State Of The Coasts Of Cavite Province 2002-2015 PDF

STATE OF THE COASTS of Cavite Province The Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippines CERTIFICATE NUMBER AJA12-0026 Cavite is ISO 9001 certified State of the Coasts of Cavite Province The Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippine...

STATE OF THE COASTS of Cavite Province The Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippines CERTIFICATE NUMBER AJA12-0026 Cavite is ISO 9001 certified State of the Coasts of Cavite Province The Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippines CERTIFICATE NUMBER AJA12-0026 Cavite is ISO 9001 certified State of the Coasts of Cavite Province August 2017 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the PEMSEA Resource Facility Executive Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) and the Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippines with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Printed in Quezon City, Philippines Citation: PEMSEA and Provincial Government of Cavite, Philippines. 2017. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. ISBN 978-971-812-042-2 PEMSEA is an international organization mandated to implement the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of PEMSEA and other participating organizations. The designation employed and the presentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries. PEMSEA Resource Facility P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, Philippines Tel: (+632) 929-2992 Fax: (+632) 926-9712 Email: [email protected] www.pemsea.org Cover photo by National Historical Commission of the Philippines – Museo ni Emilio Aguinaldo, Kawit, Cavite.  Republic of the Philippines Province of Cavite Office of the Governor Trece Martires City Message It is with pride that I present the State of the Coasts of the Province of Cavite (2002–2015). This work is a product of the diligent and careful labor of our tireless personnel in the Provincial Government of Cavite, and a testament to the collective efforts the government and the various sectors in the community have exerted to protect and conserve our coasts. Cavite has become a center of industrial development in the country, primarily due to its proximity to the nation’s capital and its robust human resources. With that, we have consistently maintained a commitment not only in fostering investments but also in ensuring that the progress does not come at the cost of the environment. As we recognize the importance of coastal conservation and the invaluable role our waters play in the local economy, we have always made environmental protection a priority in leading the province. Our Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan provides policies on the proper use of land and the environment, while the Integrated Coastal Management Division of our environment office remains hard at work to study, evaluate, and implement programs for the efficient management and protection of our coasts. Through this document, we have gained significant insights on the work we have done so far and the work yet to be done in order to ensure that the next generations of Caviteños benefit from our natural resources. The job to ensure sustainable development, particularly in our coastal areas, remains a formidable one, and we, in the provincial government, have nothing less than passion to meet this challenge head on. We are grateful to have the Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) for guiding us throughout the task of protecting our seas. With our strong commitment to this mission, the dedication of our officers and PEMSEA’s continuous support, we are confident that the State of the Coasts of the Province of Cavite will only continue to progress in the years to come. ATTY. JESUS CRISPIN REMULLA Governor iii  Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities United Nations Environment Programme Message On behalf of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities and the United Nations Environment Programme, we welcome the publication of the ‘State of the Coasts of Cavite Province’, a culmination of an engaging participatory process with a view to enhancing sustainable development and coastal resource conservation. The Global Programme of Action is indeed happy to have been associated with the efforts of the Provincial Government of Cavite and Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) that has placed land-based marine pollution and its impacts at the center of coastal conservation and developmental issues. The Global Programme of Action is the only global intergovernmental mechanism directly addressing the connectivity between terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, and has supported countries across the globe in combatting marine pollution through the conduct of specific assessments, implementation of investments, development of policy, building capacity and raising awareness. As the world’s population continues to grow, the issues of pollution of the marine environment and damages to ecosystems and the services they provide, are expected to escalate if corrective concrete actions are not taken. However, innovative solutions are being developed across many levels to address land-based pollution and there has been emerging leadership to address the issue from private sector to governments to community-based organizations. With commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals, preservation of the integrity of coastal resources through the lens of pollution abatement will mean a close nexus in meeting targets under Goal 6 on maintaining the quality of freshwater, and under Goal 14 on reducing marine pollution. The commitment has been amplified in the outcome of the United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, and the ‘Our Ocean, Our Future: Call for Action’, where countries have pledged “to accelerate actions to prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, particularly from land- based activities,….”. The Global Programme of Action will continue to play a role in assisting countries in meeting their commitments under the Sustainable Development Goals in relation to land-based pollution. One of these avenues has been under the Global Environment Facility-funded Global Nutrient Cycle (GEF-GNC) Project that has assisted the formulation of this State of Coasts Report of Cavite Province. Over the past five years, the GEF-GNC Project has contributed to providing knowledge foundations, tools and policy mechanisms to help governments and other stakeholders in initiating comprehensive, effective and sustained programmes to address nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land-based pollution of coastal waters. The Global Programme of Action encourages the Provincial Government of Cavite, other national authorities and partners to showcase their experiences to the world, and we, at the United Nations Environment Programme stand ready to support in any future endeavors. Habib N. El-Habr, PhD Coordinator Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities UN Environment iv  Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia Message I would like to commend the Provincial Government of Cavite and its partner national and local government agencies, academe, nongovernmental organizations and relevant stakeholders for their commitment and effort in preparing the first State of the Coasts (SOC) report of the Province of Cavite. This SOC report provides a comprehensive assessment of the socioeconomic and environmental status of Cavite Province from 2002-2015, including the management interventions and implementing arrangements that have been put in place for the sustainable development of the province’s coastal and marine areas. The effectiveness and success of the Cavite integrated coastal management (ICM) program can only be properly evaluated through systematic data gathering and analysis, as well as stakeholder consultation and participation. This approach applied in the SOC reporting system is important in order to determine both the changes that are occurring in the province’s ecosystem and the