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What does institutionalism primarily focus on in social sciences?
What does institutionalism primarily focus on in social sciences?
Which aspect is central to feminist theory as proposed by Mary Wollstonecraft?
Which aspect is central to feminist theory as proposed by Mary Wollstonecraft?
Hermeneutical phenomenology aims to uncover what aspect of human experience?
Hermeneutical phenomenology aims to uncover what aspect of human experience?
Human-environment systems (CHANS) focus on which type of interactions?
Human-environment systems (CHANS) focus on which type of interactions?
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What central theme does hermeneutical phenomenology explore?
What central theme does hermeneutical phenomenology explore?
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Feminist theory critiques which of the following social structures?
Feminist theory critiques which of the following social structures?
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Which of the following is true about institutionalism in relation to decision-making?
Which of the following is true about institutionalism in relation to decision-making?
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Which area does the human-environment systems approach incorporate?
Which area does the human-environment systems approach incorporate?
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What was Ferdinand de Saussure's main contribution to the field of linguistics?
What was Ferdinand de Saussure's main contribution to the field of linguistics?
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Which of the following is NOT a belief held by Adam Smith regarding social behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a belief held by Adam Smith regarding social behavior?
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What significant achievement is Eratosthenes best known for?
What significant achievement is Eratosthenes best known for?
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In which of the following works did Adam Smith present his ideas on economics?
In which of the following works did Adam Smith present his ideas on economics?
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Which philosopher is considered a key figure in political science and contributed to the understanding of governance?
Which philosopher is considered a key figure in political science and contributed to the understanding of governance?
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Who is recognized as the father of Filipino Socialism?
Who is recognized as the father of Filipino Socialism?
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Which philosopher stressed the importance of multi-lingual education based on the mother tongue?
Which philosopher stressed the importance of multi-lingual education based on the mother tongue?
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What is one of the five traits identified by Teodoro Kalaw for educational philosophy?
What is one of the five traits identified by Teodoro Kalaw for educational philosophy?
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What concept does Camilo Osias promote for education in the Philippines?
What concept does Camilo Osias promote for education in the Philippines?
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What distinction does Florentino Timbreza hold in the field of philosophy?
What distinction does Florentino Timbreza hold in the field of philosophy?
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What aspect of Filipino philosophy does Emerita S. Quito believe is underdeveloped?
What aspect of Filipino philosophy does Emerita S. Quito believe is underdeveloped?
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Which of the following statements best reflects the ideas of Rolando Gripaldo?
Which of the following statements best reflects the ideas of Rolando Gripaldo?
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What is the primary focus of Timbreza’s philosophical contributions?
What is the primary focus of Timbreza’s philosophical contributions?
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Which philosophical method has Emerita S. Quito used in her writings?
Which philosophical method has Emerita S. Quito used in her writings?
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What critical issue did Isabelo Delos Reyes address through his activism?
What critical issue did Isabelo Delos Reyes address through his activism?
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What is the main focus of Marxism in the study of society?
What is the main focus of Marxism in the study of society?
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Which theory emphasizes the significance of social interactions in constructing society?
Which theory emphasizes the significance of social interactions in constructing society?
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What therapeutic techniques are primarily used in Psychoanalysis?
What therapeutic techniques are primarily used in Psychoanalysis?
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What does Rational Choice Theory assume about individual decision-making?
What does Rational Choice Theory assume about individual decision-making?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of Marxism?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of Marxism?
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In what way does Symbolic Interactionism differ from Marxism?
In what way does Symbolic Interactionism differ from Marxism?
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What aspect does Psychoanalysis primarily explore?
What aspect does Psychoanalysis primarily explore?
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Which theory best aligns with the idea that individuals are motivated by their desire to maximize satisfaction?
Which theory best aligns with the idea that individuals are motivated by their desire to maximize satisfaction?
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What do both Marxism and Rational Choice Theory have in common?
What do both Marxism and Rational Choice Theory have in common?
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Which of the following best describes the main concern of Rational Choice Theory?
Which of the following best describes the main concern of Rational Choice Theory?
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What is the primary purpose of education according to the philosophy presented?
What is the primary purpose of education according to the philosophy presented?
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Which of the following values emphasizes the importance of cooperation and respect in the educational system?
Which of the following values emphasizes the importance of cooperation and respect in the educational system?
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What does the 'Pantayong Pananaw' perspective emphasize?
What does the 'Pantayong Pananaw' perspective emphasize?
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How does values formation become part of the Philippine educational system?
