Sociology Test PDF

# PRE-ASSESSMENT: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY (PQYC) ## Attempt #1 ### Status: Passed **1. What did Emile Durkheim's research on suicide reveal?** - Suicide rates were higher in areas where an individual's ties to their group were disrupted or distorted. **2. Which idea did Auguste Comte introduce...

# PRE-ASSESSMENT: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY (PQYC) ## Attempt #1 ### Status: Passed **1. What did Emile Durkheim's research on suicide reveal?** - Suicide rates were higher in areas where an individual's ties to their group were disrupted or distorted. **2. Which idea did Auguste Comte introduce to the field of sociology?** - Positivism **3. Which sociological perspective assumes that social life is shaped by the meanings people associate with things?** - Symbolic interactionism **4. Which sociological perspective views society as being made up of groups competing for scarce resources?** - Conflict **5. Which ethical dilemma in sociological research does Laud Humphry's study on social interactions between men in public restrooms highlight?** - Misleading research subjects **6. Sociologists must consider the potential physical and emotional risks that participants may be exposed to during a research study. Which issue does this consideration address?** - Ethical standards **7. What are sociologists practicing when they evaluate cultures without judging them?** - Ethnocentrism **8. A group of teachers teaching in the same neighborhood of Los Angeles meet regularly about family and ethnicity issues they encounter in their daily work. What is this an example of?** - Subculture **9. What role do a culture's values play in social interactions?** - Values define a culture's standards for good and bad, beautiful and ugly, right and wrong. - Values are the expectations for behavior in a society. **10. How does the workplace act as an agent of socialization?** - It is an environment where one can acquire new perspectives of the world. **11. According to studies of socialization through the “life course” in modern society, which group characteristically grapples most with the question "Who am I?" and struggles to carve out a group identity?** - Adolescents, ages 13 to 17 **12. Where do most people first encounter gender socialization?** - Family **13. What does George Herbert Mead's term "generalized other" refer to in relation to the development of the self?** - Perception of the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of others in general. **14. If Mateo feels happy because he thinks his classmates will approve of his new shoes, which phase of the looking-glass self is Mateo in?** - Third **15. Which concept reflects sociological ways of thinking about the development of self?** - The looking-glass self **16. What is a secondary group?** - A group that is created through similar interests, activities, or professions **17. A student is well prepared for a class assignment, and she feels confident she knows the correct answers to the questions the teacher will ask during a group discussion. However, the student is reluctant to raise her hand to answer the questions to avoid making her classmates look bad. Which term explains the student's behavior within the social structure of the group?** - Role strain **18. What is an example of a category?** - People who wear glasses **19. Which term describes a crowd of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time?** - Aggregate **20. Which social theorist was the first to analyze bureaucracies as powerful forms of social organization that are concerned with the "bottom line?"** - Max Weber **21. How does group size affect group dynamics?** - The larger the group, the more stable it is. **22. Which characteristic describes a bureaucracy?** - There is a clear division of labor. **23. According to sociologist George Simmel, what happens to a small group's dynamics and interactions as it grows larger?** - It develops a more formal structure and intimacy increases. **24. How does Strain Theory explain deviance?** - People are not always willing and/or able to achieve cultural goals. **25. What is the position of the conflict perspective regarding deviance?** - Deviant behavior is defined by those with power. **26. Which of the following is considered deviant behavior but not a crime?** - Public nose picking **27. What did Émile Durkheim argue is the role of deviance in society?** - It reinforces cultural values and norms. **28. Which perspective argues that prison cements a "criminal" identity, making it more likely a person will continue to engage in criminal behavior when released?** - Symbolic interactionism **29. How does functionalism view prison?** - Prisons are part of a system that masks the effects of poverty and inequality as personal, individual failings. **30. What type of crime is committed by people of high social status who are motivated by financial gain?** - White-collar crime **31. What is an example of institutional discrimination in everyday life?** - A person's dorm room door being marked with a racial slur. **32. How does the conflict perspective explain racial prejudice?** - Racial prejudice stems from different racial groups competing for scarce resources. **33. What is the difference between race and ethnicity?** - Race is a social category based on a person's physical traits; ethnicity comes from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and national identity. **34. Which pattern of group interaction involves ethnic groups gradually giving up their distinctive culture and traditions to adopt the patterns of the dominant culture?** - Assimilation **35. Which condition in marriages do sociologists view as being shaped by culturally defined gender roles?** - Who holds decision-making power **36. Which term refers to the difference between what women make on average and what men make on average over their lifetimes?** - Gender wage gap **37. Which of the following is typically a female-dominated profession?** - Middle school teacher **38. How do the rates of suicide attempts compare between lesbian, bisexual, or gay youth and heterosexual youth?** - Lesbian, bisexual, or gay youth are slightly more likely to attempt suicide. **39. Which type of harassment occurs when a person in authority demands sexual favors of a subordinate as a condition of getting or keeping a job benefit?** - Quid pro quo **40. What do sociologists focus on as an explanation for why people are poor?** - Social structure **41. According to Karl Marx, which of the following factors determines social class?** - Peoples' relationship to the means of production **42. Why does the conflict perspective argue that social stratification is universal?** - The powerful use society's resources to their benefit and to oppress others. **43. Which problem associated with urban expansion is responsible for driving up the prices of homeownership and rent in poor areas, ultimately forcing the original impoverished group out?** - Deindustrialization **44. According to conflict theorist Immanuel Wallerstein, which category do the poorest countries, concentrated in Africa, Central America, and central Asia belong to?** - Periphery countries **45. What have sociologists observed about cohabitation in the U.S. since 1960?** - Rates of cohabitation have rapidly increased. **46. Today's average first-time bride and groom in the United States are older than at any other time in history. What have sociologists discovered is the primary reason for this increased average age at marriage?** - More individuals are pursuing higher levels of education. **47. Which theoretical perspective holds that marriage is a tool for societal survival?** - Functionalist **48. Which sociological perspective explains the meanings that men and women attach to marriage, housework, and childcare?** - Symbolic interactionist **49. According to Max Weber, what established the relationship between Protestantism and capitalism?** - A religious approach to life that valued frugality and investment **50. Which perspective focuses on how standardized tests have a cultural bias that favor white, middle-class students?** - Conflict **51. Cameron attends an inner-city school where almost 90% of the students receive free lunches, and the graduation rate is just 50%. Which sociological perspective helps explain this school's low graduation rate?** - Conflict **52. What concept does the role of the U.S. educational system have in teaching mainstream cultural norms and traditions to immigrant populations demonstrate, according to a functionalist perspective?** - Social integration **53. A person was born into a working-poor family. What is true in terms of health outcomes in this scenario?** - This person will handle any health issues with good health insurance from their job. **54. How do most Americans get their healthcare?** - Through their employer **55. Which healthcare model is closest to the American system?** - Bismarck **56. Which race has the highest infant mortality rate in the United States?** - African American **57. What is an example of a mass?** - Fans watching a football game at a stadium **58. What is an example of an alternative social movement?** - Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) **59. According to the new social movement theory, what shift in social movements has occurred in Western countries since the 1960s?** - They now focus on lifestyle and political concerns.