SOC 271 Final Exam Review PDF

lOMoARcPSD|35302278 SOC 271 final exam review Introduction to the Family (University of Alberta) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|35302278 SOC 271 final exam review Introduction to the Family (University of Alberta) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 Family Poverty in Canada: - Canada's considerable wealth does not translate to individual families - Canada has experienced Three major recessions in the last 5 decades: - Early 1980s - Early 1990s - Less severe economic recession in 2008 - 2020 pandemic - Average incomes have barley increases while essential costs have Why do Canadians have less money? - Picot and colleagues: - Demographic reasons - Not marrying, getting divorced, living alone, not living with family - The change in how we live change how we share money/resources - Economic events - Recession and unemployment - Political events - Reduced payments from government Poverty in Canada - After Tax LICO measure - LICO: Low -income cut-offs - Very by family size and by 5 different urban and rural communities The Market basket Measure - Based on costs of goods for a basic standard of living - Included costs of food, clothing, transportation, shelter, etc - Costs compared to disposable income → to determine if they fall below the poverty line Child poverty - Family income may not reflect state of a child - Cannot assume parents use money/resources on spouses + children - Switch of elderly people living in poverty to children - Family’s station may change - Parental separation + divorce and remarriages Poverty among families in later life (canada pension plan) - Diversity among older canadians based on their economic status - Some reliant on gov transfers - Others have high income from investments - 1960: 40% older than 65 were low income - 2010: 3% older than 65 were low income - More elderly women live in poverty than men Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - They outlive and are less likely to remarry Social assistance programs for elderly canadians - Canada pension plan (quebec pension plan) - Maximum 1306 per month - Aveg is 800 per month - Old age security pension - Up to 691-760 per month - Guaranteed income supplement - 1026 single - Woman often have less CPP because they take time off to take care of kids Low income, family Change and child poverty - Cheap 1999 - The shift in age distribution of poverty is one of the most striking changes to characterize the distribution of family income over the last several decades - Referring to shift from elderly being twice as likely as children to be poor to almost complete reversal today Economic mobility and Family Background - Economic Mobility - The extent individuals or families improve or worsen their economic circumstances over time - More mobility than in the USA - Economic inequality greater in US with less mobility at top +bottom - American children more challenging family contexts: - More often born younger / teen mothers - Parents work longer hours - Fewer work benefits - Fewer childcare opportunities - Less job security - Greater variation on public education quality Policy and explanations for poverty 1. Poverty as individual shortcoming a. Sees poverty as result from poor education and low work skills b. Deflects attention from the role public policy plays in determining poverty levels 2. Poverty result of faculty public policy a. Poor policy in areas of employment security, wages, tax policy and state provision of education health and childcare 3. Poverty as reflecting structural inequalities within society a. Those at the top of income/wealth unfairly benefit from deprivation of those at the bottom Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 Which Families are most at risk of poverty in Canada - 10-12% of no racialized, recent immigrant, or indigenous children live in poverty - 53% of First Nations Children on the reserve live in poverty - 25% inuit - 22% metis - 32% of immigrant children in poverty - 22% of racialized children live in poverty Understanding poverty - Based on belief that “anyone can make it” if they work hard enough - Meritocracy - Leads to stereotyping + poor bashing - Contributes to classism - Canadians who never have been recipients of welfare believe they never will be - Structural problems: - Deindustrialization - Costs of living - Barriers to opportunities limited access to affordable housing - Inability to obtain credit - Poor policy - Low welfare rates - Low minimum wage - Absence of living wage policies - Poor wealth distribution - Neoliberalism Economic Mobility: The realities - Many canadians who move from welfare to employment do not necessarily improve their financial situation - Jobs don't pay well - Jobs are insecure - Jobs do not have benefits - Many have to “catch up” - Many take on additional expenses How do low income families cope with and survive poverty - Edin and Lien identified 3 broad strategies of low income women - Agency based - Charities, food banks - Side work in the formal, informal and underground economies - Informal network supports from friends + families Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 Charities - When welfare supports reduced in 1990s many charities increased their work - Soup kitchens - Church based programs - Community centers - Salvation army programs - Over 1 million canadians used food bank march 2018 - First food bank opened in canada in edmonton 1981 Food bank user strategies - Majority of users went hungry once a month or more - ½ reported their kids went hungry - Not having a telephone - Walking rather than public transit - Forgoing recreation - Borrowing from family members - Relying on other charities - Receiving cash advance gifts from family and friends Conflict theory - Social structure is distorted through private property, expropriation of surplus wealth, division of labor and alienated labor - Drive for private property was primarily responsible for creating the two class system - capitalists have low wages because capitalism ensures superfluous - Rolf Daly Dahrendorf: - many more people today have stake in capitalist system - overall increase in standard of living - organized labor and union