Sociology Chat GPT Midterm Practice PDF

Multiple Choice Practice 1. What is sociology? ○ a) The study of individual behavior in isolation ○ b) The systematic study of human behavior in social context ○ c) The analysis of psychological motivations ○ d) The philosophical understanding of humanity 2....

Multiple Choice Practice 1. What is sociology? ○ a) The study of individual behavior in isolation ○ b) The systematic study of human behavior in social context ○ c) The analysis of psychological motivations ○ d) The philosophical understanding of humanity 2. Which of the following are considered social structures in sociology? ○ a) Human emotions ○ b) Patterns and institutions that organize social life ○ c) Random individual behaviors ○ d) Innate biological traits 3. The ability to see the connection between personal troubles and larger social structures is known as: ○ a) Social empathy ○ b) Sociological imagination ○ c) Scientific thinking ○ d) Social solidarity 4. Which of the following concepts reflects a society where individuals create and alter social structures? ○ a) Determinism ○ b) Functionalism ○ c) Agency ○ d) Structuralism 5. Which theoretical perspective focuses on stability, equilibrium, and how social structures maintain order? ○ a) Symbolic Interactionism ○ b) Conflict Theory ○ c) Feminist Theory ○ d) Functionalism 6. What does Conflict Theory primarily emphasize? ○ a) Social harmony and cooperation ○ b) The stability of institutions ○ c) The role of power and inequality in shaping society ○ d) The subjective meaning people attach to interactions 7. Who is considered the founder of the theory of class conflict in sociology? ○ a) Max Weber ○ b) Emile Durkheim ○ c) Karl Marx ○ d) Auguste Comte 8. Which sociological theory focuses on the meanings created through individual interactions? ○ a) Functionalism  ○ b) Feminist Theory ○ c) Symbolic Interactionism ○ d) Postmodernism 9. According to Symbolic Interactionism, social behavior can best be understood by examining: ○ a) Macro-level social institutions ○ b) The roles and interactions between individuals ○ c) The economic structures of society ○ d) The enforcement of legal systems 10. Which of the following best describes the Feminist perspective in sociology? ○ a) It explores individual identity formation ○ b) It emphasizes the role of gender inequalities and patriarchy in shaping social life ○ c) It focuses exclusively on biological explanations of gender ○ d) It ignores power dynamics in society 11. Sociology emerged from which three major historical revolutions? ○ a) Agricultural, Political, and Scientific ○ b) Democratic, Industrial, and Scientific ○ c) Technological, Scientific, and Medical ○ d) Economic, Democratic, and Technological 12. The Democratic Revolution contributed to sociology by emphasizing that: ○ a) Society can be changed through human intervention ○ b) Scientific methods should not be used in the study of society ○ c) Economic systems alone dictate social structures ○ d) Social problems are inevitable and unchangeable 13. How did the Industrial Revolution impact the development of sociology? ○ a) It led to the creation of psychology ○ b) It introduced complex social problems such as class inequality and urbanization ○ c) It decreased social diversity ○ d) It emphasized traditional rural lifestyles 14. What are the two major approaches used in sociological research? ○ a) Positivism and Interpretivism ○ b) Observation and Speculation ○ c) Deductive and Philosophical Reasoning ○ d) Humanistic and Empirical Methods 15. In quantitative research, which method is commonly used to establish cause-and-effect relationships? ○ a) Ethnography ○ b) Surveys ○ c) Experiments ○ d) Case Studies 16. Which of the following is an essential ethical norm in sociological research? ○ a) Deception without debriefing  ○ b) Harm minimization and respect for participants ○ c) Mandatory disclosure of all personal information ○ d) Allowing participation without consent 17. In a controlled experiment, the variable manipulated by the researcher is known as the: ○ a) Independent variable ○ b) Dependent variable ○ c) Control variable ○ d) Randomized variable 18. Which of the following best describes participant observation? ○ a) Observing participants without interacting with them ○ b) The researcher immerses themselves in the social group being studied ○ c) Conducting interviews from a distance ○ d) Reading historical accounts of group behavior 19. Socialization is defined as: ○ a) The process by which people learn to function in social life ○ b) A purely biological process determined by genetics ○ c) The instinctual behaviors of individuals in society ○ d) A natural process that cannot be influenced by social structures 20. Which agent of socialization is primarily responsible for early childhood development? ○ a) Schools ○ b) Peer groups ○ c) Families ○ d) Mass media 21. According to symbolic interactionism, which concept explains how individuals form their sense of self? ○ a) The looking-glass self ○ b) Social constructionism ○ c) Rationalization ○ d) Social reproduction 22. Which life stage has become increasingly complex and extended due to socioeconomic changes? ○ a) Childhood ○ b) Adulthood ○ c) Adolescence ○ d) Old age 23. Culture is best described as: ○ a) Inherited biological traits ○ b) The shared symbols, values, and norms that help solve human problems ○ c) A rigid set of rules governing all human behavior ○ d) The language only used by the elite 24. Which of the following statements aligns with the Sapir-Whorf Thesis? ○ a) Language