The Middle Ages PDF

THE MIDDLE AGES Three periods: - Early middle ages (500-1050) - High middle ages (1050-1300) - Late middle ages (early renaissance: 1300-1500) EARLY MIDDLE AGES: Fall of the roman empire: - Barbarian Invasions:...

THE MIDDLE AGES Three periods: - Early middle ages (500-1050) - High middle ages (1050-1300) - Late middle ages (early renaissance: 1300-1500) EARLY MIDDLE AGES: Fall of the roman empire: - Barbarian Invasions: Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals invaded Roman territories, putting pressure on borders. - Military Issues: Decline in recruitment quality, reliance on mercenaries, and internal conflicts weakened the military. Byzantine Empire: - Constantine the great: - Converted to christianity to earn support of christians - Legalized christianity via the Edict of Milan Migration/ Barbaric period: - Creation of Germanic Tribes = fall of Rome SPAIN Visigoths GERMANY Saxons BRITAIN Anglo-Saxons ITALY Lombards BALKANS Avans and Slavs FRANCE Franks Reasons for the emergence of the Germanic Tribes: - Political Power - Territorial Control - Military Security - Social stability Battle of Tours: - Charles Martel stopped muslim expansion originating from Spain, which is led by Abdul Rahman. - Prevented the spread of Islam Christianization: - King of France converted to christianity, therefore converting his people. - Conversion for backing and support Carolingian Empire and Charlemagne:  - Temporal power: - The power of the pope to bless rulers, as they are “messengers of god”. - The Pope and the church have the ability to bless the emperor. An emperor cant be named without the blessing of the church. - Absolute monarchy: -Ultimate authority for the king since its his “Divine right” HIGH MIDDLE AGES: FEUDALISM - Monarchs bless nobles pieces of land. - When the king grants land, the nobles must give their absolute loyalty. - Decentralized governments - Feudal system: - King - Lords - Knights - Peasants MANORIALISM - Where the land managed by the lord has serfs. - Serfs service their lord providing labor for the land - A system of organizing society and economy around the ownership and management of land. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH - Religious Functions - Political Functions - Economic Functions - Social Functions SCHOLASTICISM - A school of thought which emphasizes critical thinking. - Associated with Thomas Aquinas who believed that natural reason can provide god's existence. Medieval Art and Architecture: - Art reflects the power of the church - Gothic architecture is an example of the power of the church THE CRUSADES: - Crusade: Medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. - Where Pope Urban II called for a crusade in order to take back the holy land of Jerusalem from Muslim control - Known as the “War of the Cross” - Effects: - Stimulated Trade - Start of the Guild system: Shifted power lords to king associations of craftsmens. Why join?: - Promise of salvation - Exempted from paying debts - The spoils of war (Prize or loot taken from the enemy) - Goals: - Religious: Recapture of holy land - Military: Stop Muslim attacks on the Byzantine Empire. BURGHER TOWN IN PARIS - The 45 towns located in a castle which is the urban center BOURGEOISE - People living in the urban center who gained power overtime. - Anti-semitism: - Hostility on Prejudice against Jews - Jews are discriminated in society LATE MIDDLE AGE: