Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables PDF

Chapter 3 – Linear Systems  Systems of Equations A set of equations is called a system of equations. The solutions must satisfy each equation in the system. If all equations in a system are linear, the system is a system of linear equations, or a linear system. Systems of L...

Chapter 3 – Linear Systems  Systems of Equations A set of equations is called a system of equations. The solutions must satisfy each equation in the system. If all equations in a system are linear, the system is a system of linear equations, or a linear system. Systems of Linear Equations: A solution to a system of equations is an ordered pair that satisfy all the equations in the system. A system of linear equations can have: 1. Exactly one solution 2. No solutions 3. Infinitely many solutions 3 Systems of Linear Equations: There are four ways to solve systems of linear equations: 1. By graphing 2. By substitution 3. By elimination 4. By multiplication (Matrices) 4 Solving Systems by Graphing: When solving a system by graphing: 1. Find ordered pairs that satisfy each of the equations. 2. Plot the ordered pairs and sketch the graphs of both equations on the same axis. 3. The coordinates of the point or points of intersection of the graphs are the solution or solutions to the system of equations. 5 Solving Systems by Graphing: Consistent Inconsistent Dependent One solution No solution Infinite number of solutions Lines intersect Lines are parallel Coincide-Same line 6  Linear System in Two Variables Three possible solutions to a linear system in two variables: One solution: coordinates of a point No solutions: inconsistent case Infinitely many solutions: dependent case  2x – y = 2 x + y = -2 2x – y = 2 -y = -2x + 2 y = 2x – 2 x + y = -2 y = -x - 2 Different slope, different intercept! 8  3x + 2y = 3 3x + 2y = -4 3x + 2y = 3 2y = -3x + 3 y = -3/2 x + 3/2 3x + 2y = -4 2y = -3x -4 y = -3/2 x - 2 Same slope, different intercept!! 9  x – y = -3 2x – 2y = -6 x – y = -3 -y = -x – 3 y =x+3 2x – 2y = -6 -2y = -2x – 6 y=x+3 Same slope, same intercept! Same equation!! Determine Without Graphing: There is a somewhat shortened way to determine what type (one solution, no solutions, infinitely many solutions) of solution exists within a system. Notice we are not finding the solution, just what type of solution. Write the equations in slope-intercept form: y = mx + b. (i.e., solve the equations for y, remember that m = slope, b = y - intercept). 11 Determine Without Graphing: Once the equations are in slope-intercept form, compare the slopes and intercepts. One solution – the lines will have different slopes. No solution – the lines will have the same slope, but different intercepts. Infinitely many solutions – the lines will have the same slope and the same intercept. 12 Determine Without Graphing: Given the following lines, determine what type of solution exists, without graphing. Equation 1: 3x = 6y + 5 Equation 2: y = (1/2)x – 3 Writing each in slope-intercept form (solve for y) Equation 1: y = (1/2)x – 5/6 Equation 2: y = (1/2)x – 3 Since the lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts, there is no solution to the system of equations. The lines are parallel. 13 Substitution Method: Procedure for Substitution Method 1. Solve one of the equations for one of the variables. 2. Substitute the expression found in step 1 into the other equation. 3. Now solve for the remaining variable. 4. Substitute the value from step 2 into the equation written in step 1, and solve for the remaining variable. Substitution Method: 1. Solve the following system of equations by substitution. y x  3 Step 1 is already completed. x  y  5 Step 2:Substitute x+3 into Step 3: Substitute –4 into 1st 2nd equation and solve. equation and solve. y x  3 x  ( x  3)  5 y  4  3 2 x  3  5 y  1 2 x  8 x  4 The answer: ( -4 , -1) 1) Solve the system using substitution x+y=5 y=3+x Step 1: Solve an equation The second equation is for one variable. already solved for y! x+y=5 Step 2: Substitute x + (3 + x) = 5 2x + 3 = 5 Step 3: Solve the equation. 