shapes how individuals perceive and experience the world  ○ b) Language and culture are completely independent of each other ○ c) Language has no influence on behavior or thought ○ d) All cultures use identical languages for communication 25. What is an example of material culture? ○ a) Language ○ b) Beliefs ○ c) Tools and technology ○ d) Moral values 26. Cultural hegemony, as developed by Gramsci, refers to: ○ a) The use of technology to control information ○ b) Dominant groups exerting control over others through cultural means ○ c) The complete absence of power in a society ○ d) The study of symbolic interactions 27. Statuses refer to: ○ a) Positions individuals occupy in social structures ○ b) Emotional roles in group dynamics ○ c) The communication patterns in bureaucracies ○ d) Genetic predispositions 28. Which term describes when a person holds multiple incompatible roles at once? ○ a) Role conflict ○ b) Role strain ○ c) Status conflict ○ d) Master status 29. According to Goffman's dramaturgical model, which of the following is true? ○ a) Social interactions are entirely spontaneous ○ b) Individuals perform different roles depending on the social context ○ c) There is only one "true" self that we always present ○ d) Power plays no role in interactions 30. Which of the following describes macrostructures in sociology? ○ a) Close, face-to-face relationships like family and friends ○ b) Large-scale social relations that lie outside personal relationships ○ c) Interactions between individuals in small groups ○ d) Personal choices and individual agency 31. What term refers to large, impersonal organizations characterized by a clear hierarchy and a division of labor? ○ a) Bureaucracy ○ b) Social networks ○ c) Primary groups ○ d) Peer groups 32. Max Weber’s concept of rationalization refers to: ○ a) The natural tendency of people to act emotionally ○ b) The process of using efficient means to achieve goals, often leading to dehumanization ○ c) The idea that all human behavior is irrational  ○ d) The spontaneous actions of individuals in unpredictable environments 33. Which type of authority did Max Weber claim was based on laws and formal rules? ○ a) Charismatic authority ○ b) Traditional authority ○ c) Rational-legal authority ○ d) Coercive authority 34. Which of the following is a characteristic of post-industrial societies? ○ a) Reliance on manual labor and agriculture ○ b) A focus on manufacturing and industrial production ○ c) Most workers employed in service industries ○ d) Limited technological innovation and stagnation 35. A dyad refers to: ○ a) A network with three or more individuals ○ b) A small social group consisting of two people ○ c) An impersonal organization with a hierarchy ○ d) A bureaucratic structure with written rules 36. Which of the following best describes a primary group? ○ a) A large, impersonal group with specific goals ○ b) A small group of people with close, personal relationships ○ c) A temporary gathering of people with no lasting ties ○ d) A formal group with strict membership rules 37. Groupthink occurs when: ○ a) Group members encourage diverse opinions and open debate ○ b) Individuals conform to group decisions despite personal misgivings ○ c) Groups maintain independent and critical thinking ○ d) Authority figures discourage group conformity 38. The term “in-group” refers to: ○ a) A group to which individuals do not belong ○ b) A group that is defined by bureaucratic rules ○ c) A group to which individuals feel loyalty and belonging ○ d) A group with no social significance 39. Which of the following describes a virtual community? ○ a) A social group that interacts primarily through face-to-face communication ○ b) A physical community centered around shared geographical space ○ c) A bounded set of individuals who interact online, independent of time and space ○ d) A temporary group formed for a specific purpose 40. According to George Herbert Mead, the “I” in self-concept refers to: ○ a) The objective component of the self, shaped by societal expectations ○ b) The part of the self that is impulsive and responds directly to the environment ○ c) The collection of cultural standards that guide behavior ○ d) The part of the self that follows strict social rules 41. Which of the following refers to the generalized other in Mead’s theory of the self? ○ a) Specific individuals who provide direct feedback  ○ b) The sum of cultural expectations and standards ○ c) The individual’s unique personality traits ○ d) Family members and close friends 42. What is the “looking-glass self,” as described by Charles Cooley? ○ a) The reflection of an individual’s biological identity ○ b) The process by which individuals see themselves based on how others perceive them ○ c) The social norms internalized during childhood ○ d) The objective standards imposed by society 43. Which life stage is characterized by intense emotional and social fluctuation, according to G. Stanley Hall? ○ a) Childhood ○ b) Adulthood ○ c) Adolescence ○ d) Old age 44. In sociological terms, “resocialization” refers to: ○ a) The process of socialization during early childhood ○ b) The deliberate and often rapid process of transforming an individual’s identity and roles ○ c) Gradual changes in personality over time ○ d) Adopting a new culture voluntarily without external influence 45. Which of the following is an example of cultural capital? ○ a) A person’s economic wealth ○ b) A person’s ability to speak multiple languages and appreciate art ○ c) Ownership of land and property ○ d) The physical capital used in