people’s perspectives and perceptions of the value and benefits of those changes, and the management program itself. With more than a decade of ICM program implementation, the report highlights the positive achievements of Cavite Province in putting in place the governance mechanisms (i.e., enabling policies and legislation, institutional and multisectoral mechanisms, stakeholder participation and awareness building, capacity building, and financing) necessary for the sustainable development and management of its coastal and marine areas. The report also highlights the significant progress of the province in implementing management programs to address various priority concerns, including natural and man-made hazards, habitat protection and restoration, water use and supply, fisheries, food security and livelihoods, and pollution reduction and waste management. It can also be gleaned from the report how strong leadership support and support from the relevant stakeholders, scientific community and academe, government agencies, and other entities, were instrumental in the successful implementation of ICM activities. This is working to the province’s advantage and should be nurtured and strengthened. The SOC reporting system allows local government to track its progress towards achieving its sustainable development targets. To fully realize the objectives and benefits of the Cavite ICM program, PEMSEA encourages the Provincial Government of Cavite to incorporate the SOC reporting system into its regular monitoring and reporting process. This will serve as basis for the continual evaluation and refinement of the ICM program and, ultimately, facilitate the achievement of the sustainable development targets for the marine and coastal areas of the province. I believe that the significant and useful information contained in this report would be of great use to the general public, environmental managers, and policymakers of Cavite, all of whom have a stake in the sustainable development of the province’s rich coastal and marine resources. Congratulations! Stephen Adrian Ross Executive Director PEMSEA v Table of Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 What is Integrated Coastal Management? 1 What is a State of the Coasts Report? 1 Who is the SOC target audience? 2 What are the main elements of the SOC report? 2 Guide to SOC Development 3 Core Indicators for SOC Reporting for Cavite Province 4 Executive Summary 7 Cavite Province 11 Indicators 15 What are indicators? 15 What are the indicators for the State of the Coasts? 15 What are the core indicators for SOC included in this report? 16 How are the indicators presented in this report? 17 Governance Policy, Strategies and Plans 18 Institutional Arrangements 26 Legislation 32 Information and Public Awareness 42 Capacity Development 50 Financing Mechanisms 56 Sustainable Development Aspects Natural and Man-made Hazard Prevention and Management 60 Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management 72 Water Use and Supply Management 86 Food Security and Livelihood Management 94 Pollution Reduction and Waste Management 106 Annexes 127 Annex 1. Framework for the Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas thru ICM 128 Annex 2. ICM-enabling legislations in the cities and municipalities of Cavite (2002–2012) 130 vi  List of Tables Table 1 Key facts about Cavite Province 12 Table 2 Population of Cavite per district, municipality/city based on 2010 population census 13 Table 3 Ten islands in the Province of Cavite Province 13 Table 4 Area of coastal water and coastline length by city/municipality of Cavite Province 19 Table 5 Summary of the coastal surveys and assessments conducted in Cavite Province from 2002-2012 20 Table 6 Legislations on environmental management in Cavite Province (2002-2012) 33 Table 7 Fishery-related complaints in the Municipality of Naic 39 Table 8 List of environmental cases filed and resolved by PG-COPS from 2011-2012 40 Table 9 List of participating stakeholders 48 Table 10 Number of people trained in ICM 55 Table 11 Budget allocation for the PDRRMF from 2012-2015 62 Table 12 Number of barangays with high susceptibility to hydrometeorological and geological hazards 66 Table 13 Total number of relocates 67 Table 14 Historical occurrence of typhoons in Cavite Province from 2002-2013 69 Table 15 Protected forest area as percentage of total forest area in Cavite Province 73 Table 16 Areal extent of habitats 78 Table 17 Reforestation projects from 1981 to 2011 79 Table 18 Ordinances issued by the different LGUs on the establishment of fish sanctuaries, 82 fishery reserves and MPAs Table 19 Reclassified areas in Cavite Province 84 Table 20 Projected water demand in Cavite Province 87 Table 21 Estimated maximum water production capacity per water agency 88 Table 22 Staff and budget allocation for fisheries management in the Municipality of Tanza and Naic from 95 2006-2012 vii Table 23 Ordinances passed by the LGUs on fisheries management from 2002-2012 96 Table 24 Size and composition of fish landing in 2003 99 Table 25 Size and composition of fish landing in 2012 99 Table 26 Trend in undernourished population in Cavite Province from 2006-2012 101 Table 27 Ten leading causes of infant mortality (Rate per 100,000 Population), 2011 101 Table 28 Annual per capita poverty threshold in Cavite Province: 2003, 2006 and 2009 102 Table 29 Family income and expenditures in Cavite Province in 2009 compared with 103 other provinces in CALABARZON Table 30 Labor statistics, CALABARZON, 2006-2010 103 Table 31 Livelihood programs in Cavite Province 105 Table 32 Budget for solid waste collection and disposal 108 Table 33 Standard parameters for water quality 111 Table 34 Water quality of Labac-Alemang River watershed, 2014 111 Table 35 Physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of Cañas River, 2014 112 Table 36 Geographic locations of water quality monitoring stations in Manila Bay bathing beaches 112 Table 37 Average concentration of pollutants in 2011 113 Table 38 Average concentration of pollutants in 2012 113 Table 39 Average concentration of pollutants in 2013 114 Table 40 Average concentration of pollutants in 2014 114 Table 41 Average concentration of pollutants in 2015 115 Table 42 Households with access to sanitary facilities, 2007 119 Table 43 Partial solid waste management survey of waste generated (2012) 121 Table 44 Companies that offer special waste treatment in Cavite Province 125 viii  List of Figures Figure 1 Geographical location of Cavite Province 11 Figure 2 Proposed coastal land and sea use zoning map of Cavite Province 20 Figure 3 Cavite provincial ICM council 27 Figure 4 City/municipal ICM council 28 Figure 5 Number of permits issued for fishing in the Municipalities of Noveleta and Tanza 35 Figure 6 Number of permits issued in the Municipality of Noveleta in 2012 35 Figure 7 IEC programs in Cavite Province 44 Figure 8 Personnel allocation for coastal management in the Municipality of Noveleta 51 Figure 9 Annual ICM budget of PG-ENRO (in US$), 2002-2015 57 Figure 10 Organizational structure of PDRRMC 61 Figure 11 Process flow for coordination in time of disaster 62 Figure 12 Flood hazard map of Cavite Province 65 Figure 13 Protection areas map of Cavite Province 73 Figure 14 Protection framework plan of Cavite Province 74 Figure 15 Land classification map of Cavite Province 77 Figure 16 General land use plan of Cavite City 85 Figure 17 Six major river watersheds in Cavite Province 87 Figure 18 Location of water supply facilities in Cavite Province 88 Figure 19 Groundwater availability in Cavite Province, 2012 89 Figure 20 Occurrence of typhoid and diarrhea from 2007-2012 93 Figure 21 Incidence of waterborne diseases in the different LGUs from 2002-2014 93 Figure 22 Location of solid waste facilities in Cavite Province 122 ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ACENRO – Association of Cavite Environment and DO – Dissolved Oxygen Natural Resources Officers – Department of Science and Technology DOST AIP – Annual Investment Plan DPWH – Department of Public Works and AO – Administrative Order Highways BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction Resources – Environmental Management Bureau EMB BFARMC – Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic EO – Executive Order Resources Management Council GEF – Global Environment Facility BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand GPS – Global Positioning System BWSA – Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Association ICC – International Coastal Cleanup CALABARZON – Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, ICM – Integrated Coastal Management Quezon ICP – Incident Command Post CAVITEX – Cavite Expressway IEC – Information, Education, Communication CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity IFARMC – Integrated Fisheries and Aquatic CCA – Climate Change Adaptation Resources Management Council CEC – Cavite Environment Code IIMS – Integrated Information Management CEP – Coastal Environment Profile System IMO – International Maritime Organization CFMP – Cavite Fisheries Management Plan IRA – Internal Revenue Allotment CICMP – Cavite Integrated Coastal Management Program IYRR – Imus-Ylang-Ylang Rio Grande Rivers CIWRMMP – Cavite Integrated Water Resources IWRMP – Integrated Water Resource Management Management Master Plan Program CLUP – Comprehensive Land Use Plan JICA – Japan International Cooperative Agency CLUZR – Cavite Land and Coastal Use Zoning LDRRMF – Local Disaster Risk Reduction Report and Management Fund CLSUZP – Coastal Land and Sea Use Zoning LDRRMO – Local Disaster Risk Reduction Plan Management Office CMR – Cañas Maalimango River LGU – Local Government Unit CRM – Coastal Resource Management MAO – Municipal Agriculture Office CSO – Civil Society Organization – Manila Bay Environmental Management MBEMP CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility Project – Cavite State University MBOSCP – Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan CvSU – Department of Agriculture MDG – Millennium Development Goals DA – DENR Administrative Order MENRO – Municipal Environment and Natural DAO Resources Office DENR – Department of Environment and MFARMC – Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Natural Resources Resources Management Council DILG – Department of Interior and Local MLD – Million liters per day Government x MLGU – Municipal Local Government Unit PG-ENRO – Provincial Government – Environment and Natural Resources Office MOA – Memorandum of Agreement – Marine Protected Area pH – Potential of Hydrogen MPA – Materials Recovery Facility PHO – Provincial Health Office MRF – National Mapping and Resource PLGU – Provincial Local Government Unit NAMRIA Information Authority PMO – Project Management Office NDRRMC – National Disaster Risk Reduction and PNLG – PEMSEA Network of Local Governments Management Council for Sustainable Coastal Development NGA – National Government Agency PNP – Philippine National Police NGOs – Nongovernmental Organizations PO – People’s Organization NIPAS – National Integrated Protected Areas PPDO – Provincial Planning and Development System Office NSO – National Statistics Office PPP – Public-Private Partnership OPA – Office of the Provincial Agriculturist PSWDO – Provincial Social Welfare and Development Office PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services PSWMB – Provincial Solid Waste Management Board Administration – Republic Act RA PCC – Project Coordinating Council SAFDZ – Strategic Agriculture and Fishery PCG – Philippine Coast Guard Development Zone PCLEDO – Provincial Cooperative, Livelihood and SDSSEA – Sustainable Development Strategy for the Entrepreneurial Development Office Seas of East Asia PEMSEA – Partnerships in Environmental SEPP – Socio-Economic and Physical Profile Management for the Seas of East Asia – State of the Coasts SOC PDPFP – Provincial Development and Physical SWM – Solid Waste Management Framework Plan TSP – Total Suspended Particulates PDRRMC – Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council TSS – Total Suspended Solids PDRRMF – Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and UNDP – United Nations Development Programme Management Fund UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme PENRO – Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change PEZA – Philippine Economic Zone Authority WQMA – Water Quality Management Area PG-COPS – Provincial Government – Cavite Office for Public Safety WSSD – World Summit on Sustainable Development WTE – Waste-to-energy xi Acknowledgments The State of the Coasts baseline report for Cavite Dasmariñas Province was initiated by the Partnerships in General Emilio Aguinaldo Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia General Mariano Alvarez (PEMSEA) in partnership with the ICM Division of the General Trias City Provincial Government – Environment and Natural Imus City Resources Office (PG-ENRO) and in collaboration with Indang the following government agencies, scientific community, Kawit nongovernmental organizations, the private sector and Magallanes other stakeholders: Maragondon Mendez - Governor’s Office Naic Noveleta - Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Rosario Resources Office (PG-ENRO) Silang Tagaytay City - Office of the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA) Tanza Ternate - Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) Trece Martires City - Provincial Engineering Office (PEO) - People’s organizations and other stakeholders: Association of Cavite Environment and - Provincial Government – Cavite Office for Public Natural Resources Officers (ACENRO) Safety (PG-COPS) IFARMC MFARMC - Provincial Information and Community Affairs Department (PICAD) The final output benefitted from the technical refinements of staff from the PEMSEA Resource - Provincial Health Office (PHO) Facility (PRF): Ms. Nancy Bermas-Atrigenio, Senior Country Programme Manager; Dr. Won-Tae Shin, - Provincial Social Worker Development Office Consultant; Ms. Daisy Padayao, Country Programme (PSWDO) Manager; with the direction and guidance from Mr. S. Adrian Ross, Executive Director. - Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Editorial and layout support by Ms. Anna Rita Cano- Saet, Consultant; Mr. Jonel Dulay, PRF Senior Artist; - Cavite State University (CvSU) and Mr. John Christian Castillo, PRF Graphic Artist, are likewise appreciated. - City/Municipal offices of the following local government units: The development and publication of this report Alfonso was supported by the United Nations Environment Amadeo Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Facility (GEF) Bacoor City Project “Global Foundations for Reducing Nutrient Carmona Enrichment and Oxygen Depletion from Land-based Cavite City Pollution in Support of Global Nutrient Cycle”. xii  Introduction What is Integrated Coastal Management? What is a State of the Coasts Report? Integrated coastal management (ICM) is a natural resource The State of the Coasts (SOC) is a reporting system and environmental management framework which employs developed primarily to assess the progress and impacts of an integrative, holistic approach and an interactive planning ICM implementation by local governments. Specifically, it process in addressing the complex management issues in the aims to: coastal area. The ultimate purpose of ICM is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of coastal governance in terms of a. Define the scope of issues being addressed its ability to achieve the sustainable use of coastal resources in ICM; and of the services generated by the ecosystems in the coastal areas. It aims to do this by protecting the functional b. Delineate the governance mechanisms and integrity of these natural resource systems while allowing implementing arrangements that have been put economic development to proceed. Through integrated in place; planning, ICM aims to address conflicts arising from multiple use of limited space and resources (Chua, 2006). c. Assess the extent and effectiveness of ICM program implementation; d. Identify trends or changes in the social, economic and environmental status of the area; e. Determine the driving forces for change; f. Assess the implications of the trends; and g. Promote adaptive management in ICM program implementation, in response to changing conditions. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 1  Who is the SOC target audience? What are the main elements of the SOC Report? The State of the Coasts report is intended for: The SOC report contains the following: a. Chief Executives of local governments; a. An Executive Summary featuring a fact sheet of the area, and a summary of key findings, b. ICM managers; implications and recommendations; c. ICM practitioners; and b. A description of the relevance of various indicators of governance and sustainable d. Coastal communities and other development aspects of ICM programs based stakeholders. on a common framework for sustainable coastal development; c. The results and analysis of each indicator, including the implications of changing conditions and recommendations for mitigating measures, as agreed to by concerned stakeholders; and d. A description of the SOC methodology and process, the framework for sustainable coastal development, and the accomplished SOC reporting templates. Reference Chua, T.E. 2006. The Dynamics of Integrated Coastal Management: Practical Applications in the Sustainable Coastal Development in East Asia. 468 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 2 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  Guide to SOC Development Development of the State of the Coasts Report for Cavite Province State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 3  Core Indicators for SOC Reporting for Cavite Province Category SOC Indicator Trend * Code (2002–2015) Governance 001 Coastal profile and environmental risk assessment Policy, strategies and plans 002 Coastal strategy and action plans Local government development plan, including 003 coastal and marine areas 004 Coordinating mechanism Institutional arrangements Participation of stakeholders in the coordinating 005 mechanism 006 ICM enabling legislation Legislation 007 Administration and monitoring of compliance to legislation 008 Environmental cases filed/resolved 009 Public education and awareness Information and public awareness 010 Stakeholder participation and mobilization 011 Availability/accessibility Capacity development 012 Human resource capacity 013 Budget for ICM Financing mechanisms 014 Sustainable financing mechanisms Sustainable Development Aspects 015 Level of preparedness for disasters Natural and man-made hazard prevention and 016 Degree of vulnerability to disasters management 017 Social and economic losses due to disasters 4 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  Category SOC Indicator Trend * Code (2002–2015) Sustainable Development Aspects 018 Habitat management plan and implementation 019 Areal extent of habitats Habitat protection, restoration and management 020 Protected areas for coastal habitats and heritage 021 Reclamation and conversion 022 Water conservation and management Water use and supply management 023 Access to improved water source 024 Incidences/deaths due to waterborne diseases 025 Fishery management plan and implementation 026 Fisheries Production Food security and 027 Malnutrition rate livelihood management 028 Poverty, education and employment 029 Livelihood programs 030 Management plans 031 Water quality 032 Air quality Pollution reduction and waste management 033 Sanitation and domestic sewerage 034 Municipal solid waste 035 Industrial, agricultural and hazardous wastes * Legend: Improving Deteriorating Baseline data only or data not conclusive No data State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 5  Photo by Maragondon Tourism Office 6 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  Executive Summary The State of the Coasts of Cavite Province, Philippines, Development Strategy (CSDS), a long-term strategic was developed to assess and analyze the progress, framework for the integrated management of the achievements and impacts of ICM implementation in the province’s coastal and marine resources and environment province. It seeks to provide information on the changing and the coastal land and sea use zoning plan (CLSUZP), social, economic and environmental conditions in the which enhances the spatial planning of the province by province and to determine the scope and effectiveness resolving use conflicts and promoting the rational use of of coastal management programs that have been the coastal areas and resources. implemented. The report, in particular, aims to evaluate the governance mechanisms and management interventions The province has demonstrated its commitment to adopt that have been put in place and provide recommendations an integrated approach for the sustainable development where improvements are necessary and critical. The SOC of its marine and coastal areas through the alignment report may be refined and updated through time to monitor and integration of the CSDS and CLSUZP and other trends, changes and developments in the coastal areas of elements of the ICM program into the local government’s Cavite and to adopt the necessary policies and management development plans such as the Cavite Annual Investment strategies in response to these changes. Plan (AIP) and Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP 2011-2020). However, there This SOC report, which covers the period 2002-2015, is still a need to assess and align the CLUPs and was prepared through the combined efforts of various various sectoral plans and programs, including the stakeholders including national, provincial and city/municipal preparation of CLSUZPs at the municipal level to facilitate government agencies, nongovernmental organizations integration and coordination. In addition, as an essential (NGOs), people’s organizations (POs), the private sector component of the ICM program, it is imperative that the and the academe. province adopts the CSDS and CLSUZP to ensure their implementation. The data and information contained in this report were obtained from concerned provincial departments, city/ municipal environment and natural resources offices of the Institutional Arrangements 23 cities and municipalities, national agencies, academic institutions as well as through site visits and interviews with There exists a functional interagency and multisectoral both government and nongovernment stakeholders and coordinating mechanism comprising of the ICM Provincial entities. Available data and information were consolidated, Council, ICM city/municipal councils and the Project reviewed and analyzed and presented to the relevant Management Office (PMO). The ICM provincial and stakeholders for concurrence during the validation workshop city/municipal councils serve as management bodies prior to the drafting of the SOC report. The final SOC and provide the necessary policy direction for the ICM Report was presented during the TWG meeting and public program. The PMO on the other hand serves as the consultation on November 25, 2016 in Trece Martires City, secretariat which is tasked to oversee the day-to-day Cavite, Philippines, where comments, suggestions and operations of the ICM program. In particular, the PMO recommendations were considered in refining the report. develops the ICM work plan and budget for submission to and approval by the ICM Provincial Council. The major findings and recommendations are summarized in this section. The PMO has been institutionalized and renamed the ICM Division of the Cavite Provincial Government – Governance of Marine and Coastal Resources Environment and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO) in 2005 pursuant to Section 51 of the Cavite Environment in the Province of Cavite Code (2008). The ICM Division is mandated to prepare and coordinate the ICM program and guide the coastal Policies, Strategies and Plans municipalities in delineating, establishing, managing, maintaining and protecting their respective municipal Results of coastal surveys, assessments and profiling that waters. It is also involved in facilitating and implementing were conducted in Cavite Province have provided valuable projects identified by the ICM provincial and municipal information in the development of the Cavite Sustainable councils. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 7  The ICM Division enabled close coordination and collaboration river and coastal cleanups held annually every September, tree- with government agencies at the national and local levels planting activities are part of the regular public awareness and and with other stakeholders regarding projects and activities mobilization programs of the province. The fishers’ organizations for the management of the province’s marine and coastal participate in information dissemination during the conduct of resources. However, local governments should endeavor to regular assemblies in their respective areas. Seminars and strengthen the operations of the Cavite ICM Division and ICM lectures on environmental laws, solid waste management, climate city/municipal councils through capacity building and enhanced change adaptation, coastal cleanup, mangrove rehabilitation, river financial, technical and logistical support. Moreover, adequate rehabilitation and trainings on environmental leadership are also administrative resources –– staff, budget and equipment –– are held in some coastal municipalities. Participants included students important to oversee, guide and coordinate the implementation and faculties, barangay residents, senior citizens, women and of coastal strategies and action plans. It is important to ensure youth organizations as well as private sector representatives. that meetings are regularly conducted to discuss the progress Public hearings and consultations are also held prior to the made and identify constraints on program implementation. passage of local legislations at the provincial and municipal levels. Legislation and Enforcement of Laws These public awareness programs and activities have created a sense of responsibility and ownership of the ICM program. IEC The Cavite Environment Code (Provincial Ordinance No. 001-S- campaigns also enabled the public to appreciate the management 2008) was legislated to guide the local government units (LGUs) interventions being undertaken by the local governments and in formulating and implementing programs to safeguard and other organizations involved in the ICM program. conserve land, water, marine, forest and other natural resources of the province. Its ICM-related provisions include the protection and rehabilitation of mangroves; water resources utilization and Capacity Development management; protection of watersheds; water quality monitoring; protection of riverbanks and easements; enforcement of fishery The number of staff and budget for ICM program implementation laws in municipal waters; extension and onsite research services have steadily increased over the years. Since the establishment and facilities related to fishery activities such as aquaculture of the ICM program in 2004, the province has been conducting structures; formulation, planning and implementation of the ICM ICM training for staff at the provincial and municipal levels. program; and coastal tourism development and promotion. However, human resources with capacities in coastal management are not evenly distributed among the coastal Legislation creating the coordinating mechanisms and municipalities. Some municipalities have insufficient data coordinating office has been enacted. The coastal municipalities regarding staff and budget allocation, access to training facilities have also enacted ICM-enabling legislations. These ordinances and programs as well as technical resources. cover fishery, utilization of natural resources, establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), pollution, and solid waste Apart from developing a roster of ICM experts at the provincial management, among others. Public hearings involving and municipal levels, it is recommended that the provincial and concerned stakeholders were conducted in the course of municipal governments seek partnership arrangements with developing these ordinances. The Municipal Fisheries and national agencies and international organizations to create an Aquatic Resources Management Councils (MFARMCs) and ICM learning network. Local experts with experience in ICM Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management implementation may also be tapped to conduct trainings and Councils (BFARMCs) help disseminate information on fishery- impart knowledge and experiences in coastal management. A related legislations through their regular meetings. provincial ICM training center may also be established to serve as the training arm of the province for ICM capacity development. Strict compliance monitoring, however, needs to be improved. This requires enhancing the capacity of local authorities in law enforcement and compliance monitoring, including data Financing Mechanisms recording and management. The commitment of local governments to sustainable development of the coasts is reflected through the continuous Information and public awareness allocation of financial resources. It can be noted that the budget of the provincial and municipal governments for ICM The province recognizes the importance of conducting regular implementation has increased through the years, and were information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns to utilized for the implementation of various ICM activities, including inform the public of the environmental issues and concerns and capacity building of ICM coordinators and participation to the the actions being undertaken by the local government. Aside PEMSEA Network of Local Governments for Sustainable Coastal from IEC campaigns conducted prior to actual simultaneous Development (PNLG). However, some coastal municipalities 8 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province have no available data on budget allocation for ICM. Thus, it is to monitor key parameters related to disaster risk reduction recommended that the local governments should properly report and management. Strengthening the development and and track their respective budget allocations, expenditures and implementation of community-based disaster risk reduction and their contribution to ICM goals and targets. management programs may supplement the local government’s DRR efforts and help reduce the number of casualties during The LGUs should also endeavor to generate additional funds extreme events. and not solely depend on the regular allocated budget from the national government in the form of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). The participation of private companies through Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs may also be sought. The imposition of environment user’s fees and Cavite Province is endowed with rich coastal habitats. However, penalties, which is within the legal authority of LGUs, may also due to the transformation of the province from rural and be utilized for the protection of the environment. However, all agricultural to urban and industrialized, this has resulted to a PPP projects and undertakings must be guided by the principles decrease in the areal coverage of important coastal habitats of good governance and transparency. such as mangroves, coral reefs and mudflats. The city and municipal governments have declared several areas within their Sustainable Development Aspects of Marine and jurisdictions as protected areas in response to the continuing threat brought about by rapid urbanization. In particular, Coastal Management in the Province of Cavite areas that are designated for protection come in the form of fish sanctuaries, fishery reserves and MPAs with supporting Natural and Man-made Hazard Prevention and ordinances and resolutions. Management It is recommended that the provincial, municipal and city Cavite is a hazard-prone province. The Cavite Provincial governments strengthen the enforcement of the ordinances and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2011-2016), regularly monitor the management effectiveness of the protected Cavite Contingency Plan (2012), and the Provincial Physical areas, including economic and industrial activities that may Development and Framework Plan (2011-2020) revealed that the destroy the coastal habitats. The