General Anatomy (Part 1) 2023 PDF

# تصوير مركز ليبيا ## د. محمد البرعصي ### General anatomy #### دفعة 51 #### Part 1 #### 2023 # General anatomy ## Anatomy: the science which studies the structure of the human body. ### Gross anatomy (macroscopic): - study of human body with naked eye. ### Microscopic anatomy: - study of fine str...

# تصوير مركز ليبيا ## د. محمد البرعصي ### General anatomy #### دفعة 51 #### Part 1 #### 2023 # General anatomy ## Anatomy: the science which studies the structure of the human body. ### Gross anatomy (macroscopic): - study of human body with naked eye. ### Microscopic anatomy: - study of fine structures (cells + tissues) with help of microscope. # Positions ## 1. Anatomical position: - the body is standing erect. - the upper limbs hanging by side. - the lower limbs near to the midline. - the face, eyes and palms of hands looking forwards (anteriorly). - the thumb directed outward (laterally). ## 2. Supine position: the body lies on its back (Face up). ## 3. Prone position: the body lies on its face (down). # Anatomical Planes ## 1. Horizontal "transverse": - Horizontal ## 2. Coronal "Frontal": - Vertical plane ## 3. Mid sagittal "median": - Vertical plane ## 4. Para Sagittal "Paramedian": - Vertical plane that divides the body in to unequal halves right and left. # Anatomical Terms ## 1. Anterior = Ventral = Front ## 2. Posterior = Dorsal = Back ## 3. Superior = Cranial = Upper = Top (toward the head) ## 4. Inferior = Caudal = Lower = Bottom (toward the feet) ## 5. Median: exactly in the midline. ## 6. Medial: toward the midline. ## 7. Lateral: away from the midline. ## 8. Proximal: closer "near" to the root of the limb. ## 9. Distal: away from the root of the limb. ## 10. Superficial: toward the skin or the surface. ## 11. Deep: away from the skin or the surface. ## 12. Internal: inside the organ. ## 13. External: outside the organ. # Skin ## Largest organ. ## Surface Area 1.5-2m^2 ## Function: - Protection - Regulate Temperature - Sensations - Synthesize vitamins D. - Prevents water loss. ## Consists of: ### 1. Epidermis (superficial layer): - Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium. - Covered by a keratin layer (waterproof). - Thick in palms of hand and sole of foot and thin in other parts. ### 2. Dermis (deep layer): - Consists of connective tissue. - Made up of collagen and elastic fibers. - Thinner in the anterior surface of the body and thick posterior. - Thinner in women than men. - Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. ## The Dermis contains: erector pili muscle (connected to the hair). ## The collagen fibers in the Dermis are arranged in to: - Longitudinally in limbs. - Horizontally: in neck, thorax and abdomen. ## These lines called: "Langer's lines or cleavage." - Surgical incision parallel to them: thin scar. - Surgical incision perpendicular: thick scar. # Skin appendages ## 1. Hair: - Keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of tip of fingers and toes. ## 2. Nails: - Nail fold: is the skin surrounding nail. - Nail bed: beneath nail. ## 3. Sebaceous gland: - Their duct opens in hair. - Produce sebum. - Prevent excessive loss of water. - Inhibit growth of bacteria. ## 4. Sweat gland. # Modification in Female: - Mammary gland (Breast): secretes milk during lactation. # Absent in: - Nails - Lips - Clitoris - Peris # Fascia ## It's a connective tissue layer under the skin. ## Divided in to: ### 1. Superficial Fascia: - Loose connective tissue. - Contains fat (adipose tissue). - Excessive in: - Gluteal region - Breast - Anterior abdominal wall - Less in limbs. - Absent in: - Eyelids - Scrotum - Peris + clitoris - Ear auricle "pinna" ### 2. Deep Fascia: - Dense connective tissue. - Compact. - Inelastic. - Excessive in: - Palms - Soles - Absent in: - Face - Anterior abdominal wall # Function of superficial Fascia: - Prevents the head loss from the body by the fat. - Act as medium conducting (distributing) of cutaneous nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics which supply the skin. - Facilitate or allows free mobility of the skin over the underlying structures. - Contains some muscles as muscles of facial expression. - Contains some glands: mammary gland, sweat glands and lymph nodes. - Give the rounded contour in the body. # Function of Deep Fascia: - Inverts the muscles. - Formation