industrial production 46. What does the concept of “cultural relativism” suggest? ○ a) All cultures should be judged by universal standards ○ b) No culture is superior to another, and cultures should be understood within their own context ○ c) Some cultures are more advanced and should be promoted ○ d) Culture has no effect on human behavior 47. What is the dominant culture in society? ○ a) The culture shared equally by all people in a society ○ b) The culture that helps powerful groups maintain control over others ○ c) A subculture that challenges mainstream values ○ d) A form of culture found only in non-industrial societies 48. Cultural appropriation refers to: ○ a) The act of preserving cultural heritage ○ b) The adoption of elements of a subordinate culture by members of a dominant culture for fashion or utility ○ c) The creation of new cultural traditions within a society ○ d) The rejection of one’s own culture in favor of another 49. Which of the following represents a taboo in most societies?  ○ a) Wearing casual clothes to a formal event ○ b) Murder or incest ○ c) Refusing to follow workplace dress codes ○ d) Arriving late to a meeting 50. Domination, cooperation, and competition are three types of social interactions defined by: ○ a) Functionalists ○ b) Conflict theorists ○ c) Symbolic interactionists ○ d) Theories of social power 51. Bureaucratic ritualism refers to: ○ a) The tendency for people in bureaucracies to follow rules so rigidly that they undermine the organization’s goals ○ b) The use of rituals to increase worker productivity ○ c) The formalization of rituals in traditional societies ○ d) The equitable distribution of power in organizations 52. Oligarchy in bureaucracies is a situation where: ○ a) All power is distributed equally among members ○ b) Power is concentrated in the hands of a few people at the top of the hierarchy ○ c) Power is distributed randomly with no clear structure ○ d) All employees have the same level of influence in decision-making 53. What is the main criticism of bureaucratic structures, according to Weber? ○ a) They are inefficient and waste resources ○ b) They dehumanize individuals by treating them as cogs in a machine ○ c) They fail to implement clear rules and procedures ○ d) They are too flexible and lack formal organization 54. Which of the following is an example of a rational-legal form of authority? ○ a) A king’s rule based on divine right ○ b) A president’s authority derived from a legal constitution ○ c) A charismatic leader's influence over followers ○ d) A traditional chief's inheritance of leadership 55. What did Emile Durkheim conclude was a major factor influencing suicide rates? ○ a) Psychological disorders ○ b) Social solidarity and integration ○ c) Economic instability ○ d) Individualism and self-interest 56. According to Durkheim, egoistic suicide occurs in settings where: ○ a) Individuals have strong social ties and feel obligated to others ○ b) Individuals have weak social ties and feel isolated from society ○ c) Society places clear moral expectations on individuals ○ d) Social solidarity is excessively high 57. Which type of suicide occurs in a society where norms are unclear or weak? ○ a) Altruistic suicide ○ b) Egoistic suicide  ○ c) Anomic suicide ○ d) Fatalistic suicide 58. Which sociological perspective would most likely focus on the power dynamics involved in creating and sustaining inequality in society? ○ a) Functionalism ○ b) Conflict Theory ○ c) Symbolic Interactionism ○ d) Feminist Theory 59. Which of the following describes a “front-stage” performance in Goffman’s dramaturgical model? a) Behavior that is spontaneous and unplanned b) Behavior performed when individuals are alone c) Behavior that aligns with social norms and expectations, presented to others d) Behavior that occurs in private settings, away from an audience 60. In Goffman's theory, what is the "back-stage" area? a) Where individuals relax and behave naturally, away from social performance b) The part of a performance that people show to the world c) The structured roles and norms individuals follow in public d) Where social interactions occur through nonverbal communication 61. Which of the following best describes ethnomethodology? a) The study of how social institutions function b) The study of the methods people use to make sense of their everyday interactions c) The study of historical social changes d) The study of cultural differences in small communities 62. In sociology, “impression management” refers to: a) How individuals manipulate their facial expressions to control their emotions b) The process by which people manage how they are perceived by others in social interactions c) The way in which institutions manage the behavior of their members d) The formal management of a person’s public image by professionals 63. Emotion management, as studied by feminist sociologists, involves: a) Suppressing emotions entirely in professional settings b) Regulating emotions to fit socially accepted norms for particular situations c) Allowing emotions to flow naturally without restrictions d) Ignoring social expectations and expressing emotions freely 64. Which of the following is an example of a social institution? a) A random gathering of people in a park b) A school system or educational system c) A single conversation between two people d) A small group of friends having dinner together 65. How do functionalists view social institutions? a) As sources of social inequality and conflict b) As structures that contribute to the stability and functioning of