Social Learning Theory PDF

Bandura’s Social Learning & Cognitive Learning Theory Theories of Developmental Psychology Albert Bandura He was born December 4, 1925 in a small town in northern Alberta, Canada 1949 – Graduated from the University of British Columbia with a degree in Psychology. 1952 – Receive...

Bandura’s Social Learning & Cognitive Learning Theory Theories of Developmental Psychology Albert Bandura He was born December 4, 1925 in a small town in northern Alberta, Canada 1949 – Graduated from the University of British Columbia with a degree in Psychology. 1952 – Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Iowa. 1974- Bandura was elected the president of the American Psychological Association 1977- Bandura became known as the Father of the Cognitive Theory. 2004 - Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, American Psychological Association. Introduction Learning is: “A persisting change in human performance or performance potential as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment” (Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9). “The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040). “An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell, 1986, p. 412). Learning Theories Behaviorism Social Learning Theory (SLT) Social Cognitive Learning Theory (SCLT) Albert Bandura is arguably the most eminent living psychologist. His Social Cognitive theory has influenced many areas of inquiry: education, health sciences, social policy and psychotherapy among others.  Via observation, SLT imitation, ad modeling SLT & SCLT are based on Observation Via observation understanding, SCLT predicting and changing human behavior Social Learning Theory Bandura believes The theory has that direct SLT has become often been called reinforcement perhaps the most a bridge between could not account influential theory behaviorist for all types of of learning and learning theories learning. His development. and cognitive theory added a While rooted in learning theories social element, many of the basic because it arguing that concepts of encompasses people can learn traditional attention, new information learning theory. memory, and and behaviors by motivation. watching other people. General principles of SLT SLT posits that people learn from one another, via: 1. observation 2. imitation 3. modeling Learning can occur without a change in behavior. Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior, in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behavior change. Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning.  Many behaviors can be learned, at least partly, through modeling. Examples that can be cited are, students can watch parents read, students can watch the demonstrations of mathematics problems, or seen someone acting bravely and a fearful situation. Aggression can be learned through models. Much research indicate that children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral thinking and moral behavior are influenced by observation and modeling. This includes moral judgments regarding right and wrong which can in part, develop through modeling. SLT Concepts Learning does People can learn Mental states not necessarily through are important to lead to a change observation. learning. in behavior. Intrinsic Observation Modeling Reinforcem al Learning Process ent 1. Observational Learning Bandura based on his famous study "Bobo doll", demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. He identified three basic models of observational learning: A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior. A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior. A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media. 2. Intrinsic Reinforcement Described as a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and a sense of accomplishment. This also emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. Bandura noted that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior.  1. Attention: The person must 2. Retention: The first pay attention to the model. The more striking or different observer must be something is the more likely it is able to remember the to gain our attention. Likewise, if behavior that has we regard something as been observed. One prestigious, attractive or like way of increasing this ourselves, we will take more is using the technique notice. (eg. Color) of rehearsal. 3. Modelin 4. Motivation: The final g necessary ingredient for Process modeling to occur is 3. Reproduction: The third motivation, learners must condition is the ability to replicate want to demonstrate what the behavior that the model has they have learned. just demonstrated. This means Remember that since these that the observer has to be able four conditions vary among to replicate the action, which individuals, different people could be a problem with a learner will reproduce the same who is not ready developmentally behavior differently. to replicate the action. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation.12 SLT PERSPECTIVES The SLT perspective of reinforcement and punishment (R&P) are as follow: Indirect effects on learning and they are not the sole or main cause; Influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that has been learned; Influences expectation of reinforcement on cognitive processes that promote learning; Attention pays a critical role in learning and; Attention is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement.  