SOG Outline PDF

SOG's ===== 100-02 Daily assignments - At the beginning of every shift, the operational captain is responsible for... posting the daily unit and position assignments on the station's Unit Assignment Board. - Unit assignment board shall display... Unit designations, positions, personnel assigned, tools and responsibilities for each seat. - Tools on the assignment board are considered the minimum, additional tools required based on... type/size of the incident and requested by the company officer. - \_\_\_\_\_\_ should be documented in the station log book... unit designation and personnel and all UIP's accurately reflected on the unit assignment board. - The daily ops bulletin is prepared daily by the... dispatch supervisor. - Daily ops Bulletin includes: REAL FEEL Temp, Red flag warning and watch status, pertinent local weather advisories, daily burn status, winds, daily dive status, weekly road and bridge closures, open burn permits. - Part of the daily shift preparations by the CO includes... evaluating the preparedness and ability of their personnel to enter open water, swim freestyle, and stabilize a victim until extraction. - \_\_\_ shall commit a daily check of open-water rescue equipment to ensure proper condition and operation at the beginning of every shift. Personnel who possess swimming capabilities. - At the beginning of every shift, level II Dive Team availability shall be communicated to the... dispatch Supervisor. - In order to maintain dive attribute for a level II or III Dive Team, a minimum of \_\_\_\_ personnel are required. 4 (3 DR1 certified and 1 Dive Comm-Line Tender. - This combination of 4 personnel may occur between all units in a fire station. 100-03 Fire Alarms - Dispatch to an automatic alarm shall consist of a Code \_\_\_ response. 1. - CO discretion for a code 3 response shall be based on... available or updated information from the Comm Center. - If the Comm Center is notified by a monitoring company, that a fire alarm is a false alarm and a proper code was given, responding units shall... cancel. - If the Comm Center is notified by a nosiness or homeowner that there is no emergency, all responding units shall... continue code 1 to verify. - Access should be gained if... the interior of the building is not readily visible from the exterior. - When no key or key holder is available and there are indications that an actual fire may be present... Forcible entry should be utilized. - A fire alarm may be silenced after... a thorough search of the building for fire conditions. - A fire alarm may be reset... never, do not reset a fire alarm system! - Units dispatched to automatic fire alarms that are reported as water flow alarms shall respond code\_\_\... 3. - If nothing showing from side Alpha or after locating the annunciator panel, personnel shall... perform 360, locate outside risers, check the system to see if water is actually flowing ( pressure gauges, water gong alarm, etc...). - All buildings in the county that are equipped with fire alarm systems are also required to... maintain building access keys in a Knox box. - If no Knox box or not working properly, contact... appropriate area inspector within BOSS. - The CO will use discretion on waiting for a key holder or needing immediate access to force entry. - If a building representative is present, advise them of the problem and turn the building over to them for appropriate action, advise the Comms Center of the turnover. - If no building rep is present, advise Comms Center Alarm is silenced and they will notify the monitoring company who in turn will contact the building rep that the system needs to be serviced. 100-04 Fire protection Systems - \_\_\_ is assigned to support fire protection systems when a fire occurs in a building equipped with them... 2^nd^ arriving. - Support of the system includes: - Supplement the Water Supply to the Sprinkler System maintaining 150 psi with potable water: - Water needed for other firefighting activities should not diminish the water supply to the Fire protection System. - Verify all Sprinkler Control Valves are Open (PIV, WIV, OS&Y): - If not completely opened, open completely unless... otherwise instructed by the IC. - If sprinkler control valve is closed and marked "closed for repair... notify the IC of this condition and await orders. - Verify the Fire Pump is running: - If present and has not started, start manually. - If cannot start manually, notify the IC. - Shutting down the System: - Sprinkler system should not be shut off until... fire is extinguished or at the IC's direction. - The flow from \_\_\_ should be stopped as soon as practical to prevent excessive water damage... Fused Sprinkler Heads. - In fires with several heads that have fused, it may be necessary to... shut down the affected zone via the [zone control valve.] - Control valves for sprinkler systems should only be closed upon... order of the IC. - What is needed if a control valve is closed... FF with radio remaining at valve to reopen if necessary. - Fire Company's may replace activated heads and recharge the system but this does not alleviate the building owner's responsibility to contact a licensed fire sprinkler contractor to perform and document follow-up. - Follow-up: - \_\_\_ should advise \_\_\_ of the status of the sprinkler system... IC, BOSS. - \_\_\_\_ should attempt to contact the building rep and advise them of the need for repairs... IC, Investigator or Comms Center. - It is the sole responsibility of the \_\_\_ to make repairs to the sprinkler system in an expedient manner... Building owner. - Whenever a sprinkler system is activated the following must be completed... Incident report and Life Safety Activation form. - In addition to the incident reporting, the incident report shall include... information on any problems encountered while supplying or working with the fire protection system, what actions FD personnel took, any valves found closed. - Standpipes only: - Supplement the system: supply lines shall be charged to \_\_ psi and adjusted to the correct pressure based on the hose layout, with FDC pressure not to exceed \_\_\_ psi... 100, 150. - Verify Valves are open (same as Sprinkler system). - Firefighting Ops: Crews should connect one floor below the fire and advance up, valve should be opened and flushed to clear debris before connecting. - Combined Systems: - Integrated standpipe and sprinkler system sharing a common FDC. - Maintain a minimum \_\_\_ psi to support sprinklers and pump a higher pressure if necessary to support hose lines but not to exceed \_\_\_ psi at the FDC\... 150, 200. 110-01 Emergency and Non-Emergency Response - Driving into oncoming lanes is a last resort for extreme situations and should be done with extreme caution. - An emergency response is warranted when... units receive notification that an immediate threat to life safety and/or property exists (generally initiated by page from the Comm Center). - First arriving unit may advise other responding units to: continue code 3, slow to code 1 or proceed to staging. - Company Officers shall have discretion to assign themselves to an incident if it is... in the best interest of the incident and Fire Rescue. - When self-assigning, you must communicate to the comm center the... intent and justification. - If a multi-company response, permission to self-assign must be granted by... IC or highest ranking responding officer if no one on scene yet. - Vehicles for Code 3 response shall have appropriate... emergency lighting, equipment and markings. - Non-emergency response is no immediate life threat. - Public assist is a non-emergency request. - Non-emergency requests forwarded to the FOO, FOO determined which units, if any, should respond. - If no units dispatched or delayed, FOO should contact caller advising reasons why fire rescue is delayed or unable to respond. - Medical incidents require a Code 3 response, 2^nd^ due can be slowed to code 1 as soon as possible. - Structure Fires require Code 3, if "nothing showing" all others slow to code 1. - Light and air code 1 unless otherwise requested. - Brush trucks shall respond the same code as accompanying apparatus. - Wildland fires during regular season requires code 3 by Engine and Brush Truck - Dry Brush season is code 3 for first due and code 1 for all others unless reports of: life safety concerns, threatened structures, extreme weather conditions. - Code 1: Dumpster fire, bomb scare, power lines down, police assist, illegal burn, wash down, public assist, investigation, EOD-WMD assist, fire alarms, CO alarm, 911 hang up. - Code 3 for 1^st^ due and code 1 for all others: Small LP Leak without fire, fuel leak, chemical emergency, car in canal with no trapped victims reported. - Incidents requiring staging for LE are code 1 until scene secure and then upgrade to code 3. - 911 hang-up and simultaneous intrusion alarm with fire alarm, considered police matter and stage for PD. - Happen upon an unrelated incident while responding: 360, notify comm center, decision by company officer to proceed to original incident or remain on scene of new incident, any Fire Rescue personnel remaining on scene shall secure the scene and render appropriate aid to level of training until additional units arrive. 210-01 Communications - Signals or codes should only be used for... security or confidentiality. - Radio transmissions should follow the... Military Order Model. - What should be done to avoid confusion with other units that sound alike... Verbalize unit ID as separate numbers. - Personnel, including IC, should \_\_\_ fire ground/ tactical orders to make sure they are understood... Echo back. - Avoidance to interrupt ongoing communications should take place unless... initiating emergency procedures. - If interruption does occur, the person who initiated the original message should tell the interrupting unit to "stand-by" and continue original message. - [Radio discipline] should be utilized during all IDLH incidents, especially when companies are [first entering an IDLH.] - Personnel should avoid [non-essential] transmissions during this time. - [Good radio communication] is critical to safe and effective fire ground performance. - When speaking on the radio... speak clearly at a practiced rate, deliberately control your emotions and breathing. - Use MDC or stat with Comms Center on appropriate Tac Channel for... Responding, Arrival, and Available. - Units going available on a move-up must... verbally stat with Comm Center. - Personnel dispatched to [non-emergency incident (ie public assist)] shall remain on [fire main] to monitor emergency incidents in their zone. - If emergency call comes in zone that they can handle, advise Comm Center and dispatch will advise unit to switch to appropriate Tac channel. - [800 MHz radios] have limited range in [large reinforced structures.] - [Fire ground simplex channel] (14A, 15A) may be utilized within a radius of [one mile.] - Dispatch should be notified before units switch to simplex channel. - IC may consider requesting additional tac channels for Incident Management Assignments (base, medical Ops). - When additional alarms are added, units should respond on Battalion tac channel and MDC's then switch to assigned Tac channel. - Bench Marks: - Structure Fire: - Primary Complete, All Clear - Secondary Complete, All clear - Water on the fire- found seat of fire and applying water to confine and extinguish - Fire under control- Fire attack has confined the fire, eliminated further extension, and protected any threatened exposures. - Fire out- overhaul ops complete. - Medical Incidents: "MCI Level" "Extrication in progress/ complete" "Trauma/ Stroke/ STEMI/ Med Alert" - Mayday's: Mayday firefighter located, mayday firefighter ID confirmed, Mayday firefighter out. - Open Water and Dive Rescue Ops: Swimmer/ Diver in water, object located "3 pulls", Object out of the water, swimmer/diver out of the water, rescue mode, recovery mode, swim/dive terminated. - Arrival Report- conducted by first unit arriving on scene with the exception of typical medical calls. - 4 basic parts to an arrival report: [CANS] - [Conditions-] current conditions visible from the cab. - [Actions-] what immediate action the company is going to perform. - [Needs-] what additional resources are needed that are not in the initial alarm. - [Statement of Incident Command-] IC Command name, location and mode. - Offensive mode is assumed but defensive mode must be declared. - Essential to incident management, they allow for effective decision making and assist in prioritizing the commitment of resources as well as allow for effective refinement and revision of the IAP... Progress Reports. - Company Officers should provide [timely progress reports] to confirm [progress and outcomes against objectives]. - Progress reports need to be... timely, complete and concise. - Progress reports should include... CAN. - Progress reports should briefly detail where and what actions... are being undertaken and have been completed. - [Progress reports] will occur with great frequency in the [early stages of the incident], typically every [5-10 minutes], or as [major parts of the job are completed. ] - [Incident Command] may request progress reports on a periodic basis if reports are not being provided. - Responsible for noting pertinent, changing conditions (getting better or worse) and communicated through the chain of command to the IC so strategies may be modified... Each Firefighter. - Comm center shall announce bench marks every [10 minutes] to assist IC with [time-tracking] and recommended IC give [progress report. ] - Requested through trauma hawk when immediate communication is required during the landing zone process to ensure that scene safety is maintained... priority traffic. - No alert tones unless requested by trauma hawk due to an... immediate emergent situation. - "Priority traffic all clear" when complete. - The term used to advise personnel of [imminent danger] and announced by the dispatcher... ["Emergency Traffic".] - Requested by the company when immediate communication needs to be broadcasted. - Used by Comm center to broadcast information related to [health and safety] of units responding to an incident. - When announced by a company, Comms Center shall sound [alert tones] for all units to stand by and cease radio traffic except the company requesting Emergency Traffic. - ["Emergency Traffic"] shall be used when advising personnel of imminent danger when communicating [exclusion zones]. - ["Emergency Traffic All Clear"] may be utilized when all personnel are clear of the imminent danger allowing for Comm Center to release the Tac Channel to resume normal radio traffic. - Term used to advise personnel of [imminent danger] requiring evacuation of the scene or area to an established safe place (rally point)... ["Emergency Evacuation"] - Comms center activates radio alert tones and advises evacuate the building immediately [(repeated twice),] "[Emergency Traffic"] in effect, units activate air horns for [1-10 secs on and 1-10 secs off for 50 secs], report to supervisor for a PAR. - Once all personnel are evacuated, the term "[emergency evacuation all clear]" should be utilized. - Comm center shall document Evac start and end time in the incident history using misc comment. - Law enforcement code for help, used by FF when in a [life threatening situation] and in need of immediate LE assistance... [10-24.] - [Emergency traffic] should go into effect until... [LE arrives and/or requesting units advises scene is secure. ] - Comms Center shall only shall only sound radio alert tones for... [Emergency Traffic, Mayday and evacuation.] - When [alert tone] is sounded, comms center shall initiate [channel marker.] - Timed, short beep over the radio channel to indicate an emergency event is in progress and radio transmissions on the channel should be kept to an absolute minimum. - [IC] shall verify other agencies have direct communications with the IC for [Multijurisdictional Incidents. ] - Accomplished through: compatible radio systems (advise frequency), ICP rep, Disseminate Radios from requesting agency, Merge companies to have comms with IC. - [VHF] hailing of other agency shall begin by stating the agency name [3 times followed by PBCFR and end with "over".] - When response given, advise operational radio channel to switch to. - When comms are to be terminated, VHF radio operators say [the agency name followed by "out". ] - [USCG] response use [channel 16], will respond with request for more information and may direct the call to Channel [22-USCG Operations Channel.] - Comms center will make contact to bridge tender to hold the bridge, comms center contacted via 800 MHz or landline. - VHF radios may be used for emergencies to contact [bridge --tender] directly using [VHF Channel 9-Hailing Channel.] 220-01 Personal Accountability - Responsible for the enforcement of this SOG are [Chiefs and Company Officers.] - Beginning of each shift, Fd personnel should attach [one name tag to primary passport and 1 tag to back up passport and attach appropriate helmet tag on helmet shield.] - CO shall ensure: accountability components checked periodically, available and useable at all times, all personnel are rostered on unit. - Change of FF location, CO is responsible to update: primary passport, back up passport, helmet tag and roster. - 2" x 4" flexible Velcro maintained under the brim of company officer's helmet... primary passport. - 2" x 4" rigid Velcro, inside the cab on the officer's side... Backup passport. - 1/2" by 2" with Velcro, unit ID engraved with colors... Unit ID Tag - Chief-White, Engine-Red, Rescue-Blue, Brush-Green, Specialty Units-Black. - 3/8"x2", color coded by rank, with hook Velcro on back, FF last name engraved... Name Tags. - Chiefs-White, All Captains-Red, LT-Red with LT before name, Medic-Blue, DO-Black, FF-Yellow. - Number of name tags shall be kept on the underside of each FF's helmet not in use... 4. - Helmet Shields, secure to helmet, DC and above, permanent and white. BC-LT-white with removable tag, DO and FF-Black, Probi and recruit-Orange with title in display. - Helmet tags attached to shield: BC and EMS- white with black lettering, Engine-black, Rescue-Blue, Special Ops-Yellow, Aerials-Red, Tanker-Brown, ARFF-special to unit. - Personal commitment to work within the safety system at an incident and the [responsibility of all personnel] to actively participate... [Personnel Accountability System.] - Responsibility to update the passport anytime personnel change apparatus or location during a shift... Company Officer. - Only this person can provide strategic or tactical order to them... person holding the passport of a unit or individual. - Personnel accountability shall be tracked at all incidents that personnel are... operating in an IDLH. - Before returning the passport, personnel are responsible for... conducting a face-to-face. - These personnel must report directly to the IC and provide passport... single unit resources. - Personnel working away from their company, i.e. DO at pump... name tag upside down on passport. - When incident escalate to divisions or groups... Unit ID tag to IC, passport to div/group supervisor assigned to. - When IC has been established, the IC shall... account for all personnel regardless of atmospheric conditions, utilize passport system, collect or ID someone to collect passports. - IC should assign an accountability officer... based on the needs of the incident. - IC should utilize an incident command board to... manage span of control, assist with accountability, maintain resources and track tactical priorities. - A minimum company size should be considered\_\_ people... 2. - Only receiving orders form the person who holds their passport is the responsibility of... all fire rescue personnel. - Exception to this rule is orders from... Safety Officer or Assistant Safety Officer. - Company officers should know the following of all members they directly supervise... identity, location, tactical assignment, time of assignment. - Anytime a company enters/exits an IDLH environment, they shall notify... Comm Center, IC or person holding their passport. - Tac channel or face-to-face, if complex event with group/div, face-to-face preferred. - Unit entering/exiting IDLH shall communicate... Unit ID, location in/out, PAR assignment (if relevant) and direction of travel (if relevant). - Responsibility of all personnel to stay with their company by... voice, vision, touch or other single line method in an IDLH. - Radio comm [is not] substituted for voice contact. - Manages accountability of personnel at an incident... Accountability Officer. - Fire Rescue Personnel in charge of a unit shall... receive passports, record info when entering/ exiting comm's given, maintain awareness of activities being supervised, use passports when necessary to conduct emergency accountability duties. - Special Ops or TRT incidents, person responsible for accountability through a controlled entry point is designated to... Site Access Control Leader. - Accountability check of all personnel at a fire rescue incident... PAR. - When IC is conducting a PAR, they should request... "Emergency Traffic". - Providing a Par, the following should be relayed: Unit, number of personnel and location. - Par should be performed for... Mayday or determined by IC or ISO (book states change of tactic 'offensive to defensive') - PAR complete should be provided to Comm Center by... IC. - Person that shall ensure their passport is retrieved and returned to the proper location after units or personnel are released from an incident... Company Officer. 