SOC 230 A Test 1 Review PDF

Exam Date: Thursday January 30th, 2025 @11:10am Quizlet : https://quizlet.com/ca/998634094/soc-230-test-1-flash-cards/?i=4pe07g&x=1qqt Test Content : Chapters 1 & 2 Format : 50 Multiple Choice Questions 2 Long Response Questions Why Study Sociology of Sport? ​ Analyze the role of sports in :...

Exam Date: Thursday January 30th, 2025 @11:10am Quizlet : https://quizlet.com/ca/998634094/soc-230-test-1-flash-cards/?i=4pe07g&x=1qqt Test Content : Chapters 1 & 2 Format : 50 Multiple Choice Questions 2 Long Response Questions Why Study Sociology of Sport? ​ Analyze the role of sports in : ○​ Shaping cultural norms and values ○​ Addressing social issues like racism and gender inequality ​ Develop critical perspectives on : ○​ Commercialization and media representation of sports ○​ Ethical concerns in competition and governance What Are The 4 Concepts in Sociology of Sport? ​ Sports as Social Institutions : ○​ Organized practices reflecting societal norms ​ Identity and Representation : ○​ Race, gender, and class in sports ​ Globalization of Sports : ○​ International competitions and cultural exchange ​ Deviance and Ethics : ○​ Doping, corruption, and fair play What Are The Sociological Perspectives on Sports? ​ Functionalism : How sports promote social cohesion and stability ​ Conflict Theory : Power struggles, inequality, and exploitation in sports ​ Symbolic Interactionism : The meanings and identities constructed through sports Historical Context of Sports ​ Evolution of sports over time : ○​ Ancient Olympics : Ritual and Community  ○​ Industrial Revolution : Rise of organized sports ○​ Modern Era : Professionalization and mass media Sports and Socialization ​ Roles of Sports : ○​ Teaching teamwork, discipline, and resilience ○​ Reinforcing cultural values and norms ​ Youth Sports : ○​ Positive impacts and challenges (e.g., pressure, exclusion) Gender and Sports ​ Key Issues : ○​ Gender equity and representation ○​ Media portrayal of female athletes ○​ Barriers to participation ​ Movements for Change : ○​ Title IX and global initiatives for inclusion Race, Ethnicity, and Sports ​ Racial Representation : ○​ Stereotypes and barriers faced by athletes of colour ​ Historical Milestones : ○​ Breaking racial barriers in sports ​ Current Issues : ○​ Systemic racism activism by athletes Economic and Sports ​ Commercialization : ○​ Professional leagues and sponsorships ○​ Economic impact of mega-events (e.g., Olympics, World Cup) ​ Labour Issues : ○​ Athlete compensation and exploitation Politics and Sports ​ Key Topics : ○​ Nationalism and international competitions ○​ Political protests and athlete activism ○​ Sports diplomacy and soft power Media and Sports ​ Media Influence : ○​ Shaping narratives and public perception ○​ The role of social media in connecting athletes and fans ​ Challenges : ○​ Over-commercialization and ethical concerns in reporting The Future of Sports ​ Trends to Watch : ○​ Inclusion and diversity ○​ Environmental sustainability in sports events ○​ The role of AI and data analytics Chapter 1:Sociology of Sport and Physical Culture in Canada Learning Objectives ​ Explain social significance of sport and physical culture in canada ​ Discuss differences between sociology and other social sciences ​ Define key sociological concepts ​ Understand the importance of sociological imagination Introduction to sport in Canadian Society ​ Sport as a persuasive element of Canadian society ​ Connected to media, education, government and economy ​ Importance of democratization in sports participation. What do sociologists of sport actually do? 1.​ Serve As Experts : To government agencies, public enquiries, and commission in areas such as drugs, violence, and health education, thus contributing to their reports. 2.​ Act As Advocates : For athletes’ rights and responsibilities by providing research for groups who seek to challenge inequalities of gender, class, ethnicity, age, and disability, particularly with respect to access, resources, and status.  3.​ Promote Human Development : As opposed to performance efficiency models within physical education and sport science. 4.​ Encourage Better Use Of Human And Environmental Resources : Thus ensuring that there is a sporting future for generations to come. Patterns In Participation 1.​ Sport participation rates across the country continue to decline ​ (Result of Inflation, Climate, or Technology Increase) 2.​ The gender gap in sport participation has increased, and men are more likely to participate in sport than women. 3.