Sociology Test 4 PDF

Trevor schmidt Chapter 13-Leisure and Media Leisure- Time that can be spent relaxing, engaging in recreation or otherwise partaking in freely chosen activities ○ Leisure has changed overtime, now it is more at home with new technology. ○ Types of leisure can be changed th...

Trevor schmidt Chapter 13-Leisure and Media Leisure- Time that can be spent relaxing, engaging in recreation or otherwise partaking in freely chosen activities ○ Leisure has changed overtime, now it is more at home with new technology. ○ Types of leisure can be changed through social classes ○ Media plays a massive role in how we think of leisure Commodities- While peope used to make their own fun now they purchase it as goods or services Formal organizations- many recreational activities that used to be spontaneous and unsupervised are now formally organized Conglomeration- the process of when a single corporation acquires a variety of otherwise unrelated businesses Merger-The legal combination of companies in order to maximize efficiency and profits by eliminating unnecessary/redundant infrastructure and personnel Monopoly- When one organization or person ,without competitors, has a particular good or service Hypodermic needle (magic bullet) theory- Media consumers are passive, uncritical recipients of content Active Audience theory- Explains the effects of media through the interpretive activity of audience members  “Third place” (Home is 1st, work is 2nd)- Any informal public place where people come together regularly for conversation and camaraderie when not at work or home. Ex. Coffee shop in show friends. Civil Society- Organizations, institutions and interactions outside of family, government and work that promote social bonds and smooth the functioning of society. Chapter 14- Healthcare Acute diseases- Having a sudden onset may briefly incapacitate. Possibly fatal Chronic disease- develop over a long period of time and may not be detected until later in life Curative medicine- Treatment of a problem after it started. Preventative medicine- Eastern form of medicine that tries to prevent or delay a problem. Includes lifestyle changes Palliative care- Healthcare that focuses on symptom or pain relief. It is not intended to provide a cure. It is sometimes used for terminally or chronically ill patients Medicalization- The process in which an issue is used to be seen as a personal problem is now seen as a medical problem Epidemiologists- Studies the pattern of disease to understand illness, how they spread and how to treat them Epidemic- When a significantly higher number than expected cases of a disease occurs  Pandemic- Same as epidemic but it spreads a large geographic location across many continents Structural functionalism- Focuses on how healthcare contributes to the stability and function of society Conflict theory- Focuses on the inequality within healthcare and how social forces shape the Symbolic interactionism- SES- Impacts people's ability to access healthcare, tests and medication and also nutrition. Higher SES individuals tend to live longer and better than lower individuals Racial inequalities- are partly due to socioeconomic status Food desert- A community in which the residents have little to no access to fresh, healthy, affordable food. Generally in densely populated urban areas. Deprivation amplification- occurs when the risks we already have because of our background or hereditary are amplified by social factors. Ex. men are more likely to have a dangerous job Cultural competence- Acknowledgement and incorporation of a person's cultural backgrounds as a part of this treatment process. Ex. Jehovah's witness’ will not accept donor blood Complementary medicine- treatments practices. Practices that can be used in conjunction with western medicine. Chapter 5- Population, Cities and Environment Demography- Study of size, composition, distribution and changes in population  Fertility rate- A measure of population growth through reproduction; often expressed as “births per 1000” people in a particular population or the average number of children a woman would bear over a lifetime Mortality rate- A measure in decrease of life due to death often expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a particular population Infant mortality rate-the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given population over a specific period of time Life expectancy- Average age to which people in a particular population are expected to live. Life expectancy-statistical measurement of how long a person is expected to live, based on their age, year of birth, and other demographic factors Malthusian theory- The theory that exponential growth in population will outpace the linear growth in food production and other resources Demographic transition- A theory about change over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population Rural- Referring to sparsely settled areas; in US it is considered a county with 10-59.9 people per square mile Urban- Relation to city, typically describes densely populated area Urbanization- The movement of increasing numbers of people leaving rural to live in urban areas Metropolis- An urban area with a large population (Range from 500k to 1m ppl) Global cities- Term for a megacity which emphasizes global impact as centers of economic, political and social power.  Urban density- Concentration of people living in an area based off of # of people square mile Suburbanization- The shift of large segments of population away from the urban core to the outskirts of city Urban sprawl- A derogatory term for the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries associated with rushed or poorly planned development. Edge cities- Centers of employment and commerce that begin as suburban commuter cities Smart growth- Term for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal White flight- Movement of upper- middle class white people who had enough money to move to outside of city to suburbs Urban renewal- Efforts to rejuvenate decaying inner cities, including renovation, removal, selective demolition, tax incentives and commercial development Gentrification- Transformation of the physical, social, economic and cultural life of formerly working class or poor inner city neighborhoods into affluent areas. Utopia- Literally “No place”; a place where society is perfect Dystopia- Opposite of Utopia, a world where social problems are magnified and the quality of life is very low Social atomization- a social structure which emphasizes individualism instead of group identities Urbanites- People that live in cities  Civil inattention- Unspoken rule governing interactions in public places; whereby people briefly notice others before ignoring them. Ex. New York city interactions Environment- In sociology the natural world, the human made environment, and the interaction between the two Renewable resources- Resources that are replenished at a rate comparable to rate they are used Non renewable resources- resources that are finite and cannot be replenished. Biodiversity- The variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time Pollution- Any environmental contaminant that harms living beings Environmental protection agency(EPA)- A US government agency created in 1969 to protect public house and the environment through policies and enforcement Greenhouse effect- The process in which increased production of greenhouse gas, especially those arising from human activity, causes changes to earth's atmospheres. Global warming- Gradual increase in the earth's temp. Drive recently by an increase in greenhouse gasses