pedagogy - Emphasizez - Pedagogy teaching that integrates students’ cultural backgrounds to make learning more relevant. Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices - Building Cultural Awareness 2. Funds of Knowledge - This approach values - Designing an Inclusive Curriculum students’ home and community experiences as - Creating an Inclusive Classroom Environment important sources of knowledge. - Engaging Families and Communities 3. Multicultural Education Framework - Banks’ Methods involved framework incluses content integration and promoting - Survey equit by including diverse cultural viewpoints. - Interview - Observation 4. Differentiated Instruction - Teaching methods and content are adapted to meet the direse needs of Classroom Diversity Audit students. - A diversity audit involves a systematic assessment of the student population’s cultural, 5. Culturally Responsive Teaching - This strategy linguistic, and socio-economic characteristics. focuses on affirming students’ cultural identities through - Conducting a classroom diversity audit is an inclusive curriculum design anf teaching practices. essential step for teachers to understand their students’ cultural backgrounds and needs. 6. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) - This strategy - The audit process also involves reflecting on the supports an inclusive learning environment where inclusivity of classroom materials and practices, students have multiple ways to access and demonsrtrate ensuring that they celebrate diversity and learning. promote cultural competence (Walton, 2012; Alisoy, 2023). 7. Collaborative Learning Approaches - These methods involve students working in diverse groups to Multicultural Teaching Competency Scale (MTCS) foster learning from each other’s backgrounds. - Defined as three dynamic and continuous processes reflecting teachers’ awareness of (a) 8. Linguistically Responsive Teaching - This method self and others as cultural beings, (b) their adapts teaching to meet the linguistic needs of English attitudes and biases, and (c) the need o create Language Learners (ELLs). culturally sensitive learning environments for all students. TOPIC: ENHANCING CULTURAL RESPONSIVENESS - It captures teachers’ knowledge of culturally IN THE CLASSROOM: STRATEGIES AND INSIGHTS responsive pedagogy and instructional FROM MULTICULTURAL TEACHING COMPETENCY strategies related to diverse populations, major ASSESSMENTS (Part II) sociohistorical and current sociopolitical realities, Resource Speaker: Mrs. Jenelyn P. Ombid and cultural dynamics (e.g., ethnic identity, gender socialization, etc.) that may affect Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) between- and within-group differences. - Is an educational approach that recognizes and - Multicultural teaching skills are defines as honors the cultural backgrounds of all students, teachers’ ability to (a) actively select, develop, - It seeks to create a learning environment where implement, and evaluate strategies that students from diverse cultural backgrounds feel facilitates the academic achievement and valued and respected (Ashrafova). personal development of all students; (b) select - It refers to instructional practices that recognize and implement culturally sensitive behavioral and utilize students’ cultural backgrounds as management strategies and interventions; and assets in the learning process. (c) participate in ongoing review and evaluation - It involves using students’ cultural experiences, of school policies, procedures, and practices knowledge, and perspectives to make learning with regard to cultural responsiveness. more relevant and effective. - CRT emphasizes the importance of creating a Questions: learning environment that respects and values diversity, thereby fostering a sense of belonging  1. These are characterize as a learning I. FOUNDATIONAL LITERACIES environment that promotes fairness among 1. LITERACY SKILLS learners of various cultures, family Literacy is the ability to read, write, speak and background and gender. listen in a way that lets us communicate Answer: Inclusive, Gender-sensitive, and Safe and conducive effectively and make sense of the world. 2. NUMERACY SKILLS 2. What could be the one of challenges of Ability to use numbers and other symbols to multicultural education? understand and express quantitative Answer: Content integration relationships. 3. SCIENTIFIC LITERACY SKILLS 3. The world has become a global village. What Ability to use scientific knowledge and principles sound is expected of teachers? Answer: Cultural diversity to understand one’s environment and test hypotheses. 4. What is the best way for a new teacher to 4. ICT LITERACY SKILLS blend into your school’s unique culture? Ability to use and create technology-based Answer: Involvement in planning activities content, including finding and sharing information, answering questions, interacting 5. Which of the following scenarios with other people and computer programming. demonstrate a global aware teacher? - He/She studies and tries to understand 5. FINANCIAL LITERACY SKILLS other nations, cultures, and languages. Ability to understand and apply conceptual and - He/She worlds collaboratively with his numerical aspects of finance in practice. diverse learners in a spirit of honesty, 6. CULTURAL AND CIVIC LITERACY SKILLS mutual respect, and open dialogue. Ability to understand, appreciate, analyze, and apply knowledge of the humanities. 6. On the first day of school, you immediately II. COMPETENCIES notice a transferee in your class. As days go by, you also notice the student is hy to recite 1. CRITICAL THINKING / PROBLEM-SOLVING dure to her provincial accent and lacks SKILLS fluency in filipino. Which of the following is Ability to identify, analyze and evaluate the LEAST effective way to ease her situations, ideas and information to formulate discomfort and pave the way for the class to responses and solutions. take her in? 2. CREATIVITY THINKING SKILLS Answer: Ask her to tell something about herself and the place she came from infront of her Ability to imagine and devise new, innovative classmates. ways of addressing problems, answering questions or expressing meaning through the 21st CENTURY SKILLS application, synthesis or repurposing of knowledge. THE 21st CENTURY SKILLS GAPS 3. COMMUNICATION SKILLS ASK: Attitude, Skills, and Knowledge are the Ability to listen to, understand, convey and driving forces of economic growth and social contextualize information through verbal, development for any country. nonverbal, visual and written means. Presently, the country face a demand-supply 4. COLLABORATION mismatch, as the economy needs more ‘skilled’ Ability to work in a team towards a common workforce than that is available. goal, including the ability to prevent and manage In this globally and digitally interconnected conflict. world, all learners, from cradle to career, need III. CHARACTER QUALITIES new skills and knowledge to succeed. 1. CURIOSITY If we want to prepare our students for success in Ability and desire to ask questions and to college, work, and life, opportunities to learn demonstrate open-mindedness and 21st century skills are essential. inquisitiveness. Curiosity is the mother of all discoveries and 21st CENTURY SKILLS are 16 abilities that today’s inventions. students need to succeed in their careers during the 2. INITIATIVE Information Age. Ability and desire to proactively undertake a new task or goal. 3. PERSISTENCE / GRIT Ability to sustain interest and effort and to persevere to accomplish a task or goal. 4. ADAPTABILITY / FLEXIBILITY Ability to change plans, methods, opinions or goals in light of new information. Having adaptability and flexibility skills means you are open and willing to learn new things, take on new challenges and make adjustments to suit transitions in the workplace. 5. LEADERSHIP Ability to effectively direct, guide, and inspire others to accomplish a common goal. Leadership Qualities: Honesty, Wisdom, Courage, Confidence, Passion, and Sincerity. 6. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL AWARENESS Ability to interact with other people in a socially, culturally and ethically appropriate way. Have you experienced awareness when interacting with a colleague who is culturally different from you? Have you realized that certain words and gestures can be offensive or insensitive in some cultures? As the workplace becomes diverse globally, it is important for each one of us to have a high level of cultural and social awareness. Employability skills in today’s rapidly changing work environment requires cultural sensitivity skills to be an important part of our experience and knowledge. What are these skills? ○ Your social and cultural skills will determine your ability to understand and respect cultural and social differences. Depending on national, ethnicity, religion, and other factors, the attitudes, viewpoints, and customs of people will differ. Being aware of this is crucial to help you accept, respect, and embrace differences.