2x = 2 x=1 1) Solve the system using substitution x+y=5 y=3+x x+y=5 Step 4: Plug back in to find the other variable. (1) + y = 5 y=4 (1, 4) Step 5: Check your (1) + (4) = 5 solution. (4) = 3 + (1) The solution is (1, 4). What do you think the answer would be if you graphed the two equations? 2) Solve the system using substitution 3y + x = 7 4x – 2y = 0 It is easiest to solve the first equation for x. Step 1: Solve an equation 3y + x = 7 for one variable. -3y -3y x = -3y + 7 4x – 2y = 0 Step 2: Substitute 4(-3y + 7) – 2y = 0 2) Solve the system using substitution 3y + x = 7 4x – 2y = 0 -12y + 28 – 2y = 0 -14y + 28 = 0 Step 3: Solve the equation. -14y = -28 y=2 4x – 2y = 0 Step 4: Plug back in to 4x – 2(2) = 0 find the other variable. 4x – 4 = 0 4x = 4 x=1 2) Solve the system using substitution 3y + x = 7 4x – 2y = 0 Step 5: Check your (1, 2) solution. 3(2) + (1) = 7 4(1) – 2(2) = 0  Deciding whether an ordered pair is a solution of a linear system. The solution set of a linear system of equations contains all ordered pairs that satisfy all the equations at the same time. Example 1: Is the ordered pair a solution of the given system? 2x + y = -6 Substitute the ordered pair into each equation. x + 3y = 2 Both equations must be satisfied. A) (-4, 2) B) (3, -12) 2(-4) + 2 = -6 2(3) + (-12) = -6 (-4) + 3(2) = 2 (3) + 3(-12) = 2 -6 = -6 -6 = -6 2=2 -33  -6  Yes  No  Substitution Method Example Solve the system. 3 x  2 y  11 (1)  x  y  3 (2) Solution y  x  3 Solve (2) for y. 3 x  2( x  3) 11 Substitute y = x + 3 in (1). 3 x  2 x  6 11 Solve for x. 5 x 5 x 1 y 1  3 Substitute x = 1 in y = x + 3. y 4 Solution set: {(1, 4)}  Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Solving Linear Systems by Graphing. One way to find the solution set of a linear system of equations is to graph each equation and find the point where the graphs intersect. Example 1: Solve the system of equations by graphing. A) x + y = 5 B) 2x + y = -5 2x - y = 4 -x + 3y = 6  Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Solving Linear Systems by Graphing. There are three possible solutions to a system of linear equations in two variables that have been graphed: 1) The two graphs intersect at a single point. The coordinates give the solution of the system. In this case, the solution is “consistent” and the equations are “independent”. 2) The graphs are parallel lines. (Slopes are equal) In this case the system is “inconsistent” and the solution set is 0 or null. 3) The graphs are the same line. (Slopes and y-intercepts are the same) In this case, the equations are “dependent” and the solution set is an infinite set of ordered pairs.  4-1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. Step 1: Solve one of the equations for either variable Step 2: Substitute for that variable in the other equation (The result should be an equation with just one variable) Step 3: Solve the equation from step 2 Step 4: Substitute the result of Step 3 into either of the original equations and solve for the other value. Step 6: Check the solution and write the solution set.  4-1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. Example 6: Solve the system : 4x + y = 5 2x - 3y =13 Step 1: Choose the variable y to solve for in the top equation: y = -4x + 5 Step 2: Substitute this variable into the bottom equation 2x - 3(-4x + 5) = 13 2x + 12x - 15 = 13 Step 3: Solve the equation formed in step 2 14x = 28 x=2 Step 4: Substitute the result of Step 3 into either of the original equations and solve for the other value. 4(2) + y = 5 y = -3 Solution Set: {(2,-3)} Step 5: Check the solution and write the solution set.  Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. Example 7: Solve the system : 1 1 1 1 1 1 x y  rewrite as  4[ x  y  ]  2 x  y 2 2 4 2 2 4 2  2 x  5 y  22 Solve : 2 x  y 2 -2x  5 y 22 y = -2x + 2 -2x + 5(-2x + 2) = 22 -2x - 10x + 10 = 22 -12x = 12 x = -1 2(-1) + y = 2 y=4 Solution Set: {(-1,4)} Systems without a Single Point Solution