220-02 Two In- Two Out Rule - Prior to initiating Offensive Mode in an IDLH, a minimum of 4 firefighters shall be assembled on scene known as the two-in two-out rule. - Firefighters should only enter a structure after conducting a 360 and having given consideration to the potential risk of personnel. - If 4 firefighters are not on scene for offensive mode of operation essential functions performed should be: defensive fire attack, water supply, deploy hose lines, soften structure. - IC shall assign two firefighters (two-out) in appropriate PPE for any two-in firefighters that enter the IDLH. - One of the two should be able to monitor and communicate with inside firefighters. - The other one can perform other essential functions provided they can be abandoned without creating additional life safety risk to any firefighters on scene. - Two-in/Two-out does not apply for performing rescue activities, allowing firefighters to enter with less than 4 members on scene if a rescue profile exists. - Must be properly documented any time this exception is utilized with justification in Incident reporting. 220-03 Situational Awareness - The process used to identify, comprehend, analyze and react to critical information... Situational Awareness. - Included but not limited to: closest exit of a structure, air consumption, changing fire conditions, scene surroundings. - Maintaining [situational awareness] allows firefighters to [make quick and deliberate decisions, even when faced with adverse conditions.] - Firefighters should stay oriented when inside a structure and should announce\_\_\_\_ to the incident commander... major change in location. - Closest means of egress may not be the original entry point, it is critical that FF's note the location of all exterior doors or windows as possible emergency exits. - [Situational awareness] applies to [all emergency incidents.] - Objective to actively monitor and manage air consumption while performing firefighting functions, and to calculate air usage so that companies exit IDLH environment prior to the activation of low air alarm... air management. - Require both individual and team responsibilities... Rules of Air Management. - SCBA should be checked\_\_\_\_ and cylinders at or below \_\_\_ shall be filled. Every morning and after each use, 4050 psi. - IDLH: - Any known, suspected, or unknown atmosphere concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiate substance that: possess an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible or delayed health effects, and would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. - Fire beyond the incipient stage. - Any atmosphere that contains less than 19.5% or more than 23% O2. - Worn in all IDLH atmospheres... SCBA. - FF's shall check air with the company prior to entering IDLH for 4050 psi or greater. - Allows the firefighter to maintain situational awareness and not get tunnel vision while performing their task... routine air status check. - Air consumption is effected by: physical fitness and condition, emotional stability, physical exertion, environment in which the work being performed, type of work being performed. - Company Officers are responsible for ensuring company integrity and periodically checking on their company to include: Air consumption, situational awareness and physical condition. - A good time to check on company status is... 10 minute bench marks. - CO's should ensure personnel rotate positions of heavy work and light work so air consumption is equalized among them. - FF's should give an automatic air status report to CO upon reaching... 50% 2250 psi. - CO should then review the air supply of all crew members to make a decision to stay or start to exit based on lowest air pressure. - Decision should be made based on the status of their assignment and location in the structure. - CO shall request relief so that egress from IDLH environment occurs prior to activation of the low air alarm. - Firefighter shall exit IDLH prior to low air alarm to allow for: emergency reserve, margin of error for unexpected collapse, disorientation, or other problem. Also allows for RIC to make entry and effect rescue. - Should a low air alarm activate (due to mechanical failure and not a planned or deliberate use of air), FF's shall immediately notify their Company Officer. - Refer to mayday SOG upon activation of low air alarm or if any FF's experience an air emergency. 220-04 Mayday - If any fire rescue personnel experiences a "Mayday" then that entire company must exit the IDLH. - Once a mayday is declared the dispatcher shall: call Emergency Traffic, relay pertinent info to the IC or mayday FF, notify FOO and dispatch supervisor, and put trauma hawk on standby. - The most difficult and challenging incident an IC will ever manage may be a... Mayday Situation. - IC shall maintain... strong command presence, composure, self-control, and self-discipline. - Once a mayday is declared the IC shall: - Call emergency traffic, obtain LUNAR, consider additional alarm, activate RIC or RIG, conduct a PAR (face-to-face preferred), restructure incident objectives giving FF rescue priority, designate another chief officer to handle mayday (the ISO is preferred), position additional FF's on the exterior of windows and doors to look and listen for mayday FF, determine if an additional Tac Channel is required. - Once a Mayday is declared, ISO should consider requesting a... Assistant Safety Officer. - Once a Mayday is declared, deployment of RIC/RIG should be sufficient to safely locate and extricate each missing FF. - Personnel not actively engaged in the Mayday emergency should exercise radio silence unless... IC, mayday FF, RIC/RIG, RIG Supervisor, other companies directly involved in rescue efforts. - Firefighter who declares mayday: - depress orange emergency button for [4 seconds], sends emergency alert to all comm center consoles and initiates [20 second open mic.] - Announce mayday, mayday, mayday and give LUNAR. - Activate pass manually. - Attempt self-rescue: - Stay together as a company, conscious effort to control breathing, avoid non-essential talking or physical activity, search for an exit if able, do not abandon hose line, if unable to find an exit attempt to find an exterior wall and then search for windows and doors. - If run out of air, as last resort, FF can use particulate filter or hood as a filter. - Hood placed over mask opening, do not take off mask. - When cannot find a way out, locate an area of safe refuge and advise rescue operation. - Protective area free from hazard ( room or floor isolated from heat and flow path)... Area of Safe Refuge. - When in are of safe refuge, mayday FF should: be next to wall/door/or hallway (to increase being located by RIC), assume horizontal position on floor (maximizes audible effects of PASS device), position flashlight to the ceiling (increase chances of light being seen), make tapping noises (provides audible alerts to the rescuers). - When the IC determines Mayday Operation is completed, tac channel may be released in accordance to Emergency Traffic. - Maydays can be the most significant events in a FF's career, (for all involved) therefore the IC should consider activation of the CISM team. 300-01 Power Line Incidents - Electrical equipment fires can create additional hazards such as... toxic smoke. - Use a fog stream at the base of a pole, primary objective is to protect the surrounding area. - Down power lines must always be considered energized. - Lockout of downed power lines typically occurs after... 3 operations or attempts to reenergize. - Do not assume the line is dead or de-energized after this, power lines can become hot or energized again by: - Manual switch, automatic re-closing method, induction from an energized line in proximity, back-feed conditions (generators). - Power lines may curl or roll on itself because they tend to have... [reel memory]. - Response to power line down: 360, request utilities, locate both ends of down line, identify exclusionary zone (at least distance equal to one span between power poles, secure the area and deny entry, wait for power company arrival, multiple lines or poles down over a large area, consider additional resources. - Down lines involving vehicles or structures: same as above, have occupants stay put, if must leave do to threat to life, instruct to jump free with legs together and "hop" out without touching the object and ground at the same time. - Fires: be aware of explosions, apparatus safe location form under power lines, do not make entry into area until utility company de-energized power lines or equipment, protect exposures. - Power poles permitted to burn until utility company confirms pole is off. - Transformer fires at ground level allowed to burn and exposures protected. - Transformer fires above ground permitted to burn until utility company confirms off, then extinguish with dry chemical from an aerial. - Sub-station fires require consultation and cooperation with utility company. - Electric vaults and manholes: - Prevent a high potential for explosion and toxic smoke, do not enter area or park apparatus over manholes, if no life-hazard, let burn and protect exposures. - Requests to shut down electrical grids presented when a life-threatening situation (citizen in contact with power lines, car accident involving downed lines with unconscious pt, etc.). - Request the response of power companies to drop a grid. Provide Comm center with: best address possible, accurate yellow device description number, cell number of IC. 300-02 TAC Stick Application - All electrical line shall be treated us energized regardless of TAC Stick readings. - Used strictly to isolate and create exclusion zone. - Not used as a deemed safe device, just to notify members of energy sources that they were not previously aware of. - Lines are only deemed safe after qualified utility personnel have made that determination, extreme caution still used due to the possibility of open-neutrals and automatic or back-fed generators. - Electric current that reverses its direction many times a second... alternating current. - House wires, electricity coming from power lines. - Electric current flowing in one direction... Direct Current. - Solar cells, car batteries. - Tac Stick works on AC voltage, providing audible beeps and led flashes, increasing amplification as you get closer making it able to locate source quickly. - Tac Stick does not warn of DC or shielded AC voltage. - 3 sensitivity settings: high, low, front focused. - Always start in HIGH Sensitivity setting and progress through other settings as search narrows. - Front Focused setting picks up signals only from the front tip, it will not pick up signals from certain distances and directions. - Move the TAC Stick up and down, left and right, reduce sensitivity to low or front focused when needed to pinpoint a source. - Device can be particularly useful during night operations when sources are difficult to see during post-storm area searches when debris makes energy sources difficult to see. - Also useful when difficult to identify energy sources during night ops, smoke, debris and dynamic activity making energy sources difficult to see. 300-03 Lockout-Tagout - Lockout/Tagout kit shall contain: 6 padlocks with 2 keys, 6 "Do Not Operate" tags, 6 wire wraps, and 2 multi-lock hasps. - When a machine, equipment or system is inoperative and the energy source is isolated... Zero Mechanical State (ZMS). - When a lockout device cannot be applied, Tagout device should be affixed to the energy control device. Physical security recommended. - If cannot affix the tagout (do not operate) tag directly to the energy control device, should be located as close as possible. - The device should be immediately obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device. - Tag out devices should have the following information: Unit ID, CO name, Station phone number, Comm Center Phone number. - If lockout tagout device affixed, should not remove unless directed by.... The IC. - If lockout of elevator, should remain in place until... building rep or elevator company assumes responsibility. (leave in place and do not wait for extended period of time, return after receiving phone call of elevator company on scene. 