​ Sport participation rates decrease as canadians get older, yet the participation rates of young canadians are declining faster than old canadians 4.​ Higher income earners are more likely to participate in sport then less affluent canadians, and household income decisively influence children's participation in sport 5.​ Sport participation of non-anglophones is declining, and established immigrants participate in sports less than recent immigrants do. Significance Of Inequality In Sport ​ Persistent gaps in sport participation along gender, income, and racial lines ​ Marginalization of female athletes in media ​ Structural barriers affecting access to sport Sociological Analysis Of Sport ​ Sport sociology asks deeper questions about societal structures ​ Examines power relations, inequalities, and social change ​ Provides critical tools to analyze sport beyond individual experiences The Sociological Imagination ​ Coined by C. Wright Mills ​ Links personal experiences to broader structures ​ Encourages historical, comparative, and critical sensitivity Applying Sociological Imagination (ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS) ​ How did your upbringing, family values, or cultural background shape your interest (or lack of interest) in certain sports? ​ If you could choose any sport to participate in, without financial or societal barriers, would it be the same one you prefer now? Why or why not? ​ Are certain sports more accessible in your community? How does this shape which sports you or your peers prefer? ​ How does gender influence the sports you were encouraged (or discouraged) from participating in? Aims Of The Sociology Of Sport ​ To examine critically the role, functions, and meaning of sport in the lives of people and the societies they form. ​ To identify the process of socialization into, through, and out of modern sport. ​ To investigate the values and norms of dominant, emergent and residual cultures and subcultures in sport. ​ To explore how the exercise of power and the stratified nature of societies place limits and possibilities on people's involvement and success in sport as performers, officials, spectators, workers or consumers. ​ To examine the way in which sport respond to societal changes in the larger society Three Measures of the ‘Power’ of Different Social Groups Those with power have the ability to: 1.​ Structure sport in preferred ways and to institutionalise these preferences in sports rules and organizations 2.​ Establish selective sports in traditions 3.​ Define the range of “legitimate” practices and meanings associated with dominant sports practices Sports and Power ​ Power shapes rules, traditions, and legitimacy in sport ​ Hegemony and ideology reinforce dominant cultural norms ​ Example : Exclusion of women’s ski jumping at the 2010 Olympics Defining Sport and Physical Culture ​ Sport: competitive activity requiring physical exertion and skill ​ Physical culture: interrelation of the body and societal norms ​ Historical and social context: Physical culture evolves with societal changes, reflecting shifts in attitudes toward physical activity, health, and technology What are E-Sports? ​ E-sports, or electronic sports involve competitive, organized video gaming ​ Examples of popular games : League of Legends, Dota 2, Counter-Strike Characteristics of Traditional Sports : ​ Physical exertion ​ Skill based competition ​ Rules and governance ​ Community and spectatorship Functionalist Perspective ​ E-sports provide entertainment and foster community bonding ​ Promote teamwork, discipline, and the skill development ​ Create economic opportunities through professional careers and events ​ Criticism : Concerns about sedentary lifestyles and health impacts Conflict Perspective ​ Highlights economic disparities between top and lower-tier players ​ Explores corporate dominance and potential exploitation ​ E-sports are worth roughly $1 billion in 2019, being projected to grow 400% in the next seven years to $4.28 billion by 2027 ​ Addresses accessibility issues due to the digital divide Symbolic Interactionist Perspective ​ E-sports challenge traditional definitions of sports. ​ Players and fans form subcultures with shared language and rituals. ​ Identity: Gaming becomes a central part of social identity. ​ Media platforms shape and reinforce e-sports culture. Feminist Perspective ​ Highlights barriers faced by women, including harassment and underrepresentation ​ Advocates for structural changes to create inclusive spaces. ​ Explores how esports challenge traditional gender roles. Questions for reflection (ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS) 1. Discuss the reasons why a course in the sociology of sport and physical activity should be part of an undergraduate curriculum in a kinesiology/human kinetics/physical education/sport science program. 