public should also be made province is vulnerable to hydrometeorological (floods, rainfall- aware of the benefits of MPAs in order to elicit their participation induced landslides and storm surges) and geological hazards and support in monitoring and enforcement of ordinances. (ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunamis, ground ruptures and earthquake-induced landslides) mainly due to its geographical location. Water Use and Supply Management In compliance to Republic Act 10121 (Disaster Risk and Cavite Province conducted a comprehensive study on water Reduction Act of 2010), Cavite Province re-organized the resources management in 2012 which led to the development Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Cavite Integrated Water Resources Management Master (PDRRMC), by virtue of Executive Order No. 2 – S 2011 to Plan (CIWRMMP). The plan aims to bridge the widening demand further strengthen the province’s capacity to build disaster- and supply gap for groundwater, infrastructure backlog and the resilient communities, to institutionalize measures for reducing irrational allocation of water resources in the province. The plan disaster risks and to mitigate the effects of climate change. The also identifies measures to address the demand and supply Cavite Office of Public Safety (COPS) was also created, wherein gap through the utilization of wells and major rivers specifically a specific division was tasked to focus on disaster risk reduction Maragondon River, Panaysayan River, Balsahan River and and management and climate change adaptation initiatives. Ylang-ylang River and some tributaries. The PDRRMC, with the approval of the Provincial Development Council, has identified projects and programs to be covered by The province still has adequate water resources. However, it the PDRRM Fund, which corresponded to five percent (5%) of is projected that the province will face challenges in securing the province’s total revenue to provide the necessary logistical freshwater resources in the near future due to the increasing support to lessen the impacts of natural and man-made hazards demand for domestic use, agricultural purposes, industrial and and disasters in Cavite. recreational purposes. Groundwater availability has reached a critical point in two municipalities, with six more cities and The organization of the PDRRMC and COPS has rendered municipalities having critical levels of water availability. These the province adequately prepared to respond to disasters. It areas must therefore be given priority in the implementation of is recommended that the province and municipalities should water resource management actions. continue to improve and strengthen their capacities to respond to disasters both at the operational and institutional levels. The While majority of Caviteños have access to clean and safe province and municipalities also need to augment equipment water delivered by public and private water service providers State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 9  and water systems provided by homeowners’ associations and Caviteños, it is still necessary to provide more employment Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Associations (BWSAs), and livelihood opportunities for the people. For instance, the incidence of waterborne diseases is still occurring in the aquaculture fisheries and fisheries product processing province, which is partly attributed to the increasing industrial industries must also be explored by coastal communities. and commercial developments and deteriorating water quality. The development of the Cavite IWRMP is a good starting point Pollution Reduction and Waste Management towards developing effective water resources management strategies for the province. However, the IWRMP is yet to be Cavite Province has enacted several policies and legislations adopted by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial council). to reduce pollution and encourage proper waste management. The province should also enact sound water use policies and Among these are Executive Order No. 29 requiring all cities ordinances that cover water allocation/licensing, tariff systems, and municipalities to establish waste reduction and recovery water conservation and reuse, as well as protection of water schemes and to convert their open dump sites to controlled resources. ones, Provincial Ordinance No. 007-S-2012 which regulates the use of plastics and promotes the use of eco-bags and The establishment of water testing laboratories and a other environment-friendly practices and Provincial Ordinance septage and wastewater collection and treatment system (or No. 001-S-2003 prohibiting the improper disposal of used a centralized sewerage system) will help in providing safe oil generated from automotive and industrial lube oil and and clean water for Caviteños. Pollution reduction programs, petroleum sludge, among others. The Provincial Solid Waste cleanup drives and watershed monitoring and surveillance Management Board was also created, pursuant to Republic Act programs also need to be enhanced. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000). Aside from daily garbage collection and street sweeping, IEC Food Security and Livelihood Management campaigns and public awareness programs concerning solid waste segregation, climate change and the environment are In compliance with Republic Act 8550, Cavite Province conducted. However, no waste segregation at point sources established the Integrated Fisheries and Aquatic Resources is conducted in spite of information campaigns, enacted Council which guides and coordinates matters relating to ordinances and presence of Materials Recovery Facilities fisheries, with the Provincial Agricultural Office serving as (MRFs). Only a few municipalities have controlled dumpsites its secretariat. Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources while many still operate open dumpsites. The completion of Councils (MFARMCs) are also institutionalized at the municipal the ten-year solid waste management plans of all the cities level. However, the province lacks a provincial integrated and municipalities in Cavite will serve as an impetus for the fisheries management plan. Only two among the nine coastal LGUs to strictly enforce their SWM laws. The establishment municipalities have prepared their respective fisheries of a waste-to-energy (WTE) scheme may also be studied and management plans. Being highly dependent on fisheries for explored. livelihood and food security, it becomes imperative that the province provide a strategic direction for fisheries management, In terms of water pollution, the province lacks a comprehensive in accordance with the Comprehensive National Fisheries wastewater management plan while the passage of a provincial Industry Development Plan (2005). ordinance for the establishment of septage treatment plant and facilities is still at the development stage. Moreover, despite The province, through the Provincial Social Welfare and the programs undertaken by the provincial government and Development Office (PSWDO), addresses the issue of corresponding budget, water quality particularly in major river malnutrition by implementing various programs and activities, systems exhibited high levels of total and fecal coliform. This including the annual celebration of Nutrition Month, training of may be attributed to the lack of a centralized septage treatment Barangay Nutrition Scholars (food production and fortification, system in the province, which resulted to the direct discharge maternal and child health nutrition, nutrition information and of septage and untreated wastewater into the bodies of water. education and livelihood assistance) and Food for Growth It is recommended that the provincial government proceed in Program, among others. Cavite also conducts regular livelihood finalizing the Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan training programs through its Provincial Cooperative, Livelihood and endeavor to establish partnerships with the private sector and Entrepreneurial Development Office (PCLEDO) and PG- for the construction of centralized septage and sewerage ENRO (i.e., eco-bag making and Practical Skills Development facilities with supporting ordinance. Regular monitoring of Program) to help alleviate poverty and empower disadvantaged industrial and hazardous waste generation, collection and individuals, families and communities. disposal must also be strengthened. The establishment of the Cavite Water Testing Laboratory in collaboration with the Although the development of various economic zones in Cavite State University is anticipated to improve water quality the province has generated a significant number of jobs for monitoring in the province. 