Spanish Notes PDF

Verb conjugation. Pronoun AR ER IR (Admirar) (Perder) (Morir) Yo (I) Singular admiro Perdo Moro First Person Tú (You, Singular...

Verb conjugation. Pronoun AR ER IR (Admirar) (Perder) (Morir) Yo (I) Singular admiro Perdo Moro First Person Tú (You, Singular admiras Perdes Mores informal) Second Person Usted (You, Singular admira Perde More formal) Second Person Él/Ella Singular admira Perde More (He/She/You, Third Person formal) Nosotros/Nosot Plural admiramos Perdemos Morimos ras (We) First Person Vosotros/Vosot Plural admirais Pedreis Moris ras (You all, Second Person informal - Spain) Ustedes (you Plural admiran Perden Moran all, formal) Second Person Ellos/Ellas/Uste Plural admiran Perden Moran des (They/You Third Person all, formal) Preposición 1.​ A - To, At 2.​ Ante - In front of, Before 3.​ Durante - during 4.​ Bajo - Under, underneath 5.​ Con - with, in spite of 6.​ Contra - against 7.​ De - from 8.​ Desde - from, since 9.​ Delante de - in front of 10.​En - In, at, on 11.​Encima de - On top of 12.​Entre - between 13.​Enfrente de - in front of 14.​Hacia - Towards, about 15.​Hasta - Until 16.​Por - For, because of 17.​Según - According to, depending on 18.​Sin - Without 19.​Sobre - On, about, over 20.​Tras - After 21.​Para - For, to, in order to 22.​Vía - Through 23.​Versus - Versus __________________________________________ _ LECCIÓN I LAS CONJUNCIONES (conjunctions) As in English, the Spanish conjunction serves to unite two sentences or two words of the same thought or kind, expressing at the same time, the existing relationship between them. The most common are: 1.​ Que — that 2.​ También — also 3.​ Además — moreover 4.​ Y, e — and  5.​ Ni — neither, nor 6.​ O, u — or, either, whether 7.​ Sea que — whether 8.​ Tampoco — neither 9.​ Mas, pero — but 10.​Aun cuando — even 11.​Aunque — although, though 12.​Porque — because 13.​Por qué — why 14.​Pues, pues que — since 15.​Por — by, for 16.​Por lo tanto — therefore 17.​Por cuanto — whereas 18.​Para que — that 19.​A fin de que — in order that 20.​Si — if 21.​Sino — but 22.​Con tal que — provided 23.​A menos que — unless 24.​Puesto que, pues — since 25.​Como, así como — as 26.​Así — so __________________________________________ _ LOS PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS (Possessive Pronouns) (These are also known as Possessive Adjectives). My (1st per. sing.) - Mi, Mis His - Su, Sus Her - Su, Sus Your (formal, sing.) - Su, Sus Our - Nuestro, Nuestra Nuestros, Nuestras Your (2nd per. plural) - Su, Sus Their - Su, Sus Your (formal, pl.) - Su, Sus OBSERVATIONS: 1. These possessives always agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows them. e.g. My house - mi casa Your house - tu casa His book - su libro Her book - su libro Your book - su libro Our house - nuestra casa Our houses - nuestras casas Your building - su edificio Their building - su edificio 2. The endings of mi, tu, su, etc., do not undergo any change irrespective of the gender of the noun. e.g. mi carro - mis perros su lección - sus lecciones __________________________________________ _ Los Adverbios LECCIÓN IV LOS ADVERBIOS (The Adverbs) DIVISIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS: 1.​ Adverbios de Lugar (place) 2.​ Adverbios de Tiempo (time) 3.​ Adverbios de Modo (manner) 4.​ Adverbios de Cantidad (quantity) 5.​ Adverbios de Comparación (comparison) 6.​ Adverbios de Orden (order) 7.​ Adverbios de Afirmación (affirmation) 8.​ Adverbios de Negación (negation)  9.​ Adverbios de Duda (doubt) 1. Adverbios de Lugar: ​ Aquí, acá – here ​ Ahí, allí, allá – there ​ Cerca – near ​ Lejos – far ​ Dónde, adónde – where ​ Enfrente – in front, opposite ​ Dentro, adentro – inside ​ Fuera, afuera – outside ​ Arriba – up, upstairs ​ Abajo – down, downstairs ​ Debajo – under ​ Delante – in front of, before ​ Adelante – forward, onward ​ Detrás – behind, at the back ​ Atrás – backward ​ Encima – above, over ​ Junto – close to, together Observations: 1.