How does values formation become part of the Philippine educational system?
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What is the significance of 'Bahala Na' within Filipino values?
What is the significance of 'Bahala Na' within Filipino values?
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Which of the following best describes 'Amor Propio' in Filipino values?
Which of the following best describes 'Amor Propio' in Filipino values?
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What does the value of 'Piety' mainly refer to in Filipino culture?
What does the value of 'Piety' mainly refer to in Filipino culture?
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Which value promotes familial connections and support within Filipino society?
Which value promotes familial connections and support within Filipino society?
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Which purpose of integrating values into education is aimed at achieving emotional strength?
Which purpose of integrating values into education is aimed at achieving emotional strength?
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What role does 'gratitude' play in Filipino values?
What role does 'gratitude' play in Filipino values?
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Study Notes
Second Quarter | SocScil
- Prepared by: Gillian Estrada-Bildan, LPT
Chapter II: Historical Context of Emergence of Social Sciences Major Theories
- Lesson Objectives
- Explain the major events that led to the emergence of social sciences.
- Enumerate the contributions of social science disciplines.
- Demonstrate the historical foundation of social science disciplines.
Overview
- The emergence of social sciences is rooted in a complex interplay of historical, philosophical, and cultural development, particularly influenced by the Enlightenment and subsequent revolutions.
Historical Context
-
Enlightenment Foundations
- The social sciences emerged during the Age of Enlightenment (17th and 18th centuries).
- Thinkers like René Descartes emphasized rationality and empirical inquiry.
- This was a shift from religious explanations to scientific understanding of human behavior and society.
- This laid the groundwork for sociology, psychology, and economics.
-
Influence of Revolutions
- The Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution significantly impacted social sciences.
- These revolutions brought about profound economic and social changes.
- Scholars analyzed these transformations scientifically.
- These revolutions prompted questions about governance, rights, and societal structures, necessitating new theoretical frameworks to understand these dynamics.
Social Science Theories
- Social science disciplines ask different questions regarding everyday life events and activities that involve people.
- Social science studies how people put societies together and the impact of their decisions on the functioning of societies.
- Social theories are frameworks used to explain how and why specific facts are related.
Founders of Different Disciplines
-
Anthropology: Edward Burnett Taylor (1832-1917)
- English cultural anthropologist
- First to hold a chair in Anthropology at Oxford University in 1896
- Coined the term "culture"
- Wrote "Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization."
-
History: Herodotus (484-425 B.C)
- Greek historian
- Treated historical subjects methodically and critically.
- Collected historical materials to create a historical narrative
- Wrote "Histories" – a record of ancient traditions and culture in Greece, Asia, and Africa.
-
Economics: Adam Smith (1723-1790)
- Founder of Classical School
- Explained how social behavior is regulated
- Analyzed how self-interest, morality, and markets constrain individuals within society.
- Wrote "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
-
Geography: Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C)
- Greek scholar
- Significant contributions to geography, mathematics, and astronomy.
- Calculated Earth's circumference accurately using geometry and observations.
- Used scientific reasoning and mathematics to understand the natural world.
-
Linguistic: Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- Swiss linguist
- Language form is arbitrary
- All languages function similarly
- Published "Memoire sur le systeme primitifdes voyelles dans les langues indo-europeenes"
-
Political Science: Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
- Political scientist
- Laid the foundation for governance and leadership
- Defined man as a "political animal"
- Wrote "The Politics"
-
Psychology: Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
- German psychologist
- Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology in Leipzig, Germany (1879).
- Trained psychologists to make unbiased observations.
- Developed a theory of conscious thought
- Wrote "Principles of Physiological Psychology"
-
Sociology: Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
- French sociologist
- Coined the term "sociology"
- Advocated the application of the scientific method to social life and positivism
- Wrote "Cours de Philosophie Positive" (1830-1842) in five volumes
-
Demography: John Graunt (1620-1674)
- His work, "Natural and Political Observations," examined weekly records of deaths and baptisms ("bills of mortality") dating back to the 16th century.
Dominant Approaches and Ideas
-
Structural Functionalism: Emile Durkheim
- Society is made up of interconnected institutions and structures that work together to maintain stability and social order.
-
Marxism: Karl Marx, Max Weber
- Society is in perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources (power dynamics and social inequality).
- Analyzes struggles between social classes and groups.
-
Symbolic Interactionism: George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer
- Society arises from interactions and the meanings individuals attach to those interactions.
- Studies everyday social interactions and symbols central to social reality.
