Grade 9 History: Middle Ages & Early Modern World - PDF

BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 Unit 4 THE MIDDLE AGES AND EARLY MODERN WORLD, C. 500 TO 1750s 4.1 The middle ages in Europe  It covers the period of European history from 500-1500AD  Started with the fall of Western Roman Empire to the rise of early capitalis...

BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 Unit 4 THE MIDDLE AGES AND EARLY MODERN WORLD, C. 500 TO 1750s 4.1 The middle ages in Europe  It covers the period of European history from 500-1500AD  Started with the fall of Western Roman Empire to the rise of early capitalism 4.1.1 Dark Age  The period of Western European history from 500 - 1000 AD.  It was the early part of the medieval period.  It was called the Dark Ages because civilisation declined in Western Europe. The factors for the decline of Western Roman Empire were: 1. Internal problem --- the empire faced internal division and decay 2. Foreign invasion – in the 5th century AD by (from Anglo-Saxon and Franks from Germanic tribes and Huns and Magyars from Asiatic tribes). The invasions brought the following change in Western Europe  Greco-Roman civilization declined.  Societies became rural (i.e. cities and towns declined)  Feudalism became the bases the social, economic and political order. There were some bright events in Dark Age  Bishop and monks kept old records and learning.  Churches were constructed and palace and castle were built.  Chivalry was practiced by knights. 4.1.2 Feudal Society The fall of the Western Roman Empire resulted in the emergence of separate powerful lords with vassals. The European feudal society clearly divided into two classes - The ruling class: they were privileged class  Kings  Nobles  Knights  the clergy The ruling class had political power and owned the land. Knights were soldiers of the middle Ages Higher lords were connected with the lower lords by a system called vassalage system The masses: unprivileged class  The peasants (serfs)  Craftsmen  Traders Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 1 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 In the vassalage system, the higher lords gave fief to the lower lord. After holding the land (fief or feud), the lower lord provides the following services:  fight for his lord  attend his lords court  give advice to the lord Generally, feudalism was a system of holding land and providing service in exchange. The basic units of European feudalism was manor Manors were villages of the medieval Europe The manorial lord exercised political, judicial and military power over peasants The Roman Catholic Church had authority over the ruling class and the ordinary people. It was responsible not only for religion but also for education and culture. 4.1.3 Byzantine Empire  also known as Easter Roman Empire  Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was its capital since 330AD.  After falls of Western Roman Empire in 476, Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist for another 1000 years.  The official language of the Empire became Greek.  The name Byzantine comes from Byzantium, the old name of Constantinople.  When civilization decline in west Europe, Byzantine remained the center of Greco-Raman and Christina civilization in characters  In 1054, the Byzantine Orthodox Church separated from Roman Catholic Church. It became the national church of the Byzantine Empire and supported the emperor.  The economic base of the Empire was agriculture, trade and crafts.  Byzantine architecture made use of domes and beautifully coloured glasses. St. Sophia church at Constantine was best example of Byzantine architectures.  The society was divided into estates:  the emperor,  the higher clergy,  the nobility who owned land and  the peasants who cultivated it  The Byzantine Empire was at the height of its territory and power under Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565). The Crusades  The Seljuk Turks who began military occupation in Asia Minor in 1040AD challenged the Byzantine Empire. This event was followed by the crusades that began in the 1090s.  The crusades waged wars of Christian Europe against Seljuk Turks to liberate Christian holy lands, Jerusalem.  There were seven Crusades over period for 200 years, the first of which was started in 1096.  The crusades failed to crush Muslim power in the holy lands but protected Western Europe from foreign invasions in the east.  The Byzantine Empire suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. It lost most Asia Minor to Seljuk Turkish rulers and later to Ottoman Turks. 4.2 The Middle Ages in Asia 4.2.1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 2 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9  Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula with the life and teaching of the Prophet Mohammed in Mecca around 610AD.  The term Islam means “submission to the will of Allah (God)”. Islam is worship in Allah, and those who worship Allah are called Muslims.  The first opposition to the teaching of the prophet comes from Quraysh tribe.  In 622AD Prophet Mohammed and his followers moved from Mecca to Medina. This travel is called Hejira, and it marked the beginning year of the Islamic Calendar.  The Muslim Arabs changed the Near East and Middle East countries' political, religious, and social structures.  Following the death of the Prophet, Muslims came under the Arab Caliphates of the (Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties) in the Middle Ages.  The death of the Prophet was followed by the great Arab conquests establishing a Muslim Arab empire from North Africa and Spain in the west to Central Asia in the east. The Seljuk and Ottoman Turk’s military occupation in Palestine, Asia Minor, and Arabia contributed to Islam's expansion. 4.2.2 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire Seljuk Turkey  Were a nomadic people, came from Turkistan in central Asia  The Seljuk Turks began military occupation in Palestine, Asia Minor and Arabia in 1040.  