310-01 Traffic Operations - Positioning at a roadway incident done in a manner that best protects the incident and Safe Work Area. - Protection of Safe Work Area for Fire Rescue personnel, LE, tow service, patients, and the public. - Interagency agreement between Fire Rescue and FDOT establishes policy to expedite removal of vehicles, cargo, and debris from state roadways in an urgent manner. - Clearing the travel portion of the roadway should be a high priority. - Tactical procedures to protect all personnel at the scene: Never trust approaching traffic, avoid back to traffic, initial block with first arriving unit, high visibility vest, structural helmet, appropriate PPE dictated by the incident, turn off vision impairment such as headlights and spotlights, use FD and LE vehicles to redirect traffic flow, transition zone upstream, traffic cones, lookout, never trust traffic, keep eye on moving traffic, avoid turning back to moving traffic. - More than 3 lanes, numbered left to right. - Shoulders identified by left/right and/or inside/outside. - Blocking is position truck at 45 degree angle creating a physical barrier between upstream and Safe Work Area. - Block at least one additional lane of traffic to lanes already obstructed by crashed vehicles. - Wheels should be chocked when available, with front wheels turned away from incident. - Protect upstream side of truck for pump panel, extrication compartment, or medical compartment (whichever is to be used). - Patient transport loading area angled away from nearest lane of moving traffic. - LE vehicles to provide additional blocking. - All multi-directional traffic patterns shall have two or more sides of the incident blocked. - LE and FD units strategically placed to expand Safe Work Area for traffic approaching from opposing directions. - Goal to effectively block all exposed sides of Safe Work Area. - Safety vest, helmet and appropriate level of PPE donned prior to exiting vehicle. - Student rider must don vest when exiting. - Assigned to monitor upstream traffic and should be assigned on all crash incidents... Lookout. - Lookout warns operating personnel of non-compliant motorist approaching via radio or pre-determined audible warning signal. - Non-compliant motorist refers to not responding to speed changes, transition, tapering, or merging directions. - Transition zones is the lanes of roadway motorists change speed and lane position to comply with traffic control measures. - Traffic cones deployed at 15' intervals upstream of blocking apparatus with furthest cone 75' upstream to allow adequate advance warning. - When safe to do so, placing flares adjacent to and in combination with traffic cones for nighttime operations greatly enhances scene safety. - IC shall assure Safe Work Area established and maintained, all employee's in vest, assign parking location for units arriving, pt loading protected, ensure emergency warning lights remain on, ensure staged vehicles are off roadway. - Judgement of IC becomes essential for safety of operational personnel and patients, any or all lanes, shoulders, and entry or exit ramps of high-volume limited access highways can be completely shut down. - Rarely should occur and as short of a period to do so. - Traffic cones on high-volume limited access highways shall be placed further apart, with last cone 150' upstream. - Command should establish Liaison with LE asap to jointly coordinate Safe Work Area and determine how to most efficiently resolve the incident and establish normal traffic flows. - Non-emergency staff: decision to stop and render assistance based on how a "reasonable and prudent" person to respond. 310-02 Vehicle Accidents - CO may request additional resources based on: visible/ reported conditions, knowledge of area, number of vehicles, number of pts, and other unusual circumstances. - CO shall ensure personnel have on appropriate PPE based on... immediate hazards. - Vehicles damaged in accidents are inherently unstable and require stabilization to minimize further movement so the extrication process can proceed. - Placed in park, engine off and wheels chocked. - FD personnel should hold cervical spine immobilization of front seat pts from the rear seat. - Vehicles electrical system should be completely shut down as early into the extrication as possible. - Minimizes danger but does not eliminate it. - Cases of significant damage or extrication, cut negative than positive battery cables removing ½" of cable and cover ends with tape. - If unable, remove cable from post and secure so will not make contact with any metal. - Caution must be used to avoid cutting or crushing the activation devices: side impact airbags in doors and seats, seatbelt pre-tensioning devices (B-post), roll over bags (A,B,C posts/ roofline), knee airbags (front dash), inflatable seat belts. - 1 ¾ line deployed on all extrications and manned with appropriate PPE if... significant threat of fire exists. - Consideration of foam should be given for fuel spills. - Absorbent used for small spills from the roadway. - Types of fuel being used in vehicles today: gas, diesel, gas-electric hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery electric, biodiesel, ethanol/flex fuel, propane or LPG, natural gas or CNG, fuel cells. - Fuel cells often hydrogen cells and show no flame or smoke when burning, only recognized by distortion or TIC. - No standardized marking and labeling requirements for each fuel type. - First arriving: establish command, stabilize the scene, stabilize the vehicle(s), pt care, and extricate victims. - MVC's minor injuries minor damage may be removed from roadway for the purpose of reducing the hazard to other drivers and to eliminate traffic obstruction. - Use orange spray paint to mark placement (each wheel RF, RR) of vehicles before moving. - May remain on scene until law enforcement arrives, if another response, may leave and notify LE via Comm center. - First arriving EMS Cpt can be assigned ISO and perform 360 or if multiple pts may be used as Medical Group or Division. - BC to assume command if... incident is escalating or unstable. - Aerial, special ops, and assign extrication group or division if extended use of power tools to be used to extricate. 310-04 Vehicle Lock-Outs - Closest available rescue shall be dispatched to all reported persons locked in a vehicle, if primary rescue in zone not available, closest engine shall be dispatched. - Closest engine dispatched for all animals locked in car. - If no running air Condition it should be treated as a true emergency. - If occupant has signs and symptoms, should be extricated immediately and treated accordingly ie breaking a window with or without owner's permission. - Victim without signs of compromise, use most appropriate expeditious method for gaining entry. - If breaking a window, must gain owner's permission, professional judgement must be used and actions justifiable, with time of day and ambient temperature being primary factors. - Fire Rescue personnel shall be assigned to continually observe and immediately communicate if occupant presents signs of compromise. - Occupied with AC and no signs of compromise, if vehicle owner requests assistance to attempt to unlick, have release from Liability signed, jiffy jack attempted, if unable to unlock then request pop-a-lock. - If owner requests window broken, ensure Release of Liability, only after signed should a window be broken to gain entry to an occupied vehicle with running air condition for occupant with no signs of compromise. - Forward all release of liability forms to the records custodian. 320-01 Elevator Operations - It is not recommended that fire rescue personnel attempt any of the following: 1) move the elevator by means of manual lowering, raising, hydraulic bleeding, car drifting 2) attempt to repair any electrical or mechanical equipment or 3) move or disable the power with use of stop switches, pit switches or car top switches. - When working around elevator machinery... all actions must be well thought out and deliberate. - If all passengers out, CO should attempt to identify malfunctioning elevator and report to building rep prior to leaving the scene. - Determining a malfunctioning elevator, elevator company shall be requested to respond, ascertain an ETA if possible. - Unless a medical emergency or other extreme condition, best to wait for elevator company. - Even with arrival of service company, FF's should not operate: equipment, switches, valves, devices that shall operate in movement of elevator. - Check Knox for elevator keys then as follows: - Determine location of stalled elevator - Position indicator, bystander or people, open hoist way door, check roof top elevator machine room if applicable and look down cable drop holes (machine guards required after 2015 so not possible). - Establish and maintain comm with passengers: voice, elevator phone, or cell phone. - Assess passengers: \#, medical status, provide instructions if required, request additional resources if needed, reassure passengers they are safe and working to fix the situation, clearly instruct passengers to stay put until instructed to do so, remain in contact. - Clearly id the elevator malfunctioning: press call button in lobby or other floors, instruct passengers to push main lobby button and verify door fully closed by pressing and holding "door close" button, and ensure the hoist way doors on all floors are fully closed. - Elevator machine room firefighter: at least 1 FF in contact with rest of crew. - Elevator main power switch found within arm's reach of elevator machine room door, sight of elevator hoist motor. - Generally elevators are identified by number or letters, or in a clockwise direction from main lobby entrance. - Two disconnect switches for elevators: large switch for elevator main power and small switch for lights and fans (should be left ON). - Attempt to recall the elevator to the main floor: activate phase 1 using fire service key, do not reboot elevators under any circumstances. - Passengers exiting an elevator: two classifications RESCUE or REMOVAL. - Elevators stalled with-in [3'] from a landing... Removal. - Elevators stalled [greater than 3'] from a landing... Rescue. - Greater risk because entering the hoist way and large opening between the elevator car floor and landing. - Consideration to blocking hoist way opening with a physical object (ie ladder or table) and securing any exiting passengers. - Removal: elevator machine room to shut off power, open hoist way door, assist passengers out with ladder, stepladder, or stool. - If exiting passengers are exposed to the elevator car top or hoist way in any way, exiting passenger shall be equipped with a ladder belt or safety harness that is secure with rope... no exceptions. - FF shall be anchor for rope but fixed object is preferred. - Closely monitored with a reasonable length of rope between passenger and FF. - After removal, ensure all hoist way doors are closed and secured. - Rescue: use "risk analysis" when considering removing from roof hatch of stalled elevator. - Consider requesting aerial or Special Ops. - Shut power to malfunctioned elevator and nearby adjoining elevators, lockout/ tag out. - Proceed to floor above stalled elevator. - All FD personnel entering hoist way shall be wearing safety harness secured with rope, helmet and gloves. - Place ladder for access extending at least 3' above floor (roof ladder). - Open hatch with bolt cutters if required extend second ladder into hatch (typically attic ladder 10') - Enter the car and place the elevator to Stop, reassure passengers and explain plan. - All passengers above PPE for entering hoist way. - Rescuing from stalled elevator to functioning elevator is extremely technical and shall only be performed as a last resort from Special Ops. 320-02 Landing Zones - Minimum to establish a landing zone is... 3 person Engine, Rescue Pumper or Aerial. - Positioned close enough to rapidly deploy an 1 ¾ line. - Other apparatus should be positioned out of landing zone and under power lines that cross the roadway. - LZ should be clear, flat and firm with an area of 120' by 120'. - Final decision whether or not to use the LZ site selected by the ground crew by... the pilot. - Landing on a divided highway, traffic should be stopped in both directions if: conflict with aircraft operations, pilots discretion, IC discretion. - If possible, LZ should be located to allow aircraft approach into the wind without flying over emergency scene. - Approach to the aircraft only if accompanied by or directed by a member of the flight crew wearing helmet, eye pro, and ear pro. - Abort indicates that the LZ is no longer safe and responsibility of all personnel if ground units or helicopter are in danger by announcing Abort-Abort-Abort and wave off with outstretched hands over head back and forth. - Marshaller maintains direct radio contact with flight crew to ensure LZ is clear. - May remain on the Tac Channel at discretion of IC or Pilot. - 2 helicopters to same landing zone, separate Tac Channels. - 2 helicopters at 2 different LZ's, separate Tac Channels. - Marshaller and tail rotor guards shall wear: full bunker gear, eye pro and ear pro. - Prior to final approach marshaller should initially be positioned to mark recommended point of helicopter landing within LZ with wind a back, maintain radio contact with aircraft, ID as marshaller by holding both hands straight up over head until recognized by aircraft by radio comms. - Tail rotor guards on either side of marshaller. - On final approach, marshaller shall us both arms pointing at recommended touchdown location, tail rotor guards shall move out and away to a safe location, preferably in close proximity to another obstacle, while still maintaining visual contact with aircraft. - When in fenced in area, ground crew shall position at access points. - Not in fenced in area, crew should come around aircraft when rotor blades have been placed in idle mode, rotors have slowed down, and the flight crew gives direction. Ground crews should be placed 50' away at the 12, 5 and 7 o'clock positions. - Do not approach the aircraft until flight crew has exited the aircraft. - Remain in position until aircraft is ready to depart and the rotor blades begin to speed up. - When rotor blades begin to speed up, move out and away. - Maintain LZ for minimum of [2 minutes after departure]. - Nighttime landing shall be well lit or clearly marked with light sticks or box lights, no flares. - Once pilot located the incident, all non-essential emergency lights should be turned off. 320-03 Atmospheric Monitoring - Every apparatus in their pt assessment bag shall have a... PAC 5500 single gas CO monitor. - Engine, Aerial, BC and Special Ops have Draeger X-am 2500 4-gas. - EMS captain has Draeger X-am 5000 5-gas. - Person performing monitoring shall be in full PPE including appropriate respiratory protection. - Should a monitor alarm activate at any time: IC informed, primary search for any victims in Full PPE and on air, IC establish control zones, personnel not in PPE and SCBA exit immediately, additional ventilation performed prior to removing any respiratory protection. - PAC 5500 Single gas CO: passive monitor for presence of CO on medical calls, remains on at all times, not intended for atmospheric monitoring, resets once levels return to 0ppm. - Dangerous environment is present and the operator should take appropriate corresponding actions... alarm 1. - O2 must be above 10% for atmospheric monitors to operate properly. - If LEL alarm, IC will assign crew to determine source. - HCN has a bitter, almond-like odor detectible at 1-5ppm to only 60-70% of population. - OV's have the potential to be carcinogens, displayed as EO for Ethylene Oxide on 5-gas. - Half-mask cartridge with OV filters may be used if O2 normal and OV only abnormal gas present. - Particularly useful on wildland fires, DO at pump panel, ISO, Post fire when no other gases are present. - Particular attention to units assigned ventilation and RIC as well as ICP location. - IC or ISO shall determine safe to remove SCBA, occupants enter structure, fire investigator to enter. - Readings shall be documented in appropriate fire reporting system. - O2: A1 19.5% A2 23.5% - LEL: A1 10% A2 20% - CO: A1 35 ppm A2 50ppm. - HS: A1 10ppm A2 15 ppm. - HCN: A1 2.5ppm A2 4.5 ppm - OV: A1 5 ppm A2 10ppm - Detects 12 different compounds: Ethylene Oxide, propylene oxide, ethane, propene, vinyl chloride, methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, butadiene, formaldehyde, vinyl acetate, isopropanol. Attachment D: **Alarm with occupant contact, possible exposure, NO known source:** a\. Crews wearing full PPE, SCBA, and Drager 2500 gas monitor will enter, conduct atmospheric monitoring and locate source of CO. b\. Rule out alternative sources like hydrogen gas from golf cart battery charging or electric wheel chairs, etc (Procedures remain the same as CO). c\. Crews will ventilate structure until CO levels fall to "0 ppm". d\. Remove source to outside when possible. e\. Medical care and EMS Capt. as needed. (Follow CO Protocol) f\. Inform occupants of potential source, atmospheric monitoring procedures, and recommendations for service by qualified contractor. **2. Alarm with *NO* occupant contact:** a\. Crews will attempt to make contact with occupants via neighbors, key holders, or alternative phone numbers. b\. Attempt to take readings from outside, especially through crevices' and openings. c\. Attempt entry without causing damage or with minimal damage. d\. Crews with full PPE, SCBA, and Drager 2500 gas monitor may enter using forcible entry, when applicable, and search for victims. e\. Officer will notify dispatch of "all clear" within the structure or initiate medical as needed (Follow CO Protocol). f\. Crews will then ventilate structure. **3. Alarm with occupant and reported exposures:** a\. Incident transitions to carbon monoxide incident with a Battalion Chief, EMS Captain, and closest Rescue added to the call. b\. First arriving officer will establish command. c\. Crew with full PPE, SCBA, and Drager gas monitor will PAR into the structure and quickly search and remove victims until an "All Clear" is given. d\. Crew will then locate, secure source of CO, and ventilate the structure until CO levels fall to "0 ppm". e\. Rescue crew will initiate treatment per EMS protocols. f\. Evaluate CO levels in the blood (carboxyhemoglobin) utilizing the rainbow sensor. (Follow CO Protocol). **4. Post-fire air quality assessment:** a\. After fire is out, the IC will request the affected unit and adjacent ones, to be checked for the presence of CO, HCN and OV gases. b\. Ventilation may be used to clear the affected areas. c\. If there is any presence of CO or other known toxic gases (present on either 4Gas or 5Gas monitors), the post-fire operations should be performed while wearing full PPE and on air (SCBA). d\. If the monitors indicate 0% readings on all gases and 20.9% reading on O2, the half face mask and appropriate OV cartridge shall be worn for further protection from other toxic vapors that are known to be present but are not detectable by the monitors. e\. Be cognizant that the structure that was on fire will be off gassing for many hours after the fire is extinguished and you may not encounter **0%** readings. 320-04 LPG and Natural Gas Leaks - ERG pgs 20-25 and Orange Guide pages 115-116. - NG also known as methane, lighter than air, LEL 5.3%-14% by volume. - Larger diameter pipes (18" and above) does not have mercaptan added. - Yellow pipe, ½"- 30" and larger. - 24" along the turnpike at 975 psi and from Port of PB to FPL West County Energy center. - Residential lines ½"-3/4". - Special ops can secure poly pipes above ¾" up to 2" with clamps and 5" with sleeves, larger than 5" support utility company. - Anything above 2" may require NG Company to mitigate. - LPG (propane) heavier than air, LEL range 2.1%-9.5% - Tanks: BBQ 20lbs, forklifts 33lb, commercial 100-420lbs standup, residential 500-1000 lbs, HQ 30,000lbs. - Confirmed leak, request BC and EMS Cpt. - Hot zone starts with LEL reading above 0, mark with high viz tape or cones. - Ensure 2-in and 2-out, water supply established1 ¾" with fog and comm center notify appropriate LPG/NG company to respond. - Exterior leak assign ISO, open flame let burn, protect exposures, immediately cool tank to avoid BLEVE, do not push flame out. - If pressure relief valve activating, cool tank immediately with 2 1/12" flowing 200gpm and evacuate area. - 1,000 lb tank or larger requires ground monitor with minimum 500 gpm to cool tank. - ½"-3/4" poly can be bent and duct taped, if pvc cutter may cut and then bend. - Area around leak should be sprayed with water to reduce chance of generating static spark, but not to flood hole. - Ensure natural ventilation until readings below 2% LEL then other ventilation means can be used. - Document readings on report, as well as Utility rep name, phone number, and ID or employee number, who scene was turned over to and unit narratives as applicable by NFIRS. 