society c) As tools for maintaining patriarchal dominance  d) As purely economic structures 66. Which of the following is an example of how social institutions constrain individual behavior? a) A student choosing their preferred major b) Legal norms that limit who can get married c) A family encouraging open communication among its members d) Peer pressure to join a sports team 67. How do conflict theorists understand the role of social institutions? a) As tools that maintain the status quo by perpetuating inequality b) As systems that always work toward social harmony c) As insignificant in understanding power dynamics d) As being neutral and equitable in distributing resources 68. What is the sociological concept of “social capital”? a) Material wealth and assets that individuals hold b) The skills and qualifications an individual possesses c) The social networks and relationships that provide individuals with benefits and opportunities d) The cultural knowledge individuals gain through education 69. Globalization is best defined as: a) The process by which societies become increasingly isolated b) The separation of economies and cultures on a national scale c) The process by which formerly separate economies, states, and cultures become tied together, with growing interdependence d) The shift from manual labor to mechanized production 70. Which of the following is a key outcome of globalization? a) Decreased interconnection between cultures b) Increased protection of local traditions and economies c) Greater awareness of economic and cultural interdependence across nations d) The elimination of economic inequality between countries 71. Post-industrial societies are characterized by: a) A focus on agricultural production b) Employment predominantly in the manufacturing sector c) A shift towards employment in the service sector, with advances in technology d) Minimal reliance on technology and globalization 72. What is one of the major sociological concerns related to globalization? a) That globalization leads to more democratic governance everywhere b) That globalization may exacerbate economic inequality and cultural homogenization c) That globalization solves all social problems by increasing economic growth d) That globalization primarily affects agricultural societies and leaves others untouched 73. Cultural diffusion refers to: a) The total isolation of cultures from one another b) The blending and spread of cultural elements between societies c) The dominance of one culture over another through warfare d) The return to traditional cultural practices without external influence 74. What is the sociological definition of deviance? a) Behavior that is always criminal and illegal b) Any behavior that violates social norms and expectations c) Actions that are immoral but not necessarily illegal d) Behavior that is universally condemned in every culture 75. According to Merton's strain theory, deviance occurs when: a) Individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior b) There is a discrepancy between societal goals and the means available to achieve them c) Social norms are too vague to influence behavior d) Individuals are fully integrated into their society 76. Which of the following best describes labeling theory? a) Deviance is an inherent characteristic of certain individuals b) Deviance results from the labels society places on individuals based on their behavior c) People are labeled as deviant based purely on biological factors d) Labels only affect individuals who are born into marginalized groups 77. What is social control? a) The process by which deviant individuals are isolated from society b) Mechanisms, both formal and informal, that regulate individuals’ behavior and encourage conformity to norms c) The methods used to eliminate conflict in society d) Social structures that allow complete freedom of action without regulation 78. Which of the following is an example of informal social control? a) Laws prohibiting theft b) A teacher giving a student a failing grade for cheating c) A parent scolding a child for breaking a rule d) A police officer arresting someone for vandalism 79. Feminist theories in sociology focus primarily on: a) Biological differences between men and women b) Gender inequality and the social construction of gender roles c) Economic inequality unrelated to gender d) The evolution of traditional male roles 80. Patriarchy is defined as: a) A system of governance where both men and women share equal power b) A system of male dominance in political, economic, and social life c) The natural biological superiority of men d) A society where women hold the majority of leadership roles 81. Gender socialization refers to: a) The biological process by which gender is determined at birth b) The process through which individuals learn and internalize societal expectations of gender roles c) The teaching of reproductive biology in educational systems d) The social rejection of traditional gender roles 82. Which of the following is an example of gender inequality in modern societies?  