successes - greater legal protection Canadian families and Disabilities - 22% of canadians have at least 1 disability - more than 50% of Canadais have a family member with a disability - general increase in amount of Canadians reporting a disability - aging - reduced stigma - Increased medicalization Most common disabilities 1. Pain related 2. flexibility 3. mobility Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 4. mental health related Children and Youth With Disabilities - 14% o children 14 and under have a condition that limits their daily activity (more boys) - Preschool Children - #1 chronic condition (eg. Asthma, allergies, cancer) - #2 Development delay (eg. Intellectual) - School-Aged Children - #1 learning disabilities - #2 Chronic health conditions Defining Disability - visible versus invisible - National survey data use self reported disability The social model of disability - relationship between person with disability and environment - versus biomedical model with located disability in the individuals body - Views society as disabling not the impairment itself - Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS) - The social model of disability has much in common with the social model of gender Race and sexuality Impact of Children with Disabilities on Families - Historically, children with certain disabilities would have been institutionalize now they live with their families - lack of support s from dealing with kids Disabilities leds to parental frustration - Lack of resources (just not enough) - family breakdown not uncommon - many Mae-headed intake parent families with child with disability compared to other families Family Income, Employment, and Poverty - Average Household income is lower for families with. Child with a disability than other families - many families report that their child’s conditions impacts the families employment situation - 40% of them are mild/moderate - 73% of them are severe disabilities - this results in poorer homes - Roeher institute, poverty may lead to disability in the following ways - reduced access to nutritious foods - live in areas with less access to health care services - live in areas with increased risk of injury Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - live in areas with low-literacy levels - poor children more likely to be labeled as having a disability than children from privileged families disability Leads to poverty - families are more likely to experience family breakdown leading to decreased family income - increased costs: - Tutors - special diets - special clothing - increased transportation costs - babysitting - medication and other supplies - home adaptations Housework, Family Responsibilities - mos parents report not needing additional help with housework and family responsibilities - but 30% with severe disabilities report unmet needs - many parents pay out of pocket on expenses Problems Associated with Accessing Disability-Related Supports - Rigid eligibility screening - fail to take individual family circumstances and disability-related costs into consideration - lack of resources - lack of information about local services - long waiting lists for some programs - costs are often a barrier: eg. Transportation, equipment, relief care - some parents surrender children to children’s aid society (ON) because it was the only way too taxi treatment The Dearth of supports for disabled children - Housework, family responsible items and personal activities - parental caregiving - home and respite care - child care Parental caregiving Responsibilities - Caregiver Strain - inadequacy of support services, results n parents and other family members attending to family member with disability - eg. Depression,fatigue, family conflict and financial problems Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 Informal caregiving - family is most often listed cited source of assistance for daily activities - many report that family’s/friends can’t provide these services - Financial repercussions for informal caregiver - reduced working hours - having to turn down career opportunities - being unable to update skills - Improved access to respite care and better workplace accommodations are needed Home and Respite care - Access to home care varies across Canada;standards and coverage differs by province - Home Care: - in the home paid or unpaid assistance provided to a person allowing them to live at home - Respite care: - Those services that give parents / guardians a break - 90% of family’s reported needs respite services but not being able to provide them Childcare - The Federal Office for Disability Issues (2001) - reported 20% of parents of disabled preschool children were refused childcare or babysitting services because of child’s impairment - 2006 25% reported they had been refused daycare - childcare are not legally required to accept with disabilities Parents with Disabilities - more likely to be single - more likely to be separated / divorced - lower average household income - often face stigma and discrimination - eg. Eugenics (historically) - geneticization - abortion allowed for child with disability Parents with Disabilities: Parenting Challenges - Assumption biases - children are damaged - family is dysfunctional - pregnant mothers face disbelief, discrimination - custody challenged - children taken away - Blackford and colleagues study on needs of new mothers: - learning resources for self-care Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - opportunities to voice anxiety - supportive relationships - communications within the family - information pertaining to postnatal care Families and Work Feminist Theory - Feminist theorists are concerned with why women don't benefit from the capitalist organization of work - Disproportionately engaged in work of social reproduction - Continue to have disadvantages at work because of patriarchal employment structures - Paid less than men for the same jobs as men and work in lower paying sectors - Capitalist benefit from the hard unpaid work of women - Women experience job dissatisfaction, lack of job control, rising prevalence of depression, etc Families and Work - Nuclear family is often taken for granted assumption