330-02 Water Rescue - 3 classifications of swimmer: non-swimmer, Level I Basic Swimmer and Level I Rescue Swimmer. - To evaluate swimmers, Company Officers may use the [watermanship proficiency evaluation. ] - Assignments on water rescue include: Primary Swimmer, Back-Up Swimmer, Spotter (one assigned to every swimmer for accountability), and shore support personnel. - Shore support personnel should be in a PFD or buoyancy compensator with emergency inflation device. - Spotters should: be on an elevated position, wearing a reflective vest, have binoculars. - Level I Basic equipment: swim attire, rescue buoy, long fins. - Level II Rescue equipment: level I plus rescue rope, paddle board, short blade fins. - Additional water rescue equipment at stations: 15, 16, 37, 38, and 91. - Paddle board, water rescue rope, short blade fins, board shorts, dive light, portable air horn, flare guns, binoculars, marker flags. - [Accountability officer] shall be assigned in cases of [2 or more swimmers. ] - Ratio for swimmers to spotters: 1:1. - Risk Benefit: assess the scene, identify hazards (weather, surf, currents, ingress, egress, swimmer abilities, traffic, leaking fluids, and submerged objects), request a dive team based on information received or length of response, and final decision to put swimmers in the water based on chance to rescue a viable victim and the risk to fire personnel. - Rescue mode: less than 1 hour, chance to save a life. Recovery mode: greater than 1 hour, turned over to law enforcement, no chance to save a life. - Take the following into account when determining Rescue Mode: victim above or below surface, time since victim last seen, swimming abilities of FD personnel, sufficiency and credibility of witnesses, water conditions, other incident hazards and factors. - Intended for surface water rescues but may be applied to underwater victims in calm, shallow waters. - Minimum of IC and [3 FD personnel who possess the level of operational capability required to extract the victim. ] - If immediate action may prevent the imminent loss of life, then a swimmer may deploy as long as minimum of 3-personnel on scene. - Below the water, Last --Seen-Point, interview witnesses separately, take to place they think there were located, ID landmark across the shore, have swimmer swim out to last-seen-point and place buoy. - Obtain \# of victims, clothing colors, age, swimming abilities, time victim last seen. - Safety considerations: work area limited to personnel directly involved in water rescue ops only, all personnel in the work area are considered Shore Support Personnel. - Review on hand signals before swimmer enters the water. - Swimmers shall not execute a below surface dive unless victim submersion is... directly witnessed by Fire Rescue Personnel. - Going below the surface in an unwitnessed open water rescue is considered... a dive operation. - Action plan for all water rescue operations: TALK, REACH, THROW, ROW, GO, HELO. - GO- phase one stabilize, phase 2 extraction to safety (1 swimmer per victim). - To increase visibility, spotter should use a rescue buoy when providing hand signals. - Spotter is responsible for: visual sight of victims and swimmer, confirming area of probability, hand signals. - Swimmer to shore: - One arm bent with hand on head... I'm Okay. - One arm straight over head... assistance needed. - One arm waving overhead... Help, Deploy Back Up Swimmer. - Two arms crossed overhead... victim submerged. - Shore to swimmer: - One arm extended.... Move to that direction. - Both arms extended... remain stationary. - One arm straight overhead... come towards shore. - Both arms overhead vertically... go away from shore. - Searching cars: do not approach a car in moving body of water and do not make full body entry inside to conduct a search. - Boat ops will always have a person with a radio for communication to shore and gps used for fixed location. - After, decon and AAR. 400-01 Residential Fires - First arriving may request additional units based on: visible or reported conditions, knowledge of structure, water supply in area, and other unusual circumstances. - When aerial is first arrival, decision on how the aerial shall be utilized in the most efficient manner made by Company Officer. - IC shall: manage incident, ensure benchmarks performed and communicated, assign ISO, ensure appropriate PPE, personnel accountability, 2-in 2-out, and reliable water source. - Responsible for communicating benchmarks and progress reports... Company Officer. - Responsibility of \_\_\_ to perform in a safe manner and follow applicable SOG's... Each Firefighter. - Water supply may be assigned to...second or third arriving engine. - First arriving rescue assigned additional support functions: Assist F/A, primary search, B/U line, RIC, Vent, laddering or softening the structure. - Consideration to patient care for any identified critical patients. - Second engine will communicate with IC if first engine has command and is interior, confirm assignment or transfer of command. - Additional support functions: B/U line, water supply, RIC, Vent, laddering or softening the structure. - Third arriving engine same as second. - Second arriving Rescue, same as first but add medical. - Medical shall report to the IC Post with stretcher and medical gear. - If medical not treating pts, set-up and run rehab for firefighters. - Med/Rehab parked in a location and direction that facilitates departure for hospital transports. - Aerial ops, truck company functions: softening structure, ventilation and determining roof stability. - First arriving EMS Captain: ISO and perform 360. - Second arriving Chief... command staff, general staff, command aide, group or division. 400-02 Commercial Structure - Pull-up QAS if available. - First arriving may need to do drive around due to large square footage of structure. - IC: consider multiple tac channels for large or complex commercial structure, consider assigning Assistant Safety Officer's, and consider establishing divisions or groups to maintain span of control. - When operating in a large or complex commercial structure, it is particularly important to... maintain situational awareness and air management. - First arriving engine, best strategy to achieve a tenable atmosphere for evacuation is... confinement and ventilation. - Due to large size of commercials, TIC shall be used to direct Fire Attack and search. - If building construction allows, shelter in place is an option however evacuation should not be eliminated as a consideration. - First arriving engine assignment should be: evacuation, primary search, or fire attack. - First Arriving rescue: same as on residential. - Second arriving engine: water supply to fixed fire protection system and/or water supply to attack engine. - Third arriving engine: same as on residential. - Second arriving Rescue: same as on residential, if IC uses for support functions, another rescue shall be added to the alarm for medical. 400-03 Attachment A pg 13-26 High-Rise Operating Manual - Success of Fire Department operations at a high rise depend heavily on actions of first arriving companies. - Based on the need for large number of personnel to achieve all incident objectives, two units are combined as one single company. - Proven through experience that initial actions taken must fall into priority order for operation to progress to successful conclusion. - Accountability must be done at more than one location due to the larger number of resources and high relief rate. - Command Post will not be able to maintain full account of all personnel and their exact location at all times during operation. - Staging, Responder Rehab, and Base must keep track of personnel in their respective areas. - Command personnel with tracking responsibilities: IC, Base Manager, Lobby control Unit Leader, Planning and Logistics Section Chiefs, Staging Area Manager. Operations Section Chief, and Division and Group Supervisors. - Aggressive coordinated offensive attack has proven to be most effective tactical option in majority of high-rise fire situations. - Rescue should be limited to those in immediate danger on the fire floor, with remaining occupants kept in or removed to safe refuge within the building. - Three main strategies for the removal of safeguarding of occupants in a high-rise fire are Evacuation, Shelter in Place, and Area of Safe Refuge. - Evacuation: firefighters depend on a prompt, organized evacuation by occupants so firefighters only have to concentrate on rescuing disabled persons and on fire attack. - As crews ascend to perform tasks, need to direct occupants to evacuation stairwell, with doors open being searched and closed to prevent spread of fire and gases. - Shelter in place: good reasons to do so because relatively good air in their rooms, effective compartmentalization of the building and/or distance from the fire. - Area of Safe Refuge: Upper floors involved in fire, may be more advantageous to establish area of safe refuge. - When identifying refuge area, 4 floors below fire floor are preferred with c continuous monitoring for changing conditions, and have a defendable space and planned evacuation routes. - Search and rescue done on a priority basis, beginning with immediate fire area and floor, Floor above the fire area, and all stairwells, hallways, and elevators leading to these areas. - Good idea to immediately search elevator lobbies on floors affected by fire because many people do not listen to warnings and have a high probability that elevator lobby areas will contain more victims than other areas of the floor. - All areas compromised by smoke searched with strict control and documentation of the search to ensure each room on each floor searched and duplication of effort kept to minimum. - Each elevator car must be located, inspected, and verified to be empty. - Stairwell Search Group (SSG) assigned to ensure that no occupants trapped in stairwells above fire. - SSG is charged with providing evacuation directions to occupants descending stairwells and may be placed in a safe refuge area or evacuated outside the structure. - Two SSG's assigned on a first-alarm assignment to a high-rise fire. - Can also size up ventilation needs within stairwells, locating possible ventilation openings such as roof hatches and doors. - Search Marking System: HR pack equipped with chalk or construction crayon, large diagonal line with company designation when searching and X when complete on entry door and hallway. - Worst situation encountered during search operation is find a number of occupants overcome with smoke because requires time and personnel to move large number of people in this condition to several floors to a safe area are not available. - May be possible to move to a clear location on the same floor and bring medical treatment to them. - Exposure protection: include adjacent rooms and floors above the fire. - Stopping the forward progress of fire on the fire floor is the fastest method to protect the floors above the fire. - Pressurized Stairwells: serve as internal form of exposure protection. - Building alarm system activates, fans pump air into the stairwell and elevator shafts to create areas of high pressure helping keep smoke from entering stairwells and clear for evacuation. - Closed stairwell doors are critical for maintain high pressure, if pressure lost due to open doors, smoke may enter stairwells making evacuation hazardous. - Confinement: often the actions of first fire attack team that effect final outcome, if not successful, time delay of second