2. How does the sociology of sport differ from sport psychology? 3. Provide examples of the three notable measures of the “power” of different social groups that need to be fully considered in the sociological analysis of sport. 4. Discuss what is meant by the phrase “sport (formal and informal) is socially constructed.” 5. Discuss what it means to say that the physical body is biological, social, and cultural. Outline some examples of how bodies in sport are shaped by social and cultural factors. Key Terms 1.​ Agency  2.​ Culture 3.​ Democratization 4.​ Hegemony 5.​ Ideology 6.​ Institutionalization 7.​ Physical culture 8.​ Power 9.​ Practical consciousness 10.​Resources 11.​Rules 12.​Social construction 13.​Social structure 14.​Society 15.​Sociology 16.​Sociological imagination 17.​Sociology of sport 18.​Sport Chapter 2: Sport, Physical Culture, and Critical Theory An overview of sociological theories and their application to sport and physical culture. Learning Objectives 1. Recognize the historical and social foundations of sociology. 2. Identify major theoretical paradigms and their theorists. 3. Apply sociological theories to sport and physical culture. 4. Explore the relationship between individual lives and social structures. Introduction Sociological theory forms the foundation for understanding sport and physical culture Four Perspectives: 1)Structural Functionalism 2) Conflict Theory 3) Symbolic Interactionism 4) Critical Social Theories Theory vs Common Sense ​ Sociological theories must be systematically verified ​ Challenges common assumptions about social life ​ E.g., Social class impacts sport participation more than individual preferences Historical Context of Sociology Key events: Democratic revolutions and the Industrial Revolution ​ Raised questions about social problems, authority, community, and tradition. Democratic Revolutions Challenges to Authority: ​ Revolutions like the American (1776) and French (1789) questioned the legitimacy of monarchies and aristocracies. ​ Introduced ideas of popular sovereignty, equality, and individual rights. ​ Sparked debates about the role of the state and the balance of power between government and citizens. Democratic Revolutions and Sport Challenges to Authority: ​ Democratization fostered the idea of equality and inclusion, which began to influence who could participate in and spectate sports. ​ Sports moved from being exclusive activities of the aristocracy (e.g., fox hunting, jousting) to more accessible pastimes for broader populations. Redefining Community: ​ Democratic ideals promoted the idea of shared identity and collective experiences, which sports came to embody. ​ Sporting events became venues for community-building and expressions of national pride, linking individuals to larger social groups. Tradition vs. Modernity: ​ Traditional folk games were gradually standardized and formalized into organized sports with codified rules (e.g., football in England). ​ New democratic values questioned the elitism of some sports and paved the way for modern movements advocating inclusion (e.g., amateurism vs. professionalism debates). Industrial Revolution and Sport ​ Urbanization and Leisure  ​ Social Problems and Class ​ Technological Advances ​ Commercialization and Professionalization ​ Tradition and Standardization Structural Functionalism (Developed by Emile Durkheim) ​ Functionalist views society as a system promoting stability and solidarity ​ Sport fosters social bonds and deters deviance. What Functions Do Sports Play? ​ Social Integration and Cohesion ​ Socialization ​ Role Differentiation ​ Conflict Resolution and Safety Valve ​ Maintenance of Health and Productivity ​ Economic and Institutional Stability Durkehim’s Social Integration ​ Distinction between mechanical (past societies) and organic solidarity (modern societies) ​ Social integration reduces suicide rates. ​ Sport acts as a unifying force, fostering community bonds. Critical Social Theories ​ Examines power, inequality, gender, and race in sport ​ Incorporates ideas of resistance and social agency (ANSWER QUESTIONS) 1.