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GROUP 3 ICE BREAKER RECAP!!! IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISABLITIES PRESENTED BY: Group 3 TOPIC OUTLINE Today's Discussion #1 Visual Impairment #2 Speech Impairment #3 Specific Learning Disability #4 Cerebral Palsy and other motor disabilities VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Visual impairment refers to a condition in which a person has a significant loss of vision or is unable to see at all. It is a broad term that encompasses a range of visual disabilities, including partial or total blindness, low vision, and various degrees of visual acuity or field loss. Visual impairment can be caused by various factors, including congenital conditions, eye diseases, trauma, aging, or neurological disorders. TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Partial Sight Total Blindness or Low Vision People with partial sight Total blindness refers to the have some degree of complete absence of vision functional vision. They may and the inability to perceive have difficulty reading small light or form. Individuals who print, differentiating are totally blind rely on other between colors, or seeing senses, such as touch, objects in dimly lit hearing, and smell, to environments. Some navigate their environment individuals may require and perform daily activities. assistive devices such as They often use tools and magnifiers or specialized techniques such as canes or lighting to enhance their guide dogs to aid in mobility. remaining vision. FOUR CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Profoundly Severely Impaired Impaired Partially blind whose Totally Blind visual acuity is less than 6/60 after maximum correction. TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Moderately Mildly Impaired Impaired Such a visual problem is Their impairment is not general in nature. This very serious. They have does not disturb on visual acuity is in person in any way in between 6/24-6/60. doing any visual task. They can do each and They generally do not everything if proper help have any restriction in is given. their visual field. HISTORY Visual impairment, also known as vision loss or blindness, has been a part of human existence for centuries. Throughout history, people with visual impairments have faced various challenges and have been impacted by the advancements in medicine, technology, and societal attitudes. Let's take a brief look at the history of visual impairment. HISTORY 1. Ancient Times 2. Middle Ages In ancient civilizations, individuals with visual During the Middle Ages, visual impairment was impairments were often considered to possess primarily seen as a divine punishment or a result of special powers or were viewed as cursed. While witchcraft. Blind or visually impaired individuals various remedies and treatments were were often marginalized and excluded from attempted, there was limited understanding of society. Monastic institutions played a significant the nature of visual impairment. role in caring for people with visual impairments. 3. Enlightenment and Early Medical Advances 4. 19th Century The Age of Enlightenment thinkers emphasized In 1784, Valentin Haüy founded the first school for reason and medical science, leading to increased blind children in Paris, which provided reading and interest in understanding and finding remedies for writing instruction using tactile materials. Louis blindness. Advancements during this time included Braille, who became blind after an accident, the development of surgical techniques for invented the Braille system, a reading and writing cataract removal.. system based on raised dots, in 1824. HISTORY 5. Advancements in Medicine and Assistive Devices 6. Technological Advancements Screen-reading software, magnification tools, and Medical interventions, such as the development of voice-over capabilities in electronic devices have corrective eyeglasses, contact lenses, and provided accessibility to information and surgical procedures, offered improved vision communication. Refreshable braille technology have correction options. Innovations like the white cane, also improved access to written content. which aids with navigation, were introduced to Advancements in surgical procedures, stem cell assist people with visual impairments in their daily research, and gene therapies offer hope for treating lives. vision. 7. Changing Attitudes and Inclusion Advocacy efforts and disability rights movements In conclusion, the history of visual impairment showcases the journey of humanity's understanding have fought for equal opportunities, inclusion, and and response to this condition. From ancient beliefs to accessibility for people with visual impairments. modern technological advancements, society has Laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act progressed in recognizing the rights and needs of (ADA) in the United States have been enacted to visually impaired individuals, striving for a more inclusive protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. world. PREVALENCE According to the World Health Organization (WHO), globally there are an estimated 285 million people with visual impairment. Out of these, approximately 39 million individuals are blind, while the remaining 246 million people have low vision. It is essential to note that these statistics are constantly changing due to demographic factors, healthcare advancements, and aging populations. CAUSES 1. Refractive Errors 2. Cataracts Refractive errors, such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and Cataracts are a common cause of visual impairment, especially in older adults. They occur astigmatism, occur when the shape of the eye when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, causing prevents proper focusing of light onto the blurred or dim vision. Cataracts can be treated retina. These conditions can lead to blurred with surgery, where the cloudy lens is replaced vision and can be corrected with glasses, with an artificial one. contact lenses, or refractive surgery. 3. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) 4. Glaucoma AMD is a progressive eye disease that affects the Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized macula, a small portion of the retina responsible by optic nerve damage, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure. It can lead to peripheral for sharp central vision. It can cause central vision vision loss and, if left untreated, can progress to tunnel loss, making it difficult to read, drive, or recognize vision or total blindness. Treatment for glaucoma aims faces. Currently, there is no cure for AMD, but at reducing intraocular pressure to prevent further certain treatments can help slow down its damage to the optic nerve. progression. CAUSES 5. Diabetic Retinopathy 6. Retinal Detachment Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes Retinal detachment occurs when the retina that affects the blood vessels of the retina. High separates from the underlying tissue that blood sugar levels can cause damage to the blood nourishes it. This can cause sudden and severe vessels, leading to vision loss. Managing diabetes vision loss. Retinal detachment requires immediate through proper blood sugar control and regular medical attention and often requires surgery to eye examinations can help prevent or delay the reattach the retina. progression of diabetic retinopathy. 7. Inherited Conditions 8. Eye Injuries Some visual impairments are caused by genetic or Trauma or injury to the eye can result in visual inherited conditions. Examples include retinitis impairment. This can include damage to the pigmentosa, a group of genetic disorders that cornea, lens, or retina. Prompt medical cause a gradual deterioration of the retina, and intervention is crucial in such cases to prevent congenital cataracts, which are present at birth. permanent vision loss. CAUSES 9. Infectious Diseases 10. Other Factors Certain infections, like trachoma, onchocerciasis, Other factors contributing to visual impairment and river blindness, can cause visual impairment. include age, gender, environmental conditions (e.g., These infections are prevalent in some parts of excessive exposure to ultraviolet light), medication the world with limited access to healthcare and side effects, and systemic diseases like multiple sanitation facilities. sclerosis and certain types of cancers. It's important to note that not all causes of visual impairment are preventable or curable. However, early detection, regular eye examinations, and proper management can help prevent or delay the progression of many visual impairments and improve overall visual health. PARTS OF THE EYE CAUSES 1. Refractive Errors Refractive errors, such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism, occur when the shape of the eye prevents proper focusing of light onto the retina. These conditions can lead to blurred vision and can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. CAUSES 2. Cataracts Cataracts are a common cause of visual impairment, especially in older adults. They occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, causing blurred or dim vision. Cataracts can be treated with surgery, where the cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial one. CAUSES 2. Cataracts Cataracts are a common cause of visual impairment, especially in older adults. They occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, causing blurred or dim vision. Cataracts can be treated with surgery, where the cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial one. CAUSES 3. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) AMD is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, a small portion of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. It can cause central vision loss, making it difficult to read, drive, or recognize faces. Currently, there is no cure for AMD, but certain treatments can help slow down its progression. CAUSES 3. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) AMD is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, a small portion of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. It can cause central vision loss, making it difficult to read, drive, or recognize faces. Currently, there is no cure for AMD, but certain treatments can help slow down its progression. CAUSES 4. Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized by optic nerve damage, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure. It can lead to peripheral vision loss and, if left untreated, can progress to tunnel vision or total blindness. Treatment for glaucoma aims at reducing intraocular pressure to prevent further damage to the optic nerve. CAUSES 5. Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina. High blood sugar levels can cause damage to the blood vessels, leading to vision loss. Managing diabetes through proper blood sugar control and regular eye examinations can help prevent or delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy. CAUSES 6. Retinal Detachment Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue that nourishes it. This can cause sudden and severe vision loss. Retinal detachment requires immediate medical attention and often requires surgery to reattach the retina. CHARACTERISTICS 1. Blurred Vision 2. Reduced Visual Acuity Many individuals with visual impairment Visual acuity refers to the sharpness or clarity of experience blurred vision, which can make vision. People with visual impairment often have reduced visual acuity, which means they have objects appear fuzzy or out of focus. This can difficulty seeing small details or distinguishing affect both near and distance vision. between fine lines and objects. 