SocSci1 2nd Quarter PDF

Second Quarter | SocSci1 Prepared By : Gillian Estrada- Bildan, LPT Chapter II HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MAJOR THEORIES  1 LESSON OBJECTIVES 1. Explain...

Second Quarter | SocSci1 Prepared By : Gillian Estrada- Bildan, LPT Chapter II HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MAJOR THEORIES  1 LESSON OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the major events that led to the emergence of the social science disciplines; 2. Enumerate the contributions of social science disciplines; and 3. Demonstrate the historical foundation of social science disciplines. Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories  2 OVERVIEW The emergence of social sciences is rooted in a complex interplay of historical, philosophical, and cultural developments, particularly influenced by the Enlightenment and subsequent revolutions. Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories  3 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Enlightenment Foundations The social sciences began to take shape during the Age of Enlightenment in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Thinkers like René Descartes emphasized rationality and empirical inquiry, moving away from religious explanations towards a more scientific understanding of human behavior and society. This period marked a significant shift where moral philosophy began to evolve into systematic studies of society, laying the groundwork for disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and economics. Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories  4 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Influence of Revolutions The Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution were pivotal in shaping social sciences. The Industrial Revolution brought about profound economic and social changes, prompting scholars to analyze these transformations scientifically. Similarly, the French Revolution raised questions about governance, rights, and societal structures, leading to a demand for new theoretical frameworks to understand these dynamics Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories  5 SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES A. Social science discipline pose different questions, but they Historical Context of Emergence of observe a common social phenomenon everyday life events and Social Sciences Major Theories activities that involve people and affect people living together in particular society. B. When we study the social sciences, we are studying how people put their societies together and we are looking at the impacts of their decisions about how their societies should run. C. Social theories are statement of how and why specific facts are related. These are analytical framework or paradigm that is used to understand social phenomena.  FOUNDER OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES 6 Anthropology: Edward Burnett Taylor (1832 - 1917) 1. English cultural anthropologist 2. First to hold the chair in the subject at Oxford University in the Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories UK in 1896 3. Coined the term “culture” 4. Wrote “Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization" History: Herodotus (484 B.C - 425 B.C) 1. Greek Historian 2. Treated historical subjects as a method of investigation 3. Collected historical materials systematically and critically and arranged them into a historical narrative. 4. Wrote “Histories” which is the record of ancient traditions and culture of Greece, Asia and Africa  7 Economics: Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) 1. Founder of Classical School 2. Constructed an explanation on how social behavior is regulated Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories 3. Saw a world where each person sought their own self - interest but was constrained by morality, markets and government 4. Wrote “Wealth of the Nations” in 1776 Geography: Eratosthenes (276 B.C - 194 B.C) 1. Greek scholar 2. Known for his significant contributions to geography, mathematics, and astronomy. He is best remembered for calculating the Earth's circumference with remarkable accuracy using simple geometry and observations of the sun's angles at different locations. Advanced geography but also demonstrated the application of scientific reasoning and mathematics in understanding the natural world.  8 Linguistic: Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 - 1913) 1. Swiss linguist 2. Posited that linguistic form is arbitrary and therefore that all languages Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories function in a similar fashion 3. Published “Memoire sur le systeme primitifdes voyelles dans les langues indo-europeenes.” Political Science: Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C) 1. Political scientist 2. Laid down the foundation of governance and leadership 3. He said “man by nature is a political animal”. 4. He wrote “The Politics”.  9 Psychology: Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920) 1. German Psychologist 2. Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879 Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories 3. Trained Psychology students to make observations that were biased by personal interpretation or previous experience and used the results todevelop a theory of conscious thought 4. Wrote “Principles of Physiological Psychology.” Sociology: Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857) 1. French sociologist 2. Coined the term “sociology” 3. Advocated the application of scientific method to social life and positivism. 4. Wrote “Cours de Philosophie Positive” published from 1830 - 1842 in five volumes.  10 Demography: John Graunt (1620-1674) 1. His work Natural and Political Observations. 2. Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) examines the weekly records of Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories deaths and baptisms (the “bills of mortality”) dating back to the end of the 16th century.  11 DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS 1 Structural Functionalism ( Emile Durkheim) Historical Context of Emergence of Society is made up of various institutions and structures that work together to Social Sciences Major Theories maintain stability and social order. Examines how different parts of society contribute to the overall functioning. 2 Marxism ( Karl Marx, Max Weber) Society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources, emphasizing power dynamics and social inequality. Analyzes the struggles 3 betweendifferent social classes and groups. Symbolic Interactionism ( George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer ) Society is constructed through interactions and the meanings individuals assign to those interactions. Studies everyday social interactions and the symbols that create social reality.  