​ Which sports are “mobility sports” and which sports seem to perpetuate inequality? Conflict Theory ​ Rooted in Karl Marx and Max Weber's work ​ Focuses on class struggles and inequalities in sport. ​ Power imbalances between groups are acknowledged ​ E.g., labour conflicts between team owners and players The Focus on Conflict Theory 1. Economic Exploitation in Sport ​ Professional Athletes ​ Amateur Athletes: Labor Movements ​ Labor vs. Management 2. Social Inequality in Sport ​ Class Inequalities 3. Sport as a Tool of Ideological Control ​ Distraction from Social Issues ​ Promotion of Capitalist Values 4. Colonial and Post-Colonial Dynamics ​ Soccer and cricket used as tools of assimilation 5. Sporting Mega-Events and Social Costs ​ Exploitation of Communities Marx on Alienation ​ Workers are alienated from the fruits of their labour. ​ Sports can reflect alienation, but also provide opportunities for resistance. ​ Who advocates for the well-being of athletes? ​ What is the role of player’s unions? Humboldt Broncos Tragedy ​ 2018 bus crash killed 16 team members and staff. ​ Sparked national unity and highlighted hockey's cultural significance. ​ What role did public displays of mourning (e.g., the #HumboldtStrong campaign, vigils, and memorials) play in fostering collective healing and solidarity? ​ How did media outlets shape public perception of the tragedy? What narratives were emphasized, and which aspects might have been overlooked? Hegemony and Resistance  ​ Antonio Gramsci: Power maintained through consent. ​ Sport as a tool for both control and resistance. ​ What ideologies are dominant within sports? Sport and National Identity ​ Sport fosters national pride and representations ​ E.g., Sidney Crosby’s gold medal goal in 2010. Or Henderson’s goal in 1972 Hockey and Canadian Nationalism ​ Hockey as a symbol of Canadian identity. ​ Reflects exclusion and struggles for inclusivity. ​ What narratives exist surrounding European NHL players? Sport as a Civic Ritual ​ Alan Ingham: Sporting events act as serialized civic rituals. ​ Much like traditional rituals in religion or tribal communities, modern sports are structured events that convey meaning through their rules, ceremonies, and narratives. ​ E.g., National pride during the Olympics. Symbolic Interactionism ​ Developed by George Herbert Mead. ​ Focuses on individual interactions and meanings. ​ Concepts: 'I' (subjective self) and 'Me' (social self). (ANSWER QUESTION) 1.​ What do “vintage” jerseys symbolize to you? Weber and Rational Action ​ Goal-rational action defines modern sport. ​ Focus on calculated efforts to achieve success (e.g., Olympic training). ​ Compared to Value-Rational Action: Actions are guided by adherence to intrinsic values or beliefs, regardless of the likelihood of achieving specific outcomes. (ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS) 1.​ How much of your action (your level of dedication and commitment) is due to rational planning, and how much due to passion? Goal-Rational Action Versus Participation ​ Current debates exist surrounding the high level of competition in youth sports ​ Focus on goal rational action and high performance sport can reduce mass participation (ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS) 1.​ Should we give out “participation ribbons” to students/children who play sports? 2.​ Is youth sport too competitive? Key Terms 1.​ Alienation 2.​ Conflict theory 3.​ Democratic revolutions 4.​ Feminist studies 5.​ Goal-rational action 6.​ Hegemony 7.​ I and Me 8.​ Industrial Revolution 9.​ Macrosociology 10.​Microsociology 11.​Modes of production 12.​Predestination 13.​Self 14.​Social facts 15.​Social integration 16.​Sociological theory 17.​Structural-functionalism 18.​Symbolic Interactionism Reflection Questions 1. What are current controversies in sport? 2. What similarities exist between historical and contemporary social issues? 3. How do gender and sexuality shape sport experiences in Canada? Sample Questions: What is the main justification for the sociology of sport? a) Studying physical performance b) Examining societal structures and inequalities in sport c) Analyzing biological factors in athletic performance d) Designing policies aimed at inclusivity in sports What is a primary obstacle faced by female athletes in media representation?​ a) Overrepresentation​ b) Marginalization​ c) Lack of competition​ d) Excessive focus on athletic performance What concept by Antonio Gramsci explores the role of consent in maintaining power?​ a) Hegemony​ b) Alienation​ c) Symbolic interaction​ d) Rational action Multiple Choice Questions Why Study Sociology of Sport? 1.​ Which of the following is NOT a role of sports in shaping cultural norms and values?​ a) Reinforcing traditional gender roles​ b) Encouraging social inclusion​ c) Eliminating all forms of social inequality​ d) Reflecting broader societal beliefs and ideologies 2.