a) Equal pay for men and women in all industries b) More women holding leadership roles than men c) Wage gaps and underrepresentation of women in leadership positions d) The absence of sexism and discrimination in the workplace 83. Race is best understood as: a) A biological fact that determines behavior b) A socially constructed category used to classify people based on physical characteristics c) An unchanging set of genetic traits that define human abilities d) A scientifically proven way to categorize people into different groups 84. Ethnicity refers to: a) Physical traits shared by a group of people b) A group’s shared cultural practices, language, and heritage c) The political power held by a minority group d) Differences in biological features between populations 85. The term "institutional racism" refers to: a) Individual acts of prejudice b) Systematic practices and policies within institutions that result in unequal treatment based on race c) Racism that only occurs at the government level d) The idea that all racial groups are treated equally in modern institutions 86. Which of the following is an example of a minority group? a) A numerical majority group that controls most resources b) A group that has more power and privileges than others in society c) A group that experiences unequal treatment and limited opportunities based on cultural or racial characteristics d) A group that is defined by wealth and economic power 87. What is an example of racial discrimination? a) Making personal judgments based on someone’s personality traits b) Denying someone a job solely based on their race c) Encouraging diverse hiring practices in a company d) Creating policies that ensure equality for all races 88. Ethnocentrism refers to: a) The belief that all cultures are equal b) Judging another culture solely by the standards of one's own culture c) Celebrating cultural diversity and inclusion d) Rejecting one's own cultural traditions in favor of another 89. Which of the following is an example of cultural assimilation? a) A minority group maintaining its cultural practices while interacting with the dominant culture b) A person adopting the cultural traits of a dominant group, losing their original cultural identity c) A society allowing multiple cultures to exist independently without influence d) The creation of new subcultures within a society 90. What is social change? a) The reinforcement of existing social norms b) The transformation of social institutions, behaviors, and relations over time c) The elimination of all social problems d) The stabilization of societies through rigid structures 91. Which of the following is a feature of social movements? a) They occur spontaneously without any organization b) They aim to bring about or resist social, political, or economic change c) They always focus on local, small-scale changes d) They have no long-term impact on society 92. What term describes organized efforts by large groups of people to promote or resist change in society? a) Bureaucratic institutions b) Social movements c) Charismatic leadership d) Social control 93. Which of the following best describes a revolutionary social movement? a) A movement focused on bringing about specific, limited changes b) A movement that seeks to overthrow and replace the existing social order c) A movement aimed at maintaining the status quo d) A movement focused solely on cultural and lifestyle changes 94. What is the sociological definition of modernization? a) The process by which societies reject industrialization in favor of traditional practices b) The transition from traditional, rural, and agrarian societies to industrial and urban societies c) The return to simpler, pre-industrial ways of life d) The process by which societies become more dependent on agriculture 95. According to sociologists, which of the following is a major cause of social change? a) A society’s desire to maintain complete stability b) Innovation, social movements, and technological advances c) The refusal to engage with global trade d) The constant need to reinforce traditional values 96. What does the term “sustainable development” refer to? a) Economic growth at the expense of environmental resources b) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs c) Unlimited industrial expansion regardless of environmental impact d) A process of development that focuses solely on economic factors 97. Environmental sociology is primarily concerned with: a) The impact of human behavior on ecosystems and environmental resources b) The biological adaptations of humans to different climates c) The ways in which animals interact with their habitats d) The development of new industrial technologies 98. What is one of the main concerns of environmental sociologists regarding globalization? a) That globalization will lead to equal resource distribution globally b) That environmental degradation may increase due to increased global trade and industrialization c) That cultural exchange will solve all environmental problems d) That technological innovation will reverse environmental damage without policy changes 99. What is an example of an environmental social movement? a) A movement aimed at promoting the use of plastic products b) A movement focused on reducing pollution and promoting sustainable practices c) A movement aimed at increasing urban industrialization d) A movement designed to increase corporate profits without concern for environmental impact 100. Digital sociology focuses on: a) The study of how societies function without technology b) The examination of how digital technologies impact social life and social interactions c) The rejection of all forms of digital communication d) The analysis of face-to-face interactions in isolation from digital influences 101. What does the term "big data" refer to in sociology? a) Data collected exclusively through traditional research methods b) The large volume of digital traces and information individuals leave behind through their online activities c) Data that is only