3. Loss of Peripheral Vision 4. Decreased Contrast Sensitivity Contrast sensitivity is the ability to differentiate Peripheral vision refers to the ability to see between objects of similar tones or colors. Those objects and movement outside the direct line of with visual impairment may have reduced sight. Individuals with visual impairment may contrast sensitivity, making it challenging to experience loss of peripheral vision, resulting in a distinguish between similar shades or perceive narrowed field of view or "tunnel vision." objects against a background. CHARACTERISTICS 5. Sensitivity to Glare 6. Difficulty with Depth Perception Visual impairment can cause increased sensitivity Visual impairment can affect depth perception, to glare, making it uncomfortable to be in bright making it challenging to judge distances environments or exposed to direct sunlight. Glare accurately. This can impact tasks such as can create visual distortion, reduce clarity, and navigating stairs, reaching for objects, or driving. cause discomfort or pain. 7. Color Vision Deficiency 8. Difficulty with Night Vision Visual impairment can lead to decreased night Some forms of visual impairment can result in vision or poor adaptation to low-light conditions. color vision deficiency or color blindness. This can This can make it challenging to navigate in dimly lit make it difficult to distinguish between certain environments and can increase the risk of colors or shades. accidents or falls. CHARACTERISTICS 9. Challenges with Reading and Writing 10. Impact on Daily Activities Visual impairment can affect the ability to read Visual impairment can significantly impact daily and write comfortably. Depending on the activities such as driving, recognizing faces, condition, individuals may require larger font sizes, watching television, using electronic devices, and magnification devices, or alternative techniques, participating in various recreational or such as braille. occupational activities. Adjustments, assistive devices, and support from healthcare professionals, low vision specialists, and rehabilitation services can help individuals with visual impairment maximize their remaining vision, improve independence, and maintain a good quality of life. CHARACTERISTICS 1. Blurred Vision Many individuals with visual impairment experience blurred vision, which can make objects appear fuzzy or out of focus. This can affect both near and distance vision. CHARACTERISTICS 3. Loss of Peripheral Vision Peripheral vision refers to the ability to see objects and movement outside the direct line of sight. Individuals with visual impairment may experience loss of peripheral vision, resulting in a narrowed field of view or "tunnel vision." CHARACTERISTICS 4. Decreased Contrast Sensitivity Contrast sensitivity is the ability to differentiate between objects of similar tones or colors. Those with visual impairment may have reduced contrast sensitivity, making it challenging to distinguish between similar shades or perceive objects against a background. CHARACTERISTICS 7. Color Vision Deficiency Some forms of visual impairment can result in color vision deficiency or color blindness. This can make it difficult to distinguish between certain colors or shades. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 1st School by Valentin Haüy: L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles (Institute for Blind Youths) Braille revolutionized education for blind individuals worldwide.Braille is a system of touch reading and writing for blind persons in which raised dots represent the letters of the alphabet Jacques Daviel was a French ophthalmologist credited with originating the first significant advance in cataract surgery since couching was invented in ancient India. Daviel performed the first extracapsular cataract extraction on 8 April 1747. His procedure was more effective than couching, with an overall success rate of 50%. Couching is the earliest documented form of cataract surgery. TREATMENT This presentation covers treatment options for visual impairment, including lenses, surgeries, and assistive technologies. We'll emphasize the importance of vision rehabilitation and consulting with eye care professionals for personalized treatment plans. TREATMENT 1. Corrective Lenses Glasses or contact lenses can help improve vision by correcting refractive errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. TREATMENT 2. Medications In some cases, medications may be prescribed to treat the underlying cause of visual impairment, such as eye infections, inflammation, or glaucoma. TREATMENT 3. Surgery Surgical procedures can be performed to correct certain eye conditions, such as cataracts, retinal detachment, or corneal abnormalities. Laser surgery can also be used to treat conditions like glaucoma or retinal disorders. DIFFERENT SURGERIES There are several surgeries that can be performed to treat visual impairment depending on the underlying condition. DIFFERENT SURGERIES Cataract Surgery LASIK Surgery LASIK (Laser-Assisted In This procedure involves Situ Keratomileusis) is a removing the cloudy lens surgical procedure used of the eye and replacing to correct refractive it with an artificial lens errors such as called an intraocular lens nearsightedness, (IOL). It is commonly farsightedness, and performed to improve astigmatism. It involves vision in individuals with reshaping the cornea cataracts. using a laser to improve vision. DIFFERENT SURGERIES Retinal Detachment Corneal Transplant Surgery Surgery Retinal detachment This procedure is occurs when the retina performed to replace a detaches from the back damaged or diseased of the eye, causing vision cornea with a healthy loss. Surgery is performed cornea from a donor. It is to reattach the retina commonly used to treat and prevent further vision conditions such as corneal loss. scarring or keratoconus. DIFFERENT SURGERIES Glaucoma Surgery There are several surgical procedures available to treat glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. These surgeries aim to lower the eye pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. TREATMENT 4. Low Vision Aids For individuals with significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected, low vision aids can be helpful. These may include magnifiers, telescopic lenses, or electronic devices that enlarge and enhance images. TREATMENT 5. Vision Rehabilitation This involves a combination of therapies and training to help individuals with visual impairment adapt to their condition and maximize their remaining vision. It may include orientation and mobility training, daily living skills training, and assistive technology training. TREATMENT 6. Supportive Services Various support services can be beneficial for individuals with visual impairment, such as counseling, support groups, and vocational rehabilitation programs to help them live independently and maintain employment. 