​ Aquí and acá (here): Aquí is used when the speaker is pointing to a definite place near them. Acá is used to mean an indefinite place near the speaker. ○​ Example: ​ "Vente aquí" (definite) ​ "Vente acá" (indefinite) 2.​ Ahí and allí (there): ○​ Allí points to a definite spot in a certain place. ○​ Ahí points to the whole place in general. ○​ Example: ​ "Voy allí" (definite spot) ​ "Voy ahí" (indefinite spot) 3.​ Allá (there): This points to an indefinite spot far from both speakers. ○​ Example: ​ "Nosotros vamos allá." 4.​ Dentro and adentro (inside): These adverbs have the same meaning, especially when referring to the interior part of a certain space. However, adentro may also mean within a short time, while dentro does not. ○​ Example: ​ "Yo voy dentro de poco." (I go within a short time.)  5.​ Fuera and afuera (outside): ○​ Fuera is used when we mean a place entirely outside an object. ○​ Afuera is used when we mean a place not entirely outside the object. ○​ Example: ​ "Yo estoy afuera del cuarto." (I am outside the room.) ​ "Yo estoy fuera de la casa." (I am outside the house.) 2. Adverbios de Tiempo: ​ Hoy – today ​ Ahora – at this present time ​ Ayer – yesterday ​ Antier / Antes de ayer – the day before yesterday ​ Mañana – tomorrow ​ Pasado mañana – the day after tomorrow ​ Ahora – now ​ Ya – may mean: now (present), already (past), eventually (future) ​ Mientras – while ​ Mientras tanto – meanwhile ​ Siempre – always ​ Nunca – never ​ Jamás – never or ever ​ Entonces – then or at that time ​ Todavía – yet or still ​ Aún – yet or still (when used as an adverb, it carries an accent) ​ Cuandoquiera – whenever ​ Cuando – when ​ Luego – later on or a time in the future ​ Tarde – late ​ Temprano – early Adverbial Phrases of Time: ​ Hace tiempo, hace mucho tiempo – long ago ​ Hace poco, hace poco tiempo – awhile or a short time ago ​ Cuánto tiempo hace – how long ago ​ Por mucho tiempo – for a long time ​ Hace un rato – for a short time ​ Hace un momento – for a moment ​ Tanto tiempo como – as long as ○​ Example: ​ "Yo viajaré tanto tiempo como pueda." Note: When the word right is used adverbially to express time, it is translated by mismo. ​ Example: ○​ "Ahora mismo" – right now 3. Adverbios de Modo: ​ Bien – well ​ Apenas – scarcely, hardly ​ Conforme – agreeably ​ Mal – badly ​ Quedo – softly ​ Bajo – under ​ Adrede – purposely ​ Como – how ​ Excepto – except that ​ Aposta – purposely ​ Despacio – slowly ​ Casi – almost ​ Cual – as Forming Adverbs from Adjectives: ​ Convert a masculine adjective into its feminine form and add the suffix -mente. (Note: "mente" is equivalent to "-ly" in English.) ○​ Examples: ​ Bueno → buenamente ​ Malo → malamente ​ Duro → duramente ​ If the adjective is already in the feminine form, no alteration is necessary—just add -mente. ○​ Examples: ​ Fácil → fácilmente ​ Fiel → fielmente ​ Suave → suavemente Observations: 1.​ If two or more adverbs ending in -mente are used consecutively, add the suffix -mente only to the last adverb. ○​ Example: ​ "Ella habla clara, dulce y cariñosamente." (Not: "claramente, dulcemente y cariñosamente") 2.​ The adverb recientemente (recently), when used immediately before a past participle, drops the last three syllables -mente. ○​ Examples: ​ "Recién casado" ​ "Recién comprado" ​ "Recién comido" 4. Adverbios de Cantidad: ​ Más – more ​ Menos – less ​ Mucho – much ​ Poco – little ​ Muy – very 5. Adverbios de Comparación: ​ Tan – so ​ Tanto – so much 6. Adverbios de Orden: ​ Primeramente – firstly ​ Últimamente – lastly 7. Adverbios de Afirmación: ​ Sí – yes ​ También – also ​ Cierto – certainly 8. Adverbios de Negación: ​ No – no ​ Nunca – never  ​ Jamás – never 9. Adverbios de Duda: ​ Quizás – maybe ​ Acaso – perhaps ​ Tal vez – perhaps __________________________________________ _ LECCIÓN III EL ADJETIVO (The Adjective) OBSERVATIONS 1.​ The adjective in Spanish always agrees with the noun, both in gender and number. ○​ Examples: ​ niño pillo ​ niños pillos ​ niña lista ​ niñas listas 2.​ In Spanish, the adjective is placed after the noun. ○​ Examples: ​ cuarto chico ​ calle ancha ​ edificio alto ​ niña pequeña 3.