if much of the work in this area - Economic structure and family structure are connected - 2 sources of inequality between men and women - Family role - Labor force Families and work policies - Printers strike - 9 hour workday - Child labour laws - Workers compensation introduced - Family allowance - Cpp - Ei benefits for maternity and parental leave Women's Paid Employment - Changing labor force participation - Single most important change in Canadian women's lives - Cheap source of labor and available to meet the needs of the country - The kinds of work and pay differential remained strikingly consistent over twentieth century - Womens main preoccupation remained defined as home and family Historical Analysis of women's paid employment: methodological problems - Only recent interest Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Inconsistent data → women’s work was not enumerated - Lack of annual data collection - Temporal shift not captured by comparing decade blocks - Unpaid labor not represented Labour Commission Report: 1889 - Women often said little; even when encouraged - Most information on how women experienced their work was therefore provided by men - Conclusions suggests that women’s participation in labor force was undesirable; but we don't know how women felt Women and Labour Force Participation - 76% of employed women today - 87% of employed men today Women’s Employment- 1800s - Farm workers - Housewives - Education and health services - Running of inns/managing family businesses Women's Occupations→ 1900s - servant/domestic - Teacher - Farmer - Seamstress - Tailoress - Dressmaker - Saleswomen - Housekeeper - Laundress - Milliner - Manufacturing Domestic Work - Many had little choice in occupation; only when no other option - Immigrant women and workhouse children from britain included - Electricity and labor saving appliances displayed the domestic - Now work done by unpaid housewife - Day workers might assist in weekly cleaning Nursing - Nursing had a lot in common with domestic work - Working class women attracted to career Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Nursing schools attached to hospitals; provided hospitals with sources of unpaid labor - Majority of nurses did home nursing care; little job security and compensation Factory Work - Manufacturing work - #2 job for women - Clothing, textile, shoe, tobacco - Often women in “sweating’ system - Poor conditions Teaching - Women typically educated their children at home until mandatory schooling policies were introduced - Women dominated teaching positions - 75% of elementary and secondary positions were women til 1930s - Not paid well - Little status - Rooms often overcrowded - Toronto school board prohibited married women from leaching - Lack of experience used to justify their poor pay Families and Work Policies - Edmonton Bulletin - No pit lassies - No women allowed to work in mines - The factories act - Women cant work 10pm to 8am Office Work - 75% of all clerical and sales jobs occupied by men - 60% women - Women encouraged to get typing training - Growth on sector owing to increased bureaucracy - Better work condition than teaching, factory or domestic work War Work - Second World War - Women's employment - Womens involved in labor force increased dramatically during war period - Many were married - They worked in positions previously considered to be means jobs - Advisory Committee on Reconstruction - Focused on transitioning women after war out of the labor market Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Evidence that the committee was trying to develop a system to move women back into domestic work - Women resisted - Pierson noted that the committee was made up if upper middle class → people who would benefit from this - Government refused to invest in measures to encourage domestic work so it was unsuccessful Working outside home today? - Higher levels of education/more employable - Culture values have changed - More acceptable for a mother to work full time - Flexible work available - childcare/daycare - Parental leave Gender and paid work - Men have had more access to steady- work labor marker - Men are financially compensated more than women even for same work - Mens employment pattern more full time work, while women more likely to work part time - Women earn less than men - Blue collar occupations: - Women earn less than mes in same job - Arts, culture, recreation fields - More equal earnings - Visible minority and recently arrived immigrant women - Earn much less than men and other women in canada Why the Gender gap? - Maternity leave/childcare responsibilities - Part time work - Acceptance - Socialization - Lack of transparency - Women chose to work in lower paying occupations Part Time Work - Why Canadainas work part-time: - Caring for children - Other family responsibilities - Unable to find work - Personal preference - Going to school Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 Housework and Childcare - historically thought → “womens instincts” and ability to lactate made them more suited - Housework at “work” began to be studied in 1970 - 1980 identified the double day or second shift of working women Gender and Unpaid work - Around the world women do more unpaid labor than man - Women being “time poor” - Amount is influenced by technological development, culture, religion and income - Women doing housework may be “doing gender” - Smallest difference in unpaid work found in: - Social democratic countries - Younger couples - Cohabiting couples - Gay and lesbian couple Work and Families Changing Gender Roles - Womens increased involvement in workforce has led to increased conflict in families over household/childcare responsibilities - Dual income families have less time to get together with friends +families reducing support - Dramatic increase in men's involvement in the home - Technology increase has lessen some housework - Cleanliness standards have increased The significance of gender differences in paid/unpaid work - Women pay the heaviest cost: - Socially - Politically Economically - Eg. loss of earnings, very vulnerable upon divorce - Immigrant and indigenous women pay double -cost since they are more disadvantaged