They controlled Persian in 1040 and Syria in 1071. Ottoman Turkey  They were other Turkish tribe that appeared in Arabia, Palestine and Asia manor at the end of 13th century.  Ottoman Turks replaced the Seljuk Turks in the area since 1299. The Ottoman Turks were named after their chief Osman or Othman.  The Ottoman Empire was centered in what is now Turkey. Thus it was called as Ottoman Turkish Empire.  They seized Anatolia in 1336, which became their capital. At its heyday, the empire captured Adrianople (1356) and Salonika (1387). They defeated the Serbs in 1389 and the Bulgarians in 1393. So by the 15th century, the Balkan Peninsula, including Greece, was predominantly conquered. The Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453; hence, Byzantine Empire came to end, renamed it as Istanbul and made it their capital. The Ottomans conquered Syria in 1516 and Egypt in 1517. In 1529, European forces successfully defended Vienna, the capital of Austria, from the Turkish attack. The Turkish expansion in Europe was ended in 1571, when European fleets defeated the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto, near Greece. The Ottomans formed a group of highly trained soldiers called janissaries. They spread Islam throughout the empire. They also gained wealth from trade and controlled the trade route from Europe to Asia. They banned European merchants from going to the Far East. The Ottman Turkish Society was divided into four social groups:  Sultan  Grand viziers (bureaucrats)  Janissaries (soldiers)  Occupational groups Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 3 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 The culture of the Ottoman Empire was that of the Islamic world. 4.2.3 Dynastic Cycle in China The Chinese created a great civilisation in the world. This civilisation greatly impacted other countries in East Asia, particularly Korea and Japan. In politics, the Chinese was practiced “dynastic cycle” in the following ways. i.e  When a new dynasty came to political power, it is expected to be strong, ruled well and had the support of the people.  But, when it became corrupt and weak and lost the support of the people, it would lose the “mandate of Heaven”, meaning its authority and legitimacy to rule China. So it would be replaced by a new dynasty. Nevertheless, there was a long succession of imperial dynasties ruling China from the Qin(221-206 BC) to the Qing (1644-1912) dynasty, which was ended by a revolution in 1911/1912. 4.3 Development of Early Capitalism  Early capitalism took shape in Western Europe in the period between1500-1700 AD.  The development that distinguished capitalism from previous systems used accumulated capital to enlarge productive capacity rather than invest in economically unproductive enterprises, such as pyramids and cathedrals.  The new development that gave rise to early capitalism were; 1. Exploration and discovery 2. Revival of Long Distance Trade 3. Emergence of capitalist relation 4. Renaissance and 5. Reformation 4.4. The Age of Explorations and Discoveries  It took place in the 15th and 16thC.  Initiated by the need to bypass the Ottoman Turkish blockade of the old long-distance trade route from Europe to the Far East. Factors that encouraged explorations and discoveries were:  European interest in long-distance trade  The new inventions like the compass, better maps and ships.  The role of Prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-1460) of Portugal and Queen Isabella (1451- 1504) of Spain. They supported the voyages of explorers They sponsored voyages for the sake of their economy, religion and glory.  Spain and Portugal were the leaders in the exploration and discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries.  They were followed by Holland, Britain, France and Russia. Some of famous European explorers No Name of explorer Image Their work Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 4 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 1 Bartolommeo Dias He was a Portuguese explorer and famous for being the first European to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488. He named the southernmost point of Africa the "Cape of Storms," but King John II of Portugal renamed it the "Cape of Good Hope" to encourage further exploration. 2 Vasco da Gama He was a Portuguese explorer and being the first European to reach India by sea. 1460-1524 Therefore, he discovered a new sea route to India and the Far East in 1498 3 Christopher He was Italian explorer but serve of Spain. Columbus He was the first European explorer to reach New World/ 1451 – 1506 America in 1492. 4 Amerigo Vespucci He was an Italian explorer and navigator. 1454 -1512 He played a significant role in demonstrating to Europeans that the New World was not part of Asia, but rather a previously unknown continent. The continent of America is named after him. His explorations and writings significantly contributed to the understanding of the New World and its geography. 5 Ferdinand He was a Portuguese explorer best known for having Magellan planned and led the 1519–22 Spanish expedition to the East Indies. 1480 – 1521 He was the first European Crossing of the Pacific Ocean Circumnavigation of the Globe/ World Consequences of the discoveries  Europeans gained huge profits from local trade networks  Discoveries followed by colonial conquest  The voyages promoted the faster development of capitalism. 4.5 The Renaissance  It was an intellectual movement in Italy.  The word renaissance indicates the “rebirth” of learning.  Lasted between 14th and 17th C.  Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, mainly to England, France, Germany, Spain and Holland.  The Renaissance was a transitional movement in Europe between Medieval and modern times  The Renaissance influence in the world brought about a new focus on humanism. It was a turning away from the dominant ideas put forth by the church. The Renaissance had the following characteristics:  The study of ancient Rome and Greek languages, literature, arts and the use of reason. Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 5 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9  The support of freedom of thought and questioning mind.  The use of the vernacular, or the national language such as the Italian and the English language rather than Latin in writing. The outstanding persons of the Renaissance produced great works of literature, painting, sculpture, architecture and science. Field Name of scholar Images of scholar Nationality Their work Literature 1.Dante Alighieri An Italian Wrote Divine Comedy poet 1265 -1321 2.Thomas More An English Wrote a book called Utopia writer 1478 - 1535 3.Martin Luther Germany Translated Holy Bible into German, protestant making it accessible to the common 1483 - 1546 leader people 4.Miguel de Spaniard Published Don Quixote in 1605 Cervantes 1546 – 1616 5.William English His works include: Shakespeare playwright, poet and Comedies: A Midsummer Night's 1564 - 1616 actor Dream, Twelfth Night, and As You Like It. Histories: Richard III, Henry V, Julius Caesar, and Hamlet Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Macbeth, and Othello Romances: The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, etc In arts 1.Leonardo da Italian, Painted Last Supper and Mona Lisa Vinci painter, scientist, 1452 -1519 engineer, sculptor and architect. Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 6 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 Italian Painted the Creation of Adam and the 2.Michael Angelo Fall of Man was (sculptor, painter, architect Sculpture: made statue of David, Pieta and poet 1475- Moses & the dead Christ 1564 Science a. Nicholas Polish; Heliocentric Theory: Copernicus 1473 - 1543 Astronomer Proved that the sun is the center of the solar system Declared that the earth revolved around the sun. b. Andreas Belgian Studied the human anatomy Vesalius 1514- 1564 4.6 The Reformation It was a religious movement that led to the emergence of Protestantism from the Catholic Church at the beginning of the 16th century. It began in Germany led by Martin Luther in 1517. The causes were: social, political, religious and economic. Causes of the Reformation Social Political Economic Religious The Renaissance values of Powerful monarchs European princes and Some church leaders had humanism and secularism challenged the church as the kings were jealous of the become corrupt. led people to question the supreme power Europe. church's wealth. church. Man people found church Many leaders viewed the Merchants and others practices such as the sale of The printing press helped pope as a foreign ruler and resented having to pay indulgences unacceptable to spread ideas critical of challenged his authority. taxes to the church. the church. The Protestant reformers supported the principles of capitalism, individualism and nation-states. They established various Protestant Churches. Protestant leaders outside Germany: Jean Calvin, A French protestant leader, who lived in Switzerland. The Calvinist followers in French were called Huguenots. John Knox The Scottish Calvinist Founded Calvinist Protestantism called Presbyterian church in 1560. King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I: Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 7 BETHLEHEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATHOLIC SCHOOL – HARAR -- Grade 9 Separated the English Protestant Church from the Roman Catholic Church in England. Nevertheless, the English Protestants managed to establish a national church which came to be called Anglican Church. Counter-Reformation:  It was a Catholic religious movement to reform itself in response to the Protestant challenge of the time. Society of Jesus:  A missionary organisation formed in Spain by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 to reform Catholics in America, Asia and Africa.  The members of the society were called Jesuits.  Anti-Catholics were attacked and even were killed.  The peasants’ (protestant) wars of Germany against Catholics were fought between 1524 and 1525.  Reformation played an essential role in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in Germany in 1648. 4.7 Industrial Revolution The term Industrial revolution means;-  The invention and use of machine in place of hard labour  refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made products  Machine now did work done previously by hand with simple tools and equipment. Europe saw a shift from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machine in factories. It began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?  England had extensive natural resources  Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization The machine of the Industrial Revolution was operated by a new form of power known as steam power, replacing the early wind and water power. James Watt (1782-84) improved the steam engines and adopted them for operating all kinds of machinery, including machine in factories. Then the steam power was applied to transport, the first steamboat on the rivers and then steamships at sea. Finally, steam power was used to land transport in the form of railways. The first railways locomotive was built in 1804. By the mid-nineteenth century, Great Britain had become the world’s first and richest industrial nation. Its cotton industry alone in 1850 was equal in size to the industries of all other European countries combined. The Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds. First to be industrialised in continental Europe were Belgium, France, and German. The Industrial Revolution also occurred in the United States in 1800. Britain was the leading industrial nation in the early and mid-nineteenth century, but countries like the United States eventually surpassed Britain in industrial production. Set by Guanche Aweke December 2024 8