10 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  Cavite Province The Province of Cavite is situated at the southern part of the west (Figure 1). Cavite belongs to the country’s Luzon Island, the northernmost island of the three major administrative division of Region IV-A, also known as islands of the Philippines (Table 1). Cavite is bounded by CALABARZON, together with the Provinces of Laguna, the Province of Batangas on the south, the Province of Batangas, Rizal and Quezon. With seven cities and Laguna on the east, the Province of Rizal on the northwest, sixteen municipalities, the Province of Cavite has a Metro Manila –– Manila being the country’s capital –– and storied past, dating back to the Spanish occupation of the Manila Bay on the north, and the West Philippine Sea on country during the 16th century. Figure 1. Geographical location of Cavite Province. The Province of Cavite was once a mooring place for The name Cavite evolved from the word “Kawit” or Chinese Junks that came to trade with settlements around “Cauit,” meaning hook, referring to the shape of the land Manila Bay. It was in this hook-shaped peninsula in the along the coast of Bacoor Bay. It was mispronounced southern Luzon coast, where the land was marshy and by the Spaniards as “Kawite” or “Cavite,” there being no covered by mangrove trees, when still wary Spanish “K” in the Castilian alphabet, then changing “w” to “v” to expeditionary forces landed in 1571, a few days before they conform to their accentuation. occupied Manila. On June 12, 1989, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo of the Filipino It was in the present town of Kawit, where they decided revolutionary forces declared independence from to build their settlement until they found their ideal place Spanish rule on the balcony of his residence in Kawit, for the repair and construction of their ships. They called Cavite. The house is declared as a Shrine and houses it Puerto de Cavite (Port of Cavite) or Cavite Nuevo (New the memorabilia dedicated to these historic events. Cavite) to distinguish it from Kawit which they now referred In 1998, a park named Liwasang Aguinaldo was built to as Cavite Viejo (Old Cavite). in front of the house to celebrate the Centennial of Philippine Independence. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 11  Table 1. Key facts about Cavite Province. Key facts (as of 2010) LAND AREA 142,706 ha (0.4% of the total land area of the Philippines) COASTLINE LENGTH 122.574 km WATER AREA 93,679.3750 ha Relatively Dry Season from November to April CLIMATE Wet Season from May to October POPULATION (as of 2010) 3,090,691 CAPITAL City of Imus SEAT OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT Trece Martires City 7 Bacoor Cavite City Dasmariñas NO. OF CITIES Imus General Trias Tagaytay Trece Martires 16 Alfonso Amadeo Carmona General Emilio Aguinaldo General Mariano Alvarez Indang Kawit Magallanes NO. OF MUNICIPALITIES Maragondon Mendez Naic Noveleta Rosario Silang Tanza Ternate NO. OF BARANGAYS 829 Food Products: Coffee, cocoa tablets, kaong (sugar palm) vinegar, mussel chips, smoked fish, and other processed seafood, processed fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, native delicacies, etc. PRODUCTS Other Products: Novelties and furnitures, ceramics, bags, wallets, novelty items, scented candles, virgin coconut oil 12 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province Table 2. Population of Cavite per district, municipality/city The province is known to be one of the top three most based on 2010 population census. populous provinces in the Philippines with a total population of 3,090,691 in 2010, dominated by migration due to numerous numbers of industries and its proximity to Metro City/municipality Population (as of 2010) Manila (Table 2). 1st District 313,260 Cavite City 101,120 Cavite is broadly categorized into two land resources: these Kawit 78,209 are forest lands with a total area of 21,022 ha and the Noveleta 41,678 Alienable and Disposable (A&D) Land, with an aggregate area of 121,684.2 ha. Rosario 92,253 2nd District 520,216 City of Bacoor 520,216 Under Presidential Proclamation Number 1594 series of 1976, Mt. Palay-palay, Mt. Mataas na Gulod and vicinities 3rd District 301,624 situated in the Municipalities of Ternate and Maragondon, City of Imus 301,624 Province of Cavite and in the municipality of Nasugbu, 4th District 575,817 Province of Batangas, having an area of more or less 4,000 ha, was declared a national park, game refuge and bird City of Dasmariñas 575,817 sanctuary. 5th District 427,016 Carmona 74,986 Included also as protected areas are the ten islands in the General Mariano Alvarez 138,540 Province of Cavite with a total area of 620.57 ha (Table 3). Silang 213,490 6th District 570,093 Table 3. Ten islands in the Province of Cavite Province. Trece Martires City 104,559 Amadeo 33,457 Island Area (in hectares) City of General Trias 243,322 Tanza 188,755 Corregidor 546.3800 7th District 382,665 Caraballo (Fort Hughes) 27.3700 Tagaytay City 62,030 Carabao 5.5500 Alfonso 48,567 Limbones 24.0000 General Emilio Aguinaldo 17,507 Sta. Amalia 3.9962 Indang 62,030 El Fraile (Fort Drum) 1.0980 Magallanes 21,231 La Monja 0.9758 Maragondon 35,289 Mendez 28,570 Balut 9.0000 Naic 88,144 Niño de Franco 0.1985 Ternate 19,297 Island Cove (Pulo ni Burungoy) 2.0000 TOTAL 3,090,691 Source: PPDO, 2016 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 13  The province has six major rivers namely: (a) Maragondon of 1.044 km2 originated from Maitim, Amadeo, passing River with a catchment area of 2.7615 km2 with two sub- through Silang, Gen. Trias, Noveleta and Kawit; (d) watersheds namely Maragondon sub-watershed comprising Imus River where point of origin is north of Tagaytay City the Municipalities of Maragondon, Naic and Ternate and passing Silang, City of Dasmariñas, Imus down to Salinas Naic sub-watershed comprising the Municipalities of Alfonso, and Mabolo, Bacoor; (e) Bacoor River with an area of Indang, Mendez-Nuñez, Tagaytay City and portion of Naic 0.2188 km2; and (f) Cañas River which has two major and Maragondon; (b) Labac River with an area of 1.92 km2 tributaries sources both in Tagaytay City passing through passing through the City of Tagaytay, the municipalities of Indang, Amadeo, Trece Martires City, Gen. Trias and Mendez, Indang and Naic; (c) San Juan River with an area Tanza with an area of 1.3785 km2. Reference PPDO. 2016. Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2011-2020. Cavite, Philippines. 