fire attack team reaching the fire floor may allow fire to get too far ahead of attack teams. - High-rise pack 100' 1 ¾ (not updated because now is all 2.5" - Standpipe connection one floor below or fire floor if conditions permit, flaking hose line out and charging prior to opening door to fire floor. - If hose line is short, best to shut down line and: disconnect nozzle to extend or disconnect hose form wye and extend. - Fire stream practices in compartmentalized high-rise buildings similar to those of compartmentalized commercial buildings. - Firefighters should control fire above them as they advance to ensure fire does not get behind them. - Confined room or apartment can be put out with 30-degree fog directed at the roof causing steam, however solid stream is preferred to prevent steaming occupants who may be trapped on the floor. - In the case of large rooms or intense heating, straight stream should be employed to enhance reach and penetration. - Pressure in high rise standpipes can be too high, likely to occur on lower floors from defective or improperly set PRV, if this occurs, gate down to compensate. - Use of transitional attack from aerial advantageous when fire location is within reach, extinguishing the fire or keeping the fire in check while lines are advanced. - Careful consideration given to location of occupants and firefighters in building. - Sprinkler system: FDC maintained at 15- psi PDP - Standpipe Only: pump layout to FDC, +/- elevation, +25 psi FL of FDC. - Combined system: 150 psi PDP or hose layout, whichever is greater. - Regardless of system, should not exceed 200 psi. - Extinguishing fire in open floor plan high-rise presents an extreme challenge. - Fire streams placed on straight stream or broken down to smoothbore to enhance reach and penetrate seat of fire. - Flanking with two attack lines to pinch fire employed to prevent fire form curling around core. - Overhaul: labor intensive and a good preplan helps determine where to direct efforts like hidden shafts. - Assign crews to every floor above fire to verify fire out and no hidden fires, using TIC to expedite efforts. - Ventilation: IC must factor inside and outside temperatures for correlation with stack effect when considering ventilation. - Critical that ventilation is coordinated with fire attack, search, and evacuation activities, making all crews aware of ventilation strategy, with location of ventilation and pressurization of stairwells. - Vertical ventilation: stairwells can be placed in two categories Interior and Exterior. - Interior open inside building with virtually static airflow up to 25 stories and minimal amounts in upward direction over 25 stories. - Must be augmented by mechanical means rather than natural airflow. - Exterior and roof access provide natural vertical ventilation of 3-6 mph by simply opening a door at bottom and roof hatch or door. - Best method is to utilize stairwell closest to fire that has suitable opening at top or exhaust fans at top and doors on ground level. - Pressurized stairwells help push smoke across floors and into intended stairwell for venting. - Fire attack stairwell may be needed for ventilation efforts, hinging on stage and volume of fire, coordinated with fire attack officer to avoid fire coming back onto advancing crews. - Companies may be called upon to ventilate using: building system or PPV fans at ground level and electric fans at intermediate levels. - Opening bottom door to stairwell and placing fans to pressurize door opening on each floor accomplish: removal of contaminants with stairwell and keep contaminants from entering stairwell from fire-involved floors. - Horizontal Cross Ventilation: not a prudent tactic in most incidents due to window size and construction, square footage of fire floor, unpredictability of wind and likelihood of increasing intensity of fire making it a poor option. - Only way to accurately determine wind direction and effect is by duplicating situation on floor above or below the fire. - Anytime a window is removed, security precautions including safety lines and posting guard must be taken. - High-rises with Lexan windows have designated breakout windows in or near every corner of the building, breakout into small "pebbles" rather than large plates. - Tempered glass have identifiable decals. - NOTE windows that can be opened or mechanical smoke removal systems may have been substituted for tempered glass. - Prior to breaking glass, radio identifying the floor and side of building, ensuring street level notified to avoid area of fallout to clear people. - Cross ventilation accomplished by utilizing blowers or combination of blowers and stairwell pressurization fans. - Cross ventilation operations effective up to the 25^th^ floor, above 25 may need additional blowers. - Basic guidelines with horizontal ventilation observed: wind direction, number of windows removed and removing on leeward side first. - HVAC Ventilation: determine of local or central, central cause the most problems and spread smoke throughout the building or zone. - Most smoke control panels are located in Fire Control Room and either HVAC only for comfort or include smoke control. - If smoke control and not turned on automatically, switch system to smoke control. - If no smoke control then shut down system, if smoke control and automatic have crews ensure fans are working properly and operate manually if not functioning automatically. - Command considerations: Contributions to problems faced by responders on HR: size and complexity of interior spaces, limited access, extended travel time and response times. - Life safety systems that require support and control usually aided in preplanning and technical competence on the part of emergency responders. - Modular Organizational Development: vary with type and scope of incident. - Examples reflecting the size and complexity of the incident and available resources at a given time in the incident: - Initial Response Organization: IC manages the initial response resources and Command and General Staff responsibilities. - Multi-Group/ Division Organization: IC established most command and General Staff positions and has established a combination of divisions and groups to reflect location and nature of incident. - Multi-Branch Organization: IC identified a number or potential incident challenges and has established all Command and General Staff positions as well as several branches to effectively manage problems and resources required for mitigation. - Designated Incident Facilities: Base and staging - Staging: set-up due to limited access and vertical travel distance, minimum two floors below emergency and serves multiple purposes. - Base: resembles ground level staging located away from the incident building to provide safety for personnel and equipment, expanded to perform functions inherent to supporting large numbers of personnel and equipment. - Organization and Operations: - Modified ICS Positions include Staging Area Manager, Rapid Intervention Group Supervisor, Base Manager, Ground Support Unit Leader and Evacuation Group Supervisor. - Specialized ICS Positions: Lobby Control and Systems Control Unit Leaders. - Lobby Control Unit established to provide access control, accountability, and routing inside building. - As Incident escalates, Systems Control Unit may be added to operate, supervise, and coordinate vital operation of specialized systems incorporated in modern buildings. - Initial Alarm Assignments: Staffing model allows for hose line to continually operate, one on line, one in back-up waiting in stairwell to relieve company when needed and one in rehab changing SCBA etc. - Each additional line needs 3 companies assigned, based on National Fire Service Incident Management System Consortium "Model Procedures Guide for High-rise Firefighting. - Fire Attack: First arriving companies: - Equipment High-rise pack, forcible entry tools, hand lights, radios, TIC, elevator keys, and spare SCBA cylinders to staging via elevator or leave in lobby if elevator not available. - Responsibilities: Fast Attack mode until transferred to 5^th^ arriving unit (Lobby Control) or first arriving Command Officer. - Verify fire floor via annunciator panel and occupants descending. - If additional resources are needed, Base should be established as soon as possible. - Obtain building keys, phone handsets, and lobby phone number if available. - Elevators only considered when ascending above 7^th^ floor, must be cleared of smoke and water. - Officer in charge has ultimate responsibility to authorize use of elevators, periodically stopping every 5 floors to check hoist and conditions. - Driver of first in Elevator Control fire equipped with hand light, SCBA and radio. - Leaves spare SCBA 2 floors below fire. - Exit elevator 2 floors below fire: determine conditions for staging, check floor layout, determine standpipe, outlet closest to fire and designate as attack stairwell and announced to dispatch for all units to be notified. - Evacuation stairwell designated and communicated to dispatch and announced to arriving units. - Water Supply/ Back Up/ RIC: supply FDC. - Equipment same as first Arriving companies: High-rise pack, forcible entry tools, hand lights, radios, TIC, elevator keys, and spare SCBA cylinders to staging via elevator or leave in lobby if elevator not available. - The officer and crew communicate with fire Attack to determine if need assistance with first line, stretch a back-up line or remain in the stairwell as RIC. - Lobby Control: - Equipment: Radios, hand lights, life safety/ search ropes, pike poles/ ceiling hooks, spare SCBA. - Officer and crew proceed to lobby, no Command Officer will assume command and crew handles lobby control. - Assign one member Site Access control, initiating level 3 Accountability and gather previous arriving units UIP's. - Companies entering the lobby from this point forward tracked by unit identification, number of members, where they are going, stairwell or elevator number used, time went up and to whom reporting. - Other lobby control Functions: return all elevators to ground and verify occupants removed, control stairwell access, HVAC systems, Fire pumps/ control room, contact building manager or Fire Protection Service contractor, movement of to two floors below fire for future staging. - Floor Above: - Equipment: Same as ½ and ¾: High-rise pack, forcible entry tools, hand lights, radios, TIC, elevator keys, and spare SCBA cylinders to staging via elevator or leave in lobby if elevator not available. - Responsibilities: Officer and crew will check floor above for fire extension, smoke conditions, and perform search and evacuation as needed then request new assignment from IC. - Stairwell Search Group (SRG): - Equipment: forcible entry tools, hand lights, radios, TIC, UIPs, one spare SCBA for each member with them above fire floor. - Responsibilities: In lobby, officer will determine stairwell to access the roof. - Ascend evacuation stairwell and begin primary search for victims at the top of all stairwells. - If stairwell used to ascend, go