SCLT is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by watching what Social Cognitive others do, and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. Learning Theory SCLT provides a framework for (SCLT) understanding, predicting and changing human behavior. SCLT places a heavy focus on cognitive concepts. His theory focuses on how children and adults operate cognitively on their social experiences and how these cognitions then influence behavior and development Basic Assumptions of SCLT Learning is an Learning can occur People can learn internal process without a change by observing that may or may in behavior others. not result in a (Observation behavior change; without imitation); Behavior Behavior is Cognition plays a eventually directed toward role in learning; becomes self- particular goals; and regulated; Reinforcement and punishment have effects on learning indirect rather and behavior. than direct Cognitive Features on SCLT There are five Cognitive Features that influence behavior in SCLT: Expectations of future consequences & responses based on current situation/s; Vicarious experiences of others’ consequences; Expectations about future consequences affect how we cognitively process of new information; Expectations affect decisions about how to behavior; and Nonoccurrence of expected consequences have effects Phenomena of SCLT There are four features for phenomena on SCLT as follow: 1. Observational Learning Effect Acquiring new behavior from model 2. Response Facilitation Effect Increased frequency of learned behavior after model is reinforced for same behavior 3. Response Inhibition Effect Decreased frequency of learned behavior after observing punished model 4. Response Disinhibition Effect Return of inhibited response after observing model behave that adverse consequences Internal principle of SCLT- Triadic Reciprocality The SCLT defines human behavior as a triadic, dynamic, and reciprocal interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment These three fundamentals work in a reciprocal nature. Internal principle of SCLT- Self efficacy It lies at the center of SCLT and shows that: Beliefs about one’s ability or capacity to execute a behavior successfully People tend to engage in activities based on their sense of competence &/or past success Self efficacy affects on Behavior & Cognition in 4 ways: Activity choice Goal setting Effort & persistence Learning & achievement People with high efficacy are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than something to be avoided. People with weak efficacy more likely to avoid challenging tasks and they also focus on personal failings and negative outcomes. Self regulation and SCLT Self-regulation has come to be more emphasized in SLT but in SCLT Self-regulation is when the individual has his own ideas about what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses actions accordingly. Promoting self-regulation can be an important technique. This is usually done by teaching the individual to reward himself after doing the needed behavior. The Linking between SLT and SCLT In 1986, Bandura renamed his SLT, Social Cognitive Learning Theory (SCLT), as better description of what he had been advocating since the 1960’s. The Social Cognitive learning Theory (SCLT) stemmed from the Social Learning Theory (SLT).  Broken down into two categories: Strengths and 1. Positive Reinforcement Weaknesses of The action mimicked by the observer is a positive one, therefore the action may be reward able or commended by SLT others. 2. Punishment The action mimicked by the observer is negative and may offend or harm others, thereby leading to a form of punishment. Basically the main strength & weakness of Social/Observational learning depends on the model. If the model is producing a behavior that is appropriate, responsible and positive overall, the observer will mimic that positive good behavior. So, as future educators, we need to be constantly aware of how we present ourselves and of our actions. If Bandura's theory is correct, that means the things we do are under constant watch by our students. Strengths of SCLT Accumulated an Concerned with An evolving theory that impressive research important human is open to change record social behaviors Focused on important theoretical issues, e.g., Reasonable view of social implications of role of reward in people and concern the theory learning, the stability with the of behavior  The theory's comprehensiveness and complexity make it difficult to Limitation operationalize ; s of SCLT: Many applications of the SCT focus on one or two constructs, such as self- efficacy, while ignoring the others.  Not a fully systematized, unified theory; loosely organized Controversial issues: Is reinforcement necessary for both learning and performance? Is self-efficacy just another outcome expectancy? Limitation Why are some self-efficacy expectancies stable and others susceptible to rapid change? If self-efficacy expectancies are situation specific, how do s of SCLT they relate to broader personality? Why are some self-efficacy beliefs apparently unrelated to behavior, e.g., stop smoking? Relies on self-reports excessively cont... Neglected areas: Maturation and changes over the lifespan ignored Minimal attention to motivation, conflict, and emotion Findings are preliminary Are cognitive processes the basic concepts of personality? Are modeling and guided participation able to handle many psychological problems?  Conclusion The SLT theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. Bandura's SLT places a heavy focus on cognitive concepts. Albert Bandura is arguably the most eminent living psychologist. His Social Cognitive theory has influenced many areas of inquiry: education, health sciences, social policy and psychotherapy among others. Social cognitive theory has its roots in American behaviorism, but Bandura extends radical behaviorism to include cognitive factors in his account of social learning. Bandura has tried to use cognitive theory to solve a number of global problems. Such as environmental conservation, poverty, soaring population growth and etc. (Michael & John; 2010).