14 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  Indicators What are the indicators for the What are indicators? State of the Coasts? Indicators are quantitative/qualitative statements or Indicators for the State of the Coasts were determined measured/observed parameters that can be used to based on PEMSEA’s Framework for Sustainable describe existing situations and to measure changes or Development of Coastal Areas thru ICM (Annex 1) trends over time (Duda, 2002). Indicators are developed to indicate current status, management responses, as tools to make monitoring and evaluation processes targets and impacts of management actions in each of operational. To become powerful ICM management the governance elements (policy, strategies and plans; tools, indicators must demonstrate the measure of institutional arrangements; legislation; information and effectiveness of a project, program or policy. They public awareness; capacity development; and financing become effective tools when they are used to reflect mechanisms) and the five sustainable development changes in the state of coastal and marine environments, aspects (natural and man-made hazard prevention trends in socioeconomic pressures and conditions and management; habitat protection, restoration and in coastal areas, and corresponding links among management; water use and supply management; anthropogenic activities and ecological health. Finally, food security and livelihood management; and pollution when used to evaluate ICM program performance, reduction and waste management). The indicators indicators offer feedback on action plans and provide were chosen based on the following criteria: (a) simple parameters for subsequent actions that may prove useful and meaningful; (b) easy applicability in the region; in justifying further investments in ICM (Chua, 2006). and (c) complementary to the indicators identified in relevant international instruments, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSSEA), and relevant international conventions such as Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 15  What are the core indicators for SOC included in this report? From a total of 160 indicators based on the Framework for Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas through ICM, a set of 35 core indicators were identified for the development of the initial SOC report. These 35 core indicators are considered to be a basic set of indicators for evaluating changes that have occurred in the Province over time as a consequence of ICM implementation. As the SOC becomes operational, more indicators will be considered in the succeeding SOC reports (PEMSEA, 2011). 16 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province How are the indicators presented in this report? Each of the indicators is presented in the following format: a. Category, which identifies the particular e. Data requirements governance element or sustainable development aspect in the Framework for Sustainable f. Results which describe the current status, Development of Coastal Areas management actions and impacts of management interventions in the area b. Name of the indicator relating to the particular indicator c. Description of the indicator g. Implications of results and recommendations to respond to changing d. Rationale for using the indicator in the SOC conditions References Chua, T.E. 2006. The Dynamics of Integrated Coastal Management: Practical Applications in the Sustainable Coastal Development in East Asia. 468 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. Duda, A. 2002. Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for GEF International Waters Projects. Monitoring and Evaluation Working Paper 10. Global Environment Facility. Washington, DC, USA. PEMSEA. 2011. Guidebook on the State of the Coasts Reporting for Local Governments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management in the East Asian Seas Region. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 17  Governance Policy, Strategies and Plans 001 Coastal profile and environmental risk assessment Description This indicator measures the percentage of coastline that has issues/threats to sustainable development of coastal and undergone environmental risk assessment, coastal profiling marine resources. or similar science-based evaluation in order to identify priority Rationale Effective coastal management relies on planning that takes for coastal managers and policymakers. This strategic into account strategic and scientific assessment of the area, assessment should be the basis for developing strategies including social, cultural, political, economic, environmental and action plans for coastal management. and policy issues, and the identification of priority concerns Data Requirements Total length of coastline Length of coastline covered by environmental Coastal environmental profile/environmental risk assessment assessment/other similar assessments Results The Province of Cavite is composed of 16 municipalities Cavite City and Bacoor City. Total coastline length is and 7 cities, 9 of which are classified as coastal, namely, 122.57 km and total area of coastal water is about Ternate, Maragondon, Naic, Tanza, Rosario, Noveleta, Kawit, 93,679.38 ha (Table 4). 18 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  GOVERNANCE Table 4. Area of coastal water and coastline length by city/municipality of Cavite Province. Municipality/city Water area (ha) Coastline length (km) 1. Bacoor 957.2472 5.778 12,786.7200 18.526 Coastal profile and environmental risk assessment 2. Maragondon 3. Naic 6,324.6200 9.122 4. Rosario 6,017.8690 3.442 5. Tanza 10,552.8100 11.244 6. Ternate 10,331.2300 23.627 7. Kawit* 612.2814 6.445 8. Cavite City* 16,051.8174 20.081 9. Noveleta* 4,291.4671 2.895 Policy, Strategies and Plans 10. Corregidor Island 25,753.3129 21.410 TOTAL 93,679.3750 122.570 * Municipality with existing boundary disputes. Source: PG-ENRO, 2012. There are ten identified satellite islands within the territorial Under the Manila Bay Environmental Management jurisdiction of the province based on the municipal water Project (MBEMP), Cavite benefited from the conduct delineation conducted by DENR-NAMRIA in 2012, for of initial and refined risk assessments, the reports of the proposed coastal land and sea use zoning of Cavite which were published in 2001 and 2004, respectively, (Figure 2). These satellite islands are Balot, El Fraile, by PEMSEA and DENR. The initial risk and refined risk Niño de Franco, Carabao, Caballo, Island Cove (formerly assessments provided a glimpse of the environmental known as Pulo ni Burungoy), Sta. Amalia, La Monja, and concerns in Manila Bay using available secondary data, Corregidor (the biggest among the islands and declared the data gaps and uncertainties and recommended areas under territorial jurisdiction of Cavite City). for management interventions or for further assessment. The province, through the Integrated Coastal Management Relevant data on the geo-physical attributes, natural (ICM) Division under the Provincial Government – resources (minerals, forest and coastal), socio-political Environment and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO), profile, geologic and natural hazards, and environmental has conducted environmental researches and coastal management initiatives on the other hand are contained surveys aside from the coastal assessments conducted by in the Cavite Socio-Economic and Physical Profile the LGUs, the academe and the DENR (Table 5). or Cavite SEPP 2011 (PPDO, 2012) and Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan or PDPFP 2011-2020 (PPDO, 2016). State of the Coasts of Cavite Province 19  Figure 2. Proposed coastal land and sea use zoning map of Cavite Province. Source: PG-ENRO, 2012. Table 5. Summary of the coastal surveys and assessments conducted in Cavite Province from 2002-2012. Survey/assessment Year Lead agency Refined Risk Assessment of Carabao Island Fish Sanctuary 2015 DA-BFAR and LGU of Maragondon Refined Risk Assessment of Naic Fish Sanctuary 2003 DA-BFAR and LGU of Naic Refined Risk Assessment of Tanza Fish Sanctuary 2009 DA-BFAR and LGU of Tanza Refined Risk Assessment of Bulaklakin Reef Fish Sanctuary 2005 DA-BFAR and LGU of Ternate DENR Region IVA and ICM Division, Ground truthing of Mangroves in the Province of Cavite 2005 PG-ENRO Avifauna Assessment 2005 DENR Region IVA Initial and Refined Risk Assessments in Manila Bay 2001 and 2004 PEMSEA and MBEMP TWG-RRA Cavite Socio-Economic and Physical Profile 2009, 2010, and 2011 PPDO Vulnerability Assessment to Eight Hydrometeorological Hazards 2012 PPDO and PG-COPs 20 State of the Coasts of Cavite Province  GOVERNANCE In 2014, river profiling of the six major river systems was Management Area (WQMA) on January 24, 2013 conducted by PG-ENRO with the objective of identifying (pursuant to DENR Administrative Order No. 02 s 2013), the issues and concerns in the watershed areas with focus river profiling of the said river systems was conducted by on pollution loading. Likewise, prior to the designation of PG-ENRO and DENR-EMB Region IV-A from 2010-2012. Imus-Ylang-Ylang Rio Grande Rivers as