in labor market - Children whose father is not involved are disadvantaged Connections Between Paid and Unpaid work and State policies - Positive - Policies in comparison to other countries - Generous leave - EI for almost full year - Negative - Policies in comparison to other countries - EI for parental leave limitations for unemployed - Early childhood education investment poor Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Very few childcare spaces in accredited centers and often unaffordable Stress in Families - Family violence - Abuse of power within relationships of family, trust or dependency that endangers the survival, or security or well-being if another person - Includes abuse of children, partners and parents - Domestic abuse - Used to identify situations of family violence involving adult intimate partners who live together - Not random - Cyclical (not one time) - Often severe - Perpetrators are men; victims are generally women Prevalence of Domestic Violence - Canada was the first country to conduct a survey determining the prevalence of different forms of violence against women and their impacts - The Canadian Violence Against Women Survey (CVAWS) - Developed in 2007 by statistics Canada in collaboration with stakeholders - Was only conducted once - In 2017 the federal Government introduced Its timeI - CAnada's strategy to prevent and address gender based violence - Included the establishment of a national gender based violence knowledge center and new survey programs - First survey on safety in public and private places - SSPPS - Violence is most likely to take place inside the family home Intimate Partner Violence - Any act of violence committed by a current or former intimate partner whether or not these partners live together - COVID-19 increased je risk of violence in families IPV Victimization: Risk Factors - Age - Gender - Indigeneity - Indigenous women are 2-4 times more likely to experience physical or sexual violence - IPV considered intergenerational post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - LGBTQ2+ - Disability Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Poverty higher lifetime risk - Child abuse - New immigrant Other risk factors: - History of family violence - Actual or pending separation - Obsessive Behavior - Depression - Level of violence increasing - Prior threats - Attempts of suicide as manipulation - Unemployment Problems with the Statistics - Only 19% of victims are reported to the police - Why? - Desire to keep family issues private - Fear of perpetrator - Feelings of shame - Lack of social support - Family pressure - Ignorance about the law - Distrust towards police - language/cultural barriers Theoretical Perspectives on Domestic Violence - Four theories - Feminist perspective - Social learning perspectives - Psychiatric and personality - Social situations/stress and coping Feminist Perspective - Analyses foreground mens social power over women - Feministtheories of male dominance are especially applicable when considering sexual violence - Dispoportinayely perpetrated by men against women - Integrates patriarchy Social Learning Perspectives - Ory s based on the assumption that people learn violent and abusive behaviors from their social environment - 10% of canadians witness violence committed by a parent or guardian Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Children who see domestic abuse or experience violent from parent or sibling learn from these experiences - Aggression is a learned behavior - Eg. women who witnessed spousal abuse as child more likely to tolerate it as an adult - Men who witnessed it as a child more likely to becomes abusers themselves - rewards/ punishments in male peer groups - Eg. misogynist acts are rewarded; deviations from macho-expectations are punished - Found especially among college students The Battered Women Syndrome - Angelique Lyn Lavalle - Kevin Rust - Case challenged self defense legislation - Issue of imminence - Violence could not be avoided - Spousal Violence is often cyclical - Victims of spousal violence often experience/evidence “learned helplessness - Acceptance of BWS in courts posed another problem - Women now seen as being afflicted or mentally ill Psychiatric/Personality (individual) pathology Models - Sociopathic Personality Disorder or Psychopathy - Donald Dutton - Psychological trauma experienced by men during their childhood, largely due to dysfunctional relationships with their parents - Leads to the development of personality disorders among men who the act violently as adults - Alcohol/drug dependency - Masochistic victims Disclosure to protect Against Domestic Violence (Clare’s Law) Act - Allows individuals who feel at risk of domestic abuse the ability to access their partners criminal records to find out if their partner has been violent on the past - But Law shifts responsibility to “stay safe” to victims Stress in families and coping - Family trees and violence exposes the gap between the idealized family and the on the ground reality of family functioning - Some family's problems are objective - Many family problems are social constructions - Eg. pregnancy out of marriage Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35302278 - Who determines what is a problem? Who decided on the solution? Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to studying Families - Development Theories - Created by Evelyn Mills Duvall and Reuben Hill - Assumes that families go through a series of eight sequential or development stages in the family life cycle - Marriage, child bearing, preschool, school, teen, launching, middle-aged, and aging ABCX Model → Hill (1958) - Explains how families respond to stressors based on the resources they have and how they perceive the stressor - Stressor: an event that is so significant it causes changed to the family - Eg. dad goes to jail A. The stressor B. The resource factor a. Do they have enough money to hire a lawyer, etc C. The perception Factor a. Eg. wife is upset they are now social outcasts D. The crisis a. An imbalance in the demands placed on an individual or the family by a stressor and their ability to meet the demands Downloaded by Erik Torhjelm ([email protected])