12 DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS 4 Psychoanalysis ( Sigmund Freud) Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories A psychological theory and therapeutic method. It focuses on exploring unconscious motivations, desires, and conflicts through techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and transference. It aims to understand how these unconscious elements influence thoughts, behaviors, and emotional responses. 5 Rational Choice ( Adam Smith) An economic and social theory that posits individuals make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits to maximize their utility or satisfaction. It assumes that people act rationally, seeking to achieve the best possible outcome based on available information.  13 DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS 6 Institutionalism( Meyer and Rowan) Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories Is a social science theory that emphasizes the role of institutions—formal and informal rules, norms, and practices—in shaping social behavior, political processes, and economic outcomes. It examines how these institutions influence decision-making and the interactions among individuals and groups within a society. 7 Feminist Theory ( Mary Wollstonecraft) Analyzes the role of gender in social structures, emphasizing the experiences and struggles of women. Advocates for gender equality and critiques patriarchal systems.  14 DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS 8 Hermeneutical Phenomenology (Martin Heidegger, Edmund Huserl & Hans-Georg Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories Gadamer) An approach that combines elements of hermeneutics (the study of interpretation) and phenomenology (the study of lived experiences). This approach emphasizes understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences and the meanings they attach to them. It seeks to uncover the deeper meanings behind experiences rather than just describing them. 9 Human-Environment Systems ( It is also known as the Coupled Human and Natural System, orCHANS) An interdisciplinary field that examines the complex interactions between humans and their natural environments. It focuses on understanding how social, economic, and cultural factors influence human behavior and decision- making in relation to environmental conditions, and vice versa. Provide a holistic understanding of the challenges facing both people and the planet. Chapter III INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES  1 LESSON OBJECTIVES 1. Examine the social ideas of Filipinthinkers starting from Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Rizal and other Filipino Intellectuals. 2. Value the role of interpersonal relations in Philippine culture. 3. Evaluate the person’s personality using the core values of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. 4. Explain the significance of using aparticular language for discourse. 5. Critique dominant approaches using Filipino perspectives. INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES  2 OVERVIEW Indigenizing the social sciences refers to the process of integrating Indigenous knowledge systems, perspectives, and methodologies into social science research and education. This approach seeks to recognize and honor the experiences, histories, and cultures of Indigenous peoples while challenging the dominance of Western frameworks. Indigenizing the social sciences is crucial for creating a more equitable and inclusive academic landscape. It not only enriches the field by incorporating diverse viewpoints but also contributes to social justice by recognizing the rights and knowledge of Indigenous peoples. This approach challenges existing power dynamics and seeks to create a more holistic understanding of social issues. INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES  3 Social Thinkers Social thinkers are the person who contribute their ideas and perspective to create a social changes as well as denotes a person who is acknowledged as a visionary for social advancement. INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES  4 FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS  Jose P. Rizal- Reformist 5 “What is the use of independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?” The Filipino National Hero He wrote the “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”; Rizal is an iconic model of the youth for his “love of country”; Intelligence is the solution to the ills of the country. Their consciousness should be freed from the fanaticism, docility, inferiority and hopelessness. He started La Liga Filipina with the job of enlightening the minds of the people. Believed in Agnostic Deism- the view that God created the universe with its law, never to interfere with it again Human problems are irrational human creations and can be solved through rational solutions. If reason commits mistakes, only reason can correct them.”  Andres Bonifacio- Revolutionist 6 Dedicated himself in liberating the Filipino against oppressors; He is considered the President of the Tagalog Republic He is called the “Great Plebian” or the Father of the Philippine Revolutionary Movements He organized the first laws of the Tagalog Republic although not recognized by the government. Founded Katipunan/KKK(Kataas-taasan, kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) His philosophy of revolution was published in the revolutionary newspaper,”Kalayaan” Transformed the blood compact (sandugo) as a kinship contract. According to him, a revolution of war is justified when there is breach of contract.  Jose P. Laurel- Political Philosopher 7 He was the President of the second Republic also known as the puppet republic under the Japanese occupation; He became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Republic; Social Justice according to Dr. Laurel, should bring about “the greatest good to the greatest number of people”; Believed that people cannot remain in solitude Social Differences Human Rights Guaranteed for those citizen do their obligations as a citizen of the state Good governance is founded by righteousness and foreign relation Based on free reciprocal rights and privileges.  