used by government institutions for research d) The use of data that is collected in small, controlled settings 102. How has digital technology transformed sociological research? a) By limiting the scope of research to smaller populations b) By enabling the collection and analysis of massive amounts of data through online activity c) By making face-to-face research methods obsolete d) By preventing researchers from accessing information about social behavior 103. Which of the following is a key agent of secondary socialization? a) Family b) Peer groups c) Early childhood caregivers d) Close friends from childhood 104. The concept of anticipatory socialization refers to: a) Socialization that occurs in early childhood only b) The process through which individuals prepare for future roles and social statuses c) The rejection of societal norms during adolescence d) Learning how to socialize only in peer groups 105. Which of the following demonstrates the concept of a "self-fulfilling prophecy"?  a) A student who is labeled as a troublemaker becomes disengaged and starts to misbehave more often b) A student who works hard despite being told they will not succeed c) A teacher who believes all students have equal potential d) A peer group that encourages diversity in thought and behavior 106. What does the term "hidden curriculum" in education refer to? a) The unofficial social, cultural, and behavioral norms that are taught in schools b) The main academic subjects taught in schools c) The extracurricular activities offered by schools d) The physical education curriculum 107. Which theory argues that children learn and internalize societal norms through interaction with significant others? a) Conflict theory b) Feminist theory c) Symbolic interactionism d) Structural functionalism 108. Which of the following best describes the nuclear family? a) A family that consists of one or two parents and their children living together b) A family composed of multiple generations living together c) A family structure that includes extended relatives, such as cousins and grandparents d) A family that is defined by legal and social institutions alone 109. In sociology, what does the term "patrilineal descent" refer to? a) Inheritance and lineage traced through the father's side of the family b) Inheritance and lineage traced through the mother's side of the family c) A system where women inherit family property d) A family structure that includes both parents equally 110. Which sociological theory is most concerned with the power dynamics and inequalities within family structures? a) Functionalism b) Conflict theory c) Symbolic interactionism d) Feminist theory 111. Which of the following best illustrates a change in family structures due to industrialization? a) Families moving from rural areas to urban areas, with fewer children b) Families becoming larger and more extended over time c) Families returning to farming as a primary livelihood d) Families practicing subsistence farming in rural settings 112. Which of the following describes the concept of "endogamy"? a) Marrying within one’s own social group or category b) Marrying outside of one’s social group or category c) Remaining single throughout life d) Marrying multiple partners simultaneously 113. What is the sociological definition of religion?  a) A system of beliefs and practices based on supernatural entities and forces b) A strictly private set of beliefs held by individuals c) A universal belief system shared by all societies d) A form of entertainment without any social or cultural significance 114. Which of the following is a key characteristic of secularization? a) The growth of religious institutions and authority b) The declining influence of religion in public and private life c) The emergence of new religious movements that dominate society d) The increasing participation in religious rituals by individuals 115. Which of the following is an example of civil religion? a) Worshiping a national leader or founder b) The set of beliefs, rituals, and symbols that provide a sense of sacredness in a secular nation c) Religious tolerance enforced by the government d) The separation of church and state in a constitution 116. Durkheim's concept of the "sacred" refers to: a) Everyday objects and mundane activities b) Objects, practices, or ideas that inspire awe and reverence c) The informal norms that govern religious institutions d) The idea that religion has no influence on society 117. Which of the following sociological perspectives views religion as a source of social cohesion and stability? a) Conflict theory b) Functionalism c) Symbolic interactionism d) Feminist theory 118. Which of the following is a manifest function of education? a) Socialization into cultural norms b) Teaching students to conform to social roles c) Providing students with the skills and knowledge needed for employment d) Reinforcing existing social inequalities 119. Which sociological theory would argue that education serves to maintain the existing class structure by reproducing inequality? a) Symbolic interactionism b) Functionalism c) Conflict theory d) Rational choice theory 120. Tracking in education refers to: a) The process of placing students in different academic programs or courses based on their perceived abilities b) The use of standardized tests to measure student progress c) The act of monitoring student attendance d) The organization of students into extracurricular activities 121. According to the conflict perspective, how does the education system perpetuate social inequality? a) By creating opportunities for all students equally b) By providing extra resources to those who are disadvantaged c) By reinforcing social class divisions through unequal access to resources d) By encouraging critical thinking and social mobility 122. Which of the following is an example of cultural capital in education? a) The ability to perform well on standardized tests b) Knowledge of elite cultural practices, such as understanding classical music or art c) The financial resources a student brings to their education d) Having access to free lunch programs at school 123. The sociological concept of the “sick role” refers to: a) The biological process of illness b) The set of social expectations that define the rights and responsibilities of those who are ill c) The psychological experience of illness d) The economic cost of healthcare for individuals 124. Which sociological perspective is most likely to analyze how healthcare access reflects broader social inequalities? a) Functionalism b) Symbolic interactionism c) Conflict theory d) Postmodernism 125. Medicalization refers to: a) The increasing availability of healthcare services b) The process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical issues c) The decline in medical authority over time d) The government regulation of pharmaceutical companies 126. Which of the following is an example of medicalization? a) A rise in the cost of prescription drugs b) Classifying attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a medical condition c) Promoting exercise as a means of improving health d) The expansion of health insurance coverage 127. According to symbolic interactionists, what is the role of society in shaping the meaning of health and illness? a) Society has no role in determining the meanings of health and illness b) Society constructs the meanings of health and illness through social interactions and cultural norms c) Biological factors are the sole determinants of health and illness d) Illness is purely a result of individual choices, independent of social context 128. What is operationalization in sociological research? a) Developing hypotheses without evidence b) Transforming abstract sociological concepts into measurable variables  c) Drawing conclusions from subjective experiences d) Ignoring variables in the experimental design 129. Which of the following is a primary benefit of using mixed methods in sociological research? a) It allows researchers to focus exclusively on quantitative data b) It combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches to offer a fuller understanding of social phenomena c) It eliminates the need for participant observation d) It reduces the need for ethical guidelines 130. In quantitative research, what is the independent variable? a) The outcome being measured b) The variable that is manipulated to observe its effects c) The variable that is unchanged throughout the study d) The variable that remains constant between groups 131. What is a key ethical principle guiding sociological research? a) Harm minimization and ensuring participants' privacy b) Mandating participation in studies for all eligible subjects c) Deceiving participants to ensure they provide honest responses d) Ignoring consent if the data is critical to the study 132. What does reliability refer to in sociological research? a) The relevance of a study to current societal issues b) The degree to which research findings can be generalized c) The consistency of results across repeated studies d) The accuracy of interviews in qualitative research 133. Which concept describes how social experiences shape a person’s self-identity? a) Socialization b) Stratification c) Functionalism d) Rationalization 134. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, how is the self formed? a) Through biological predispositions alone b) Through interaction with others and internalizing societal norms c) Through passive acceptance of cultural norms d) Through complete rejection of society’s expectations 135. What does the Thomas theorem state? a) Reality is purely objective and fixed b) Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences c) Social roles are biologically determined d) Inequality is inherent to all human societies 136. Which agent of socialization primarily shapes early childhood development? a) Peer groups b) Families c) Educational institutions  d) Mass media 137. What is the hidden curriculum in schools? a) The official academic subjects taught in school b) The implicit lessons in conformity, obedience, and societal norms c) Specialized training for advanced students d) Extracurricular activities unrelated to academics 138. What are folkways? a) Norms that govern moral and ethical behavior b) Norms specifying social preferences, with mild consequences for violation c) Laws strictly enforced by governments d) Strict prohibitions enforced through legal systems 139. Which of the following best describes cultural appropriation? a) A dominant group adopting elements of a subordinate culture for fashion or utility b) A subordinate group rejecting dominant cultural norms c) An equal exchange of cultural practices between societies d) The preservation of cultural traditions across generations 140. According to the Sapir-Whorf thesis, what role does language play in shaping our perceptions of reality? a) Language has no impact on human thought or perception b) Language shapes the way individuals perceive and experience the world c) All languages have identical effects on perception d) Language