​ Critical perspectives on the commercialization of sports focus on:​ a) How sports generate profit and entertainment​  b) The ethical concerns surrounding athlete exploitation​ c) The positive role of sports in youth development​ d) The growing participation of women in sports Concepts in Sociology of Sport 3.​ The idea that sports reflect societal norms and values is best described as:​ a) Sports as social institutions​ b) Symbolic interactionism​ c) Deviance and ethics​ d) Sport stratification 4.​ What is an example of deviance in sports?​ a) Team bonding activities​ b) Using performance-enhancing drugs​ c) Athlete sponsorship deals​ d) International competitions Sociological Perspectives on Sports 5.​ According to functionalist theory, sports:​ a) Promote stability and social cohesion​ b) Reinforce social inequalities​ c) Serve as a platform for political protests​ d) Exist only as entertainment 6.​ Conflict theory views sports as a reflection of:​ a) Shared cultural values​ b) Power struggles and exploitation​ c) Symbolic identity construction​ d) Physical health benefits Historical Context of Sports 7.​ The Industrial Revolution influenced sports by:​ a) Promoting ritual-based competitions​ b) Encouraging informal, localized sports​ c) Organizing and professionalizing athletic activities​ d) Eliminating class-based divisions in sports  8.​ The exclusion of women’s ski jumping from the 2010 Olympics is an example of:​ a) Symbolic interactionism​ b) Sports diplomacy​ c) Power shaping institutional rules​ d) The rise of globalization in sports Gender and Sports 9.​ Title IX is significant in sports because it:​ a) Regulates athlete sponsorships​ b) Requires equal opportunities for women in sports​ c) Controls media representation of female athletes​ d) Promotes commercial investment in women’s leagues 10.​Which of the following is NOT a barrier to women’s participation in sports?​ a) Gender stereotypes​ b) Unequal media representation​ c) Lack of sponsorships​ d) Increased government funding Race, Ethnicity, and Sports 11.​Athletes of color often face challenges such as:​ a) Unrestricted access to elite sports programs​ b) Negative stereotypes and systemic barriers​ c) Equal representation in all sports​ d) Declining media coverage of racial issues 12.​Which historical milestone played a major role in breaking racial barriers in sports?​ a) The introduction of instant replay technology​ b) The emergence of college sports​ c) The desegregation of professional sports leagues​ d) The rise of esports competitions Economic and Sports 13.​The economic impact of mega-sporting events like the Olympics includes:​ a) Only positive effects on the host country​ b) Increased investment and tourism, but also potential debt​  c) Guaranteed long-term financial success for all athletes​ d) Minimal effects on local economies 14.​One major concern regarding athlete labor issues is:​ a) The overuse of digital technology in sports​ b) The lack of international competitions​ c) Wage disparities and exploitation of athletes​ d) The reduction of sports in schools Politics and Sports 15.​Sports diplomacy refers to:​ a) The ability of sports to resolve international conflicts​ b) The commercialization of professional leagues​ c) Athletes using their platform for financial gain​ d) Nationalism in sports media coverage 16.​A well-known example of athlete activism is:​ a) The commercialization of sports​ b) Olympic athletes protesting racial injustice​ c) Increased sports sponsorship deals​ d) The rise of esports Media and Sports 17.​The role of media in sports includes:​ a) Shaping public narratives and athlete reputations​ b) Removing political influences from sports coverage​ c) Eliminating the commercialization of sports​ d) Reducing fan engagement in athletic events 18.​One ethical concern in sports media is:​ a) The increasing role of esports​ b) The over-commercialization of athlete branding​ c) The elimination of Olympic events​ d) The decline of sponsorship opportunities The Future of Sports 19.​One emerging trend in sports is:​ a) The complete elimination of gendered sports categories​ b) The use of AI and data analytics in athlete performance​ c) The decline of social media engagement​ d) Decreasing environmental concerns in sporting events 20.​Which of the following is NOT an area of focus for the future of sports?​ a) Diversity and inclusion​ b) Economic sustainability of sports organizations​ c) Restricting technological advancements in sports​ d) Environmental sustainability in sports events