Emilio Jacinto- Revolutionist 8 Brain of the Katipunan He capitalized on the idea of a free reign of reason, of the freedom to think and do;rather than the freedom to will and do. “In a colonial situation where both will and thinking are suppressed, where intellectual fanaticism is the rule, where one’s will is conditioned to submit to tyranny, it is intellectual liberty that comes primary”. Filipinos must get rid of slavery; must embrace liberty again with a price, a bloody revolution.  Manuel L. Quezon- Political Philosopher 9 He was a politician and a soldier and he became the second president of the Philippines; He was coined “the father of national language” for promoting Filipino Language as the “wikang pambansa”; Political Pragmatism & political operation for an eventual Philippine Independence Political pragmatism-“one must fight for a goal but if obstacles towards that goals are difficult to summon then one must fall back to an alternative that is better than nothing provided it’s in the right direction.” Believed in Social Darwinism-governments are products of political struggle for survival. “Party less Democracy”-political parties influence the politician, the people. Believed in the democratization of education for all, national language and justice. Equal access to essential raw materials.  10 Renato Constantino- Esquierel Embuscado- Nationalist Philosopher Dissectionist Colonial experience has developed a Painter captive consciousness an effect of crab Cut umbilical cord of the past to make mentality. This is the tendency to those used of the present and protect that on top of the hierarchy to push those present to the open future. below while those below to pull down Art is present-future oriented hose up above. Nationalist Choice(entire nation)  11 Cirilo Bautista- Claro R. Centeza- Political Theorist Meta-Physician Rubber Toner(a poem) Exist-standout History and Poem can be read as a same Exist-make a difference way  12 Rolando Gripaldo- Isabelo Delos Reyes- Circumstantialist (Labor Activist Anthropologist) Free Choice-Rational and Father of Filipino Socialism Non-rational Initiated Labor Strike against American business firms First Labor Union(Obrero Democratica Filipina) Multi-Lingual Education(Mother Tongue Based)  13 Teodoro Kalaw- Camilo Osias Educational Philosopher Educational Philosopher Five Traits Tayo Concept Courage Education must be seen for every Chastity Filipino fullest measure of efficiency, Courtesy freedom and happiness. Self-control School promote dynamic nationalism Family Union which help to think logically, School need to develop educational scientifically and creatively. system  14 Florentino Timbreza Emerita S. Quito Timbreza was coined the father For Dr.Quito, Philosophy in the Philippines of Filipino Philosophy; is not that developed yet; He was the first to author a She wrote philosophical discourses like Filipino philosophy book in the hermeneutics, phenomenology and the Philippines; state of philosophy in the Philippines; Dr. Quito also wrote a book in Ethics which is widely used in the Philippines;  15 Rafael Palma- Zeus A. Salazar Educational Philosopher “Academic Freedom” Pantayong Pananaw The primary purpose of education is to From-us-For-us Perspective, develop the individual to his highest “Dapatpag-aralanangugat at kalagayan efficiency so that he can be of use to himself ngkapwaPilipino saPilipinasalinsunodsapunto and to the community. Such a concept is de bista ng Pilipino at sariling based on the philosophy of altruism and is diskurongtaglaynito.” closely allied to citizenship. Kasaysayan na may salaysay na may saysay Education must produce individuals who are para sa sinasalaysayang pangkat ng tao. both useful to themselves and to society. INSTITUTE OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE’S VALUES ON PHILIPPINE VALUES  The Filipino Values 1. Values in the educational system was first introduced in 1995 to both public and private educational institutions; Its implementation was integrated in all subject areas: 2. Implicitly, values formation became an integral part in the educational system of the Philippine 3. Values or value formation should be a daily routine rooted already in every human being’s life; Students, parents and leaders alike should not only learn these values but be able to integrate these values into owns’ daily living by “doing”  The purpose of integrating values to all subject areas are as follows: 1. TO LEARN SELF-DISCIPLINE ✔ To value and learn the sense of cooperation ✔ To inculcate the value of respect ✔ To inculcate the value of justice ✔ To inculcate and rediscover the value of faith ✔ To inculcate and rediscover the value of patience  The purpose of integrating values to all subject areas are as follows: 2. TO INCULCATE THE VALUE OF RESILIENCY ✔ To inculcate and rediscover the value of love ✔To inculcate and rediscover the value of Nationalism ✔To inculcate and rediscover the value of Care ✔To inculcate and rediscover the value of Appreciation  Some Filipino Values: Politeness (“Saying Po at Opo”) Gratitude (“Utang na loob”) Hospitality (“Tuloy Po Kayo”) Close Family Ties (“Pagpapahalaga sa pamilya”) Amor Propio (“Pakikisama”) Bahala Na (“Bathala Na or God’s Will be done”) Piety (“Kabanalan”) These values were adopted and learned from our ancestors. Sikolohiyang Filipino and Pantayong Pananaw are significant concepts in understanding Filipino identity and historiography. Sikolohiyang Filipino Sikolohiyang Filipino refers to the indigenous psychology of the Philippines, emphasizing the unique psychological experiences and cultural contexts of Filipinos. It seeks to develop a psychological framework that is rooted in Filipino values, beliefs, and practices, distinguishing it from Western psychological theories. This approach aims to understand human behavior through the lens of Filipino culture, incorporating concepts such as "kapwa" (shared identity) and "bayanihan" (community spirit) which are central to Filipino social interactions. Sikolohiyang Filipino advocates for a psychology that resonates with the lived experiences of Filipinos, promoting a more culturally relevant understanding of mental health and behavior.  Pantayong Pananaw Pantayong Pananaw, conceptualized by historian Dr. Zeus A. Salazar, promotes a perspective in Philippine historiography that emphasizes an internal discourse among Filipinos about their own history and culture. The term translates to "from us for us," highlighting the importance of using the Filipino language and cultural context in historical narratives. This approach critiques colonial historiography that often imposed external viewpoints on Philippine history, advocating instead for a self-reflective methodology that acknowledges the interconnectedness of Filipino values, experiences, and aspirations within a unified cultural framework.