of intermuscular septa: to separate different groups of muscles. - Formation of inter osseous membrane: to connect 2 bones. - Formation of retinacula: present in front the wrist and ankle that keep the tendons of muscles in position. - Formation of aponeurosis: present in the palm and sole that protect blood vessels, nerves and tendons. - Formation of sheaths: around big blood vessels. - Ex: femoral and carotid sheaths. # _NB_: - The superficial fascia firmly attached: palm + sole, and loosely attached to the dorsal surface. # Muscular System ## They are more than 600 muscles. ## They are 3 types: ### 1. Skeletal: - Site: attached to the skeleton (bone). - Striation: present (many). - Contraction: voluntary. - Nerve supply: somatic nervous system. - Fiber (shape): cylindrical, multinucleated, peripheral nucleus. ### 2. Cardiac: - Site: in the myocardium of heart. - Striation: present (few). - Contraction: involuntary. - Nerve supply: autonomic. - Fiber (shape): branched, single + central nucleus. ### 3. Smooth: - Site: in the blood vessels and viscera like stomach and intestine. - Striation: absent. - Contraction: involuntary. - Nerve supply: autonomic. - Fiber (shape): spindle, single + central nucleus. # Skeletal Muscle ## Each muscle has 2 attachments: - **Origin:** most fixed part. - **Insertion:** most mobile part. ## Parts of muscle: - **Belly:** it's the fleshy fibers of muscle. - **Tendon** or **aponeurosis:** - Rounded tendon. - Flat aponeurosis. # Types of Muscles according to the Direction of Fibers ## (A) Parallel: - **Strap like:** - **Strap like with tendinous intersections:** - **Quadrilateral:** ## (B) Oblique: - **Unipennate:** - **Bipennate:** - **Multipennate:** ## (C) Other types: - **Circum pennate:** - **Spiral:** - **Cruciate:** - **Circular:** # Important Examples: - **Circular** (sphincter): _orbicularis oculi_ and _oris_. - **Strap:** _sartorius_ - **Fusiform** (spindle): _biceps femoris_ - **Unipennate:** _extensor pollicis longus_ - **Bipennate:** _rectus femoris_ - **Multipennate:** _deltoid_ and _soleus_ # _NB_: - Muscles named according to the size: minor or major. - Muscles having more than one head: - **Biceps**: - **Triceps**: - **Quadriceps**: - Muscles having 2 bellies: **Digastric**. # Contraction: - The 2 ends of muscle approximated. # MCQ Part 1 General anatomy ## 1. The muscle that has two bellies called: - a. Biceps muscle - b. Digastric - c. Triceps - d. Quadriceps ## 2. Regarding the anatomical terms, one is wrong: - a. When the face is directed downward, the body is in supine positions. - b. The term ventral means front of the body. - c. The inversion means the sole of foot medially. - d. The paramedian plane divides the body to unequal halves. ## 3. Regarding the superficial fascia, one is wrong: - a. It's seen predominantly in the eyelids and scrotum. - b. Contains glands and lymph nodes. - c. Layer of loose connective tissue contains fat. - d. Contains muscles of facial expression. ## 4. Regarding the smooth muscle, one is correct: - a. Have spindle-shaped fibres with striations. - b. They are the control of somatic N.S. - c. They are seen in the vessels and viscera. - d. All of the above. ## 5. Regarding the cardiac muscle, one is wrong: - a. Supplied by autonomic N.S. - b. It's under involuntary control. - c. It's non-striated. - d. Seen in the myocardium of heart. ## 6. The superficial fascia is absent in: - a. Abdominal wall - b. Female breast - c. Lower limbs - d. Eyelids ## 7. The plane that dividing the body in to superior and inferior parts is: - a. Horizontal - b. Median - c. Coronal - d. Paramedian ## 8. One of the following NOT a deep fascia: - a. Retinacula - b. Tendons - c. Intermuscular septa - d. Aponeurosis ## 9. Regarding the smooth muscles, one is correct: - a. Spindle-shaped fibres. - b. Involuntary. - c. Supplied by autonomic N.S. - d. All of the above. ## 10. An example of strap-like muscle: - a. Sartorius - b. Deltoid - c. Supinator - d. None of above ## 11. The plane that dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts is: - a. Sagittal - b. Coronal - c. Paramedian - d. Transverse ## 12. An example of multipennate muscle: - a. Deltoid - b. Sartorius - c. Supinator - d. Tibialis anterior ## 13. The plane that dividing the body in to right and left equally: - a. Paramedian - b. Mid sagittal - c. Coronal - d. Horizontal ## 14. The superficial fascia is seen in all except: - a. Upper limb - b. Lower limb - c. Eyelids - d. Female breast ## 15. The superficial fascia absent in all except: - a. Eye lids - b. Ear pinna - c. Scrotum - d. Breast ## 16. Movement a limb away the midline is: - a. Flexion - b. Abduction - c. Adduction - d. Circumduction ## 17. About the deep fascia, one is wrong: - a. Forms palmar aponeurosis. - b. Contains fat. - c. Dense connective tissue. - d. Absent in the face. ## 18. About the skeletal muscle, one is wrong: - a. They are under voluntary control. - b. Septa from the deep fascia dividing it in to compartments. - c. Contraction means approximation of 2 ends. - d. The origin is the most movable part. ## 19. The fleshy part of muscle is called: - a. Belly - b. Ligament - c. Aponeurosis - d. Tendon ## 20. Approximation of surfaces means: - a. Supination - b. Extension - c. Flexion - d. Adduction ## 21. Regarding the anatomical position, one is wrong: - a. The person standing erect. - b. The eyes looking forward. - c. The palms of hands looking backward. - d. Arms close to the trunk. ## 22. About the superficial fascia, one is correct: - a. Contains fat. - b. Forms retinacula. - c. Dividing the lims in to compartments. - d. Absent in face. ## 23. About the deep fascia, one is correct: - a. It is dense fibrous membrane. - b. It's absent in the face. - c. Present extensively in palms and soles. - d. All of the above. ## 24. About the skin, one is wrong: - a. It is the largest organ in the body. - b. Epidermis formed of stratified epithelium. - c. The collagen fibers arranged horizontally in limbs. - d. The dermis thicker in the posterior of the body than anterior. ## 25. About the body movements, one is wrong: - a. The angle between the 2 parts increased in flexion. - b. Movement away the midline is abduction. - c. Combination of different movement is circumduction. - d. Protraction means forward movement. ## 26. The following are characteristics of dermis of skin, except: - a. Contains the erector pili muscle. - b. Covered with a keratin layer. - c. Contains the vessels and nerves of the skin. - d. The collagen fibers are arranged longitudinally in limbs. ## 27. The circumduction movement includes except: - a. Flexion - b. Abduction - c. Medial rotation - d. Pronation ## 28. About the cardiac and smooth muscles, one is wrong: - a. Both are involuntary. - b. Both supplied by autonomic N.S. - c. Both are striated. - d. Both have a single nucleus. ## 29. The plane that dividing the body in to unequal right and left halves: - a. Mid sagittal - b. Parasagittal - c. Coronal - d. Frontal ## 30. Closer to the root of the limb is: - a. Distal - b. Medial - c. Proximal - d. Caudal ## 31. The deep fascia absent in: - a. Abdominal wall - b. Limbs - c. Palms of hands - d. Sole of foot ## 32. An example of circular muscle is: - a. Rectus femoris - b. Deltoid - c. Extensor pollicis longus - d. Orbicularis oris ## 33. The following are present in both dermis and epidermis, except: - a. Sweat glands - b. Hairs - c. Erector pili muscle - d. Sebaceous gland ## 34. About the epidermis: - a. Contains erector pili muscle. - b. Contains the vessels of skin. - c. Consists of collagen fibres. - d. None of the above. # Short Notes 1. Describe the anatomical position? 2. List the anatomical planes? 3. Function of deep fascia? 4. Enumerate the skin appendages? # Matching - **Coronal plane:** _Movement toward the midline_ - **Sagittal plane:** _Aponeurosis_ - **Flexion:** _The angle decreases_ - **Extension:** _Collagen fibres_ - **Adduction:** _Contains fat_ - **Deep Fascia:** _Straightening_ - **Superficial Fascia:** _Divide the body in to Rt. and Lt. halves_ - **Dermis:** _Called: frontal plane_ # True and False - Movement the fingers toward the middle finger is abduction. **(False).** - The deep fascia contains fat. **(True).** - The superficial fascia absent in eyelids. **(True).** - The origin is most fixed part of muscle. **(True).** - The smooth muscle branched in shape. **(False).** # Fill in Blanks - Movement of thumb on other fingers is **opposition**. - The deep fascia absent in **face** and **eyelids**. - The superficial fascia absent in **eyelids** and **scrotum**. - The multipennate muscle example is **deltoid**. - The body is lies on its back. The position is **supine**.