-
Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud
- Explores unconscious motivations, desires, and conflicts through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and transference.
-
Rational Choice: Adam Smith
- Individuals make decisions by weighing costs and benefits to maximize utility (satisfaction).
-
Feminist Theory: Mary Wollstonecraft
- Analyzes gender's role in social structures, highlighting women's experiences and struggles for equality and critiquing patriarchal systems.
-
Institutionalism: Meyer and Rowan
- Emphasizes the role of institutions (formal and informal rules, norms, and practices) in shaping social behavior, political processes, and economic outcomes.
- Examines how institutions influence decision-making and interactions among individuals and groups.
-
Hermeneutical Phenomenology: Martin Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, Hans-Georg Gadamer
- Combines hermeneutics (interpretation) and phenomenology (lived experiences) to understand how people make sense of experiences.
-
Human-Environment Systems/ Coupled Human and Natural System (CHANS):
- Interdisciplinary field that explores the complex interactions between humans and their natural environment.
- Explains how social, economic, and cultural factors influence human behavior with environmental conditions.
Chapter III: Indigenizing The Social Sciences
- Lesson Objectives
- Examine the social ideas of Filipino thinkers (Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Rizal, etc.)
- Value the role of interpersonal relations in Philippine culture.
- Evaluate personality using Sikolohiyang Pilipino's core values.
- Explain the significance of using particular languages for discourse.
- Critique dominant approaches with Filipino perspectives.
Overview
- Indigenizing social sciences involves integrating Indigenous knowledge systems, perspectives, and methodologies.
- It recognizes and honors the experiences, histories, and cultures of Indigenous peoples while challenging the dominance of Western frameworks.
- This approach is crucial for creating an equitable and inclusive academic landscape that recognizes the rights and knowledge of Indigenous peoples and challenges existing power dynamics to create a more holistic understanding of social issues.
Social Thinkers
- Social thinkers contribute ideas and perspective to create social change and are visionaries of social advancement.
Filipino Social Thinkers
- Jose Rizal - Reformist who wrote novels like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, advocating for Filipino identity, love of country, and intellectual liberation. He believed in reason and rational solutions to social problems.
- Andres Bonifacio - Revolutionist who founded the Katipunan and advocated for the liberation of the Philippines from colonial oppression. He believed in a bloody revolution when necessary.
- Jose P. Laurel - Political philosopher who served as president under the Japanese occupation and advocated for social justice to bring about the greatest good to the greatest number of people.
- Emilio Jacinto - Revolutionist who was the “brain” of the Katipunan, focusing on intellectual liberty and freedom of reason as a critical element of a colonial resistance.
- Manuel L. Quezon – Politician and soldier, a political philosopher who championed Filipino language and advocated Philippine independence. He valued social Darwinism and party-less democracy.
- Renato Constantino- Nationalist philosopher who discussed the concept of “captive consciousness” and a “crab mentality” in relation to colonial experiences.
- Emilio Jacinto, as the brain of Katipunan
- Esqnievel Embuscado – A dissectionist and painter,
- Civilo Bautista - Political theorist and poet
- Clavo R. Centeza - Meta-physician
- Rolando Gripaldo - Circumstantialist
- Isabelo Delos Reyes - Labor activist, anthropologist, and father of Filipino socialism.
- Teodoro Kalaw – Educational philosopher whose educational concepts addressed Filipino courage, chastity, courtesy, and self-control while emphasizing the importance of family unions.
- Camilo Osias – Educational philosopher whose educational approach stressed dynamic nationalism.
- Florentino Timbreza - First Filipino Author of Philosophy.
- Emerita S. Quito- Philosopher focusing on Philippine philosophy, hermeneutics, and phenomenology.
- Rafael Palma, a visionary for education
- Zeus A. Salazar, a prominent proponent of Pantayong Pananaw.
Institute of Philippine Culture's Values on Philippine Values
- Values framework was introduced to both public and private Philippine educational institutions in 1995.
- Values formation became an integral part of the educational systems.
- Values education should become a daily routine to strengthen learning and practice.
The Filipino Values
- Include politeness, gratitude, hospitality, close family ties, amor propio, bahala na, and piety.
Sikolohiyang Filipino and Pantayong Pananaw
- Concepts in understanding Filipino identity and historiography.
- Sikolohiyang Filipino is an indigenous psychology emphasizing Filipino experiences and cultural contexts.
- Pantayong Pananaw promotes internal discourse among Filipinos concerning history and culture to advocate for self-reflection.
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