​ The adjective changes its ending to agree with the gender of the noun. ○​ Examples: ​ bueno → buena ​ pillo → pilla ​ listo → lista ​ malo → mala 4.​ Some adjectives have only one ending. In this case, the ending does not change irrespective of the gender of the noun. ○​ Examples: ​ hombre valiente ​ mujer valiente ​ hombre fiel ​ mujer fiel 5.​ To form the feminine of certain positive adjectives ending in -OR, -ÓN, -ÁN, just add -a to the end of each. ○​ Examples: ​ traidor → traidora ​ tristón → tristona ​ holgazán → holgazana __________________________________________ _ LAS PREPOSICIONES "POR" (In favor of, in place of, on, by means of, through, per, on account of) POR is used in the following cases: 1.​ To express the Reason of ○​ Yo tengo que trabajar mucho por mis hijos.​ (I have to work much for my children.) 2.​ To express the Means of ○​ Yo he llegado por avión.​ (I have arrived by plane.) 3.​ For the Passive Complement ○​ Este coche fue comprado por mi padre.​ (This car was bought by my father.) 4.​ To express Exchange, Price, or Multiplication ○​ (Exchange) Le cambio mi casa por su terreno.​ (I exchange my house for your land.) ○​ (Price) Yo pago casa por mil pesos.​ (I pay that house for one thousand pesos.) ○​ (Multiplication) 4 por 10 = 40. "PARA" (To, for, in order that, toward) PARA is used in the following cases: 1.​ To indicate the End or the Use ○​ Este vaso es para beber.​ (This glass is for drinking.) 2.​ To express the Purpose in Mind ○​ Yo trabajo mucho para vivir.​ (I work much in order to live.) 3.​ To express a Future Time ○​ Tendremos exámenes para la semana próxima.​ (We will have examinations next week.) 4.​ Used after a Qualifying Adjective  ○​ El vino es malo para ti.​ (Wine is bad for you.) 5.​ To indicate Destination or Direction ○​ (Note: The prepositions "A" or "Para" could either be used in this case.) ○​ Yo voy para Cagayan. ○​ Yo voy a Cagayan. (Note: With me—conmigo, with you—contigo) __________________________________________ _ __________________________________________ _ (c) Memorize the following: ​ Uno — one ​ Cada — each ​ Nadie — nobody ​ Ninguno — nobody ​ Alguien — somebody ​ Alguno — anybody, any, some, someone, somebody ​ Cualquiera — whichever ​ Quienquiera — whomsoever ​ Ambos, entrambos — both ​ Ambos a dos — both ​ Tal — such ​ Algo — something ​ Nada — nothing ​ Cada cual — each one ​ Uno y otro — each other ​ Uno e otro — one another ​ Uno u otro — either ​ Ni uno ni otro — neither ​ Cada uno — everyone ​ Todo, todos — everyone, everybody, all, every, everything __________________________________________ _ Spanish Opposite Terms ​ Frío - cold → Caliente - hot ​ Joven - young → Viejo - old ​ Vacío - empty → Lleno - full ​ Abrir - to open → Cerrar - to close ​ Bajo - short → Alto - tall ​ Rico - rich → Pobre - poor ​ Seguro - safe → Peligroso - dangerous ​ Claro - clear → Lados - fair ​ Pregunta - question → Respuesta - answer ​ Triste - sad → Feliz - happy ​ Todo - everything → Nada - nothing ​ Ganar - to win → Perder - to lose ​ Recordar - to remember → Olvidar - to forget ​ Temprano - early → Tarde - late ​ Seco - dry → Mojado - wet ​ Ciudad - city → Alde - village ​ Siempre - always → Nunca - never ​ Igual - same → Diferente - different ​ Sucio - dirty → Limpio - clean ​ Comprar - to buy → Vender - to sell ​ Aquí - here → Allí - there ​ Usado - used → Nuevo - new ​ Amigo - friend → Enemigo - enemy ​ Ayer - yesterday → Mañana - tomorrow ​ Entrada - entrance → Salida - exit ​ Abierto - open → Cerrado - closed ​ Lento - slow → Rápido - fast ​ Profundo - deep → Poco profundo - shallow ​ Bueno - good → Malo - bad ​ Ir - to go → Venir - to come Additional Opposite Terms ​ Mucho - a lot → Poco - few ​ Útil - useful → Inútil - useless ​ Caro - expensive → Barato - cheap ​ Complicado - complicated → Simple - simple ​ Luz - light → Oscuridad - darkness ​ Interesante - interesting → Aburrido - boring ​ Blanco - white → Negro - black ​ Normal - normal → Extraño - strange ​ Falso - false → Verdadero - true ​ Ahora - now → Más tarde - later ​ Estrecho - narrow → Ancho - wide