exists independently from human thought 141. How do functionalists view culture? a) As a tool for reinforcing inequality in society b) As a solution to the problems that humans face in society c) As a system of symbols without any practical use d) As a force that disrupts societal harmony 142. What are mores in sociology? a) Norms that are based on social preferences b) Core norms that are seen as essential to the functioning of society c) Laws that apply only to criminal behavior d) Cultural norms that apply only to specific subgroups 143. What does digital sociology primarily focus on? a) The exclusion of digital technologies from social life b) The examination of how digital technologies impact social behavior and interaction c) The preservation of traditional communication methods in the digital age d) The study of face-to-face interactions only 144. What is “big data” in digital sociology? a) Small-scale data collection from controlled lab experiments b) The large volume of digital traces left by people through their online activities c) Data obtained from census reports and government statistics d) Small datasets used to explain individual behaviors 145. What is one of the main concerns of digital sociology? a) That all online interactions are anonymous  b) That digital technologies are transforming the way we understand social relationships c) That digital technologies have no significant impact on modern life d) That online behaviors are not worth studying 146. How has globalization affected culture? a) By isolating cultures from one another b) By increasing cultural exchange and interdependence between societies c) By eliminating all cultural differences d) By reinforcing strictly traditional cultural norms 147. What is the main feature of a post-industrial society? a) A focus on manufacturing and heavy industry b) The dominance of service industries and technology-driven employment c) An emphasis on agrarian economies d) A reliance on physical labor for economic growth True or False Practice 1. Conflict theory focuses on the stability and harmony within society. ○ True ○ False 2. Functionalism argues that every part of society contributes to the overall stability and equilibrium of society. ○ True ○ False 3. Symbolic interactionism focuses primarily on macro-level social structures rather than individual interactions. ○ True ○ False 4. Feminist theory examines gender inequality and the social construction of gender roles in society. ○ True ○ False 5. According to Karl Marx, class struggle is the primary force driving social change. ○ True ○ False 6. Quantitative research typically involves the collection of numerical data to identify patterns. ○ True ○ False 7. In qualitative research, researchers seek to understand social phenomena through detailed interviews and observations. ○ True ○ False 8. Participant observation involves the researcher fully immersing themselves in the social setting being studied. ○ True ○ False 9. A hypothesis is an assumption that cannot be tested or measured. ○ true ○ False 10. Reliability refers to how consistently a research method produces similar results over time. True False 11. Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and roles of their society. True False 12. According to Mead, the self develops in isolation from others, independent of social interaction. True False 13. The family is typically considered the most significant agent of socialization during early childhood. True False 14. The concept of the "looking-glass self" suggests that people develop self-identity based on how others perceive them. True False 15. Anticipatory socialization involves adopting behaviors or values in preparation for future roles or statuses. True False 16. Cultural relativism is the belief that no culture is superior to another and that all cultural practices should be understood in their own context. True False 17. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others. True False 18. Material culture refers to the intangible elements of culture, such as beliefs, values, and norms. True False 19. Norms are social expectations that govern acceptable behavior in a society. True  False 20. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that language shapes how individuals perceive and experience the world. True False 21. Digital sociology focuses on the impact of digital technologies on social behavior and interactions. True False 22. Big data refers to large-scale datasets collected through digital traces left by people online. True False 23. Digital sociology only studies online behaviors and ignores face-to-face interactions. True False 24. Globalization has led to increased cultural exchange and interdependence between societies. True False 25. In a post-industrial society, the majority of jobs are in the service sector, and technology plays a key role in economic production. True False 26. Durkheim argued that anomie, or normlessness, occurs when social norms are unclear or absent, leading to feelings of disconnect in individuals. True False 27. Max Weber believed that bureaucracy was the most rational and efficient form of organization for large institutions. True False 28. Symbolic interactionism argues that societal meanings and symbols are fixed and unchanging. True False 29. According to Merton’s strain theory, deviance occurs when individuals are unable to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means. True False 30. Labeling theory suggests that deviance is a result of individuals being labeled as deviant by society. True  False