up attack stairwell until two floors below fire then move to evacuation stairwell. (Be aware of ascending up attack stairwell past the fire floor. - Ventilate stairwells via roof hatch and/or bulkhead doors with IC approval. Verification with Fire Attack that a charged hose line is in position before ventilation started. - Each floor searched if smoke is present, from top down, other units may be assigned for two floors above and up. - First arriving command officer: - Transfer command and face-to-face if with Lobby Control as command, then establish exterior command post. - Priority order for additional Command Officers: Fire Floor Division, Lobby control Unit Leader, Floor Above division, Incident Safety Officer, Operations (two floors below fire). - Consideration for additional dedicates rescue units for Medical Group to triage and treat victims. - Medical/ Rehab Unit must be assigned for staging floor dedicated to treatment and rehab of fire-rescue personnel. - Additional Command Officers arriving may fill remaining command: PIO, Liaison and General Staff positions, Operations Section Chief, planning Section Chief, Logistics Section Chief, and Finance/Admin Section Chief as necessary. - Support positions: Base Manager, Staging Area Manager, Medical Unit Leader/ Rehab, Systems Control Unit Leader, Ground support Unit Leader, and Command Aide. 400-04 Vehicle Fires - Position to block safe work area from traffic and other hazards, upwind when possible. - When smoke is low hanging and moving upstream of traffic: Blocking for a safe work area takes priority, consider placing attack engine upwind and other units downwind as blockers. - FF approach to the vehicle fire should always be... at a 45-degree angle from the sides, never from the front or back. - Minimum attack line on a car fire is... 1 ¾ @ 100gpm. - Batt cables disconnected or cut... positive and negative. - Command responsibilities on a car fire: Est. command, ensure benchmarks, appropriate PPE, accountability, 2-in 2-out if entry in 18-wheeler, assess pts, investigator if needed per policy. 400-05 Wildland Fires - Response should include a task force of... engine and brush truck, CO can respond on either. - Arrival reports should additionally include: acreage involved, access routes, direction of spread, exposure, and type of vegetation involved. - Critical factor in all decisions: location and movement (direction and speed) of the head of the fire. - Offensive mode, safest mode, working along flank from an anchor point towards the head of the fire... [Flanking Attack.] - Offensive mode, most dangerous, requires a stop of the forward progress of rapidly advancing fire... [Direct Attack.] - Defensive mode, exposure protection is primary goal, allow to burn to a location to better control... [Indirect Attack. ] - Apparatus and personnel should operate from within the... burned portion of the fire. - Shall always be maintained on a wild land fire... an identified escape route. - Always be prepared to move the apparatus quickly in the event of... wind change. - Be alert and use extreme caution to prevent and minimize... tire being punctured, vehicle being stuck or disabled. - Natural barriers such as canals, roads or clearings should be used as... fire breaks. - When no natural fire breaks exist, can be created by utilizing a plow control line via... Division of Forestry. - Used by experienced personnel to set a fire inside a control line to consume fuel between the edge of the fire and control line... Burn out (backfiring). - Used to enhance the effectiveness of fire suppression... Class A foam. - Utilized to accomplish the task of foam on wildfires... batch mixing. - Overhaul and incident mop up on a wild fire should include... wetting down fuels within [50'] of the control line. - If long pumping operations are required \_\_\_ should be used... reserve apparatus. - Safety considerations on wildfires... [LCES]. - Lookouts (someone with wildland fire/behavior knowledge) Communication (note changing conditions), Escape Routes (most appropriate), Safety Zones (area of safe refuge). - Minimum PPE shall be... FF Helmet, FF gloves, Bunker Pants or forestry pants and structural boots. - [Recommended] to wear bunker coat or forestry coat. - Potential hazard and should be considered in PPE selection... Overheating. - During extended operations at a wildland fire... rehab established, rotation every 30 minutes, reserve unit 930 may be requested to support rehab. - Thunderstorms while operating on wildland fires: avoid grouping together, stay in vehicle during periods of lightning, avoid tall objects, better to crouch in the open than under lone trees if no shelter is available. - IC Responsibilities...frequent weather updates to anticipate changes, aerial for recon or LE helo or FD drones, request division of forestry (based on size, direction of travel, exposures), backfiring coordinated through Division of Forestry, Consider single resource water supply officer if no hydrants in area. - FF responsibilities... have a fire shelter if operating off brush truck, plain view of driver either beside the unit or riding in approved front bumper cage, shall not: ride on top of booster tank or operated hand line walking in front of vehicle. 410-03 Thermal Imaging Camera - The hotter the object the \_\_\_ it appears, the colder the object the \_\_\_ it appears...whiter, darker. - FF lying on the floor of a structure fire may not be the hottest in the room so may appear... darker. - Most prominent feature of a firefighter when viewed through a TIC... SCBA bottle. - TICs are assigned to every engine, aerial, BC, EMS and most Rescues. - Responsible for checking out TIC Daily... Company Officer and Chief Officer. - Caution using in \_\_\_ atmospheres because they are not \_\_\_. Combustible, intrinsically safe. - To distinguish objects, movement of TICs should be... slow and deliberate. - During 360, TIC may be used to... detect location and extension of the fire. - Reduces the time it takes to conduct search and rescue thereby increasing survivability... use of TIC. - TIC can help assist in rapidly locating a fire by observing... convection waves. - Preventing FF's from making several inspection holes to find fire in concealed spaces... use of TIC. - In Hazmat incidents, TICs may be used to... identify temperature and level of liquid in containers and identify liquids floating on water from spills. - On vehicle accidents, TIC may be used to... identify victims ejected into heavy vegetation and identify live power. - Limitations of a TIC... cannot see through energy efficient material or a windowless building, through objects, under water, windows or glass. 420-01 Fire Attack Operations - A fire that will use all of the first alarm units... Working Fire. - Triggers additional actions by Comm Center via notifications of: Admin, investigator, DC and FPL. - Additional units that may be requested by command: additional units/command staff, additional alarms, FPU, Light & Air, Tender(s), Special Ops, Red Cross, and Cares Team. - Operating off tank water, D/E should not flow more than... 200gpm. - Unless utilizing the deck gun for... mounted deck gun quick attack. - Must have nearby water source, hose line deployed or deploying, RPM's increased and deck gun aimed at fire prior to flowing water, should not flow for more than 20-30 seconds, NOT used if undetermined fire location or if negatively affect survivability. - Notify command and interior when at... 50% and call for evacuation if tank drops to 25%. - IC may coordinate with FOO to request... increase in hydrant pressure. - Source Engine should supply the Attack Engines if hose lay is greater than... 500' - Responsible for advising IC as to location and type of water source... Driver Operator. - Any time a Tender is requested to support an incident, dispatch shall... automatically assign a second Tender. - If Tenders are needed for water supply operations, IC shall consider... Single Resource as Water Supply Officer. - If no rescue profile exists, offensive mode of operation when... fire is still in a controllable stage and there is no evidence of eminent structural failure or a hostile fire event. - Hose lines should be directed to... Rescue, Exposure, Confinement, Extinguishment. - Lines to be used: most initial fires (one room)... 1 ¾ flowing minimum 150 gpm. Large Fires (extending beyond room of origin) 2.5" flowing minimum 200 gpm. - Exterior water application on offensive fire, NIST and UL study state: dramatically reduces heat within flow path, improves occupant survivability, and creates safer interior suppression conditions. - Considerations if going to apply water from exterior... Hose line should not have to be repositioned to then gain entry, application must be deliberate and controlled, direct into fire compartment, utilize solid stream, direct into ceiling and no longer than 15 seconds. - For hose line stretches that exceed the limitations of the pre-connected hose lines... static hose packs. - The volume between an inlet and an exhaust that allows the movement of heat and smoke from a high-pressure area within the fire area toward a low-pressure area accessible via doors, windows, and other openings... Flow Path. - Place FF's at significant risk due to the increased flow of fire, heat, and smoke toward their position... Operations conducted in flow path. - IC should ensure Back-Up line is the same... size, length, and capability as the Fire Attack line. - Purpose to protect firefighters performing Fire attack and not a secondary attack line... Back-Up line. - Additional attack and Exposure hose lines shall be ordered based on... Fire Conditions and Progress Reports. - Conducting of suppression operations outside the fire structure; these operations feature the use of large-capacity fire streams placed between the fire and the exposures to prevent fire extension... Defensive Mode. - IC shall select Defensive mode if... no chance of saving a life, little chance of saving property, insufficient resources available to implement and sustain Offensive Mode. - Operating Defensive... all members outside collapse zone and priorities to protect exposures and confining the fire rather than extinguishing it. - Tactical priority of exposure control requires... initial 2.5" flowing minimum 200 gpm, then exposure protection with ground monitors and mounted deck guns. - Offer greatest flow and safety for FF's... ground monitors and mounted deck guns. - When portion of the building is considered a loss and large volumes of water are required, IC may utilize... Elevated Master Streams. - FF's should not be operating inside the structure. - IC should not allow any interior operations until the structure has been... evaluated for failure and deemed reliable with particular attention given to truss and roof evaluations. - Modern day fires provide harmful toxins that may include... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) etc. - Exclusion zone... do not enter no matter PPE. Hot Zone... an area with immediate perimeter

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