01 SPEECH IMPAIRMENT A speech impairment affects people who have problems speaking in a regular tone of voice or tempo. Speech impairments make it hard for people to communicate properly, and they can happen in both children and adults.‌ a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. 02 HISTORY The beginnings of the speech profession can date back to 1925 when organizations were established for those working in the field of speech disorders and speech corrections. 1. “Our Formative Years”: 3. The “Linguistic Era”: Beginning just before 1900 and Starting around 1965 and continuing to continuing through the end of World War 1975, language disorders began to be II, the formative years refers to a time treated as separate from speech disorders 2. The “Processing Period”: 4. The “Pragmatics Revolution” From 1945 to 1965, many speech From 1975 until 2000, professionals in assessments and therapy approaches the field began to rethink and reframe began to appear speech and language practices 03 Prevelance Nearly 1 in 12 U.S. children ages 3-17 has had a disorder related to voice, speech, language, or swallowing (source) Nearly half of U.S. children ages 3-17 with a voice, speech, language, or swallowing disorder have not received intervention services in the past year. Causes 05 Some causes of speech and language disorders include hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disabilities, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse. Frequently, however, the cause is unknown. Some can have speech impairement when they are adult, Sudden speech problems can be caused by stress and exhaustion, excess alcohol consumption, stroke, migraines, neurological disorders or certain medications. 06 Characteristics Fluency Voice Articulation Disorder Disorder Disorder This type can be A voice disorder If you have an described as means you have an articulation disorder, continuity, atypical tone of voice. you might distort smoothness, rate, and It could be an unusual certain sounds. You effort in speech pitch, quality, could also fully omit production. resonance, or volume. sounds. TREATMENT FOR SPEECH IMPAIRMENT Is speech impairment treatable ? Outlook depends on the cause of the disorder. Speech can often be improved with speech therapy. Early treatment is likely to have better results. The type of treatment will typically depend on the severity of the speech disorder and its underlying cause. Treatment options can include: * speech therapy exercises that focus on building familiarity with certain words or sounds * physical exercises that focus on strengthening the muscles that produce speech sounds TREATMENT OPTIONS Target selection Target selection involves a person practicing specific sounds or words to familiarize themselves with particular speech patterns. Contextual utilization For this approach, SLPs teach people to recognize speech sounds in different syllable-based contexts. Contrast therapy Contrast therapy involves saying word pairs that contain one or more different speech sounds. Oral-motor therapy The oral-motor therapy approach focuses on improving muscle strength, motor control, and breath control.. Ear device Ear devices are small electronic aids that fit inside the ear canal.. Some ear devices replay altered versions of the wearer’s voice to make it seem as though someone else is speaking with them. Other ear devices produce a noise that helps control stuttering. Medication Some speech disorders can cause people to develop anxiety disorder References https://www.asha.org/about/press-room/quick- facts/#:~:text=Nearly%201%20in%2012%20U.S.,3%20million%2B%20Americans%20stutter. https://speech-languageimpairments.weebly.com/history-of-disability.html https://www.physioinq.com.au/blog/what-can-cause-speech-problems-in- adults#:~:text=Sudden%20speech%20problems%20can%20be,certainly%20be%20a%20troubling% 20experience. https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-to-know-about-speech-impairment https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a- to-z/speech-and-language- disorders#:~:text=Outlook%20depends%20on%20the%20cause,likely%20to%20have%20better%2 0results. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324764#summary Specific Learning Disability (SLD) -an umbrella term that can describe many different types of learning issues. Dyslexia - affects a learner’s ability Dysgraphia to acquire and process Dyscalculia information Specific Learning Disability (SLD) IDEA defines a specific learning disability as: The term means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. Learning Disabilities Learning disabilities can be characterized by a discrepancy between a student’s ability and his or her achievement in areas such as reading, writing, mathematics, or speaking. This option is up to the individual school, or agency doing the assessment. Causes Learning disabilities are presumed to be disorders of the central nervous system and a variety of factors may contribute to their occurrence. Learning disabilities may be due to: 1. Heredity. Learning disabilities tend to run in families. It is not unusual to discover that people with learning disabilities come from families in which other family members have reported similar difficulties. Causes Problems during pregnancy and childbirth. Learning disabilities may be caused by illness or injury during or before birth. Learning disabilities may also be caused by the use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy, RH incompatibility with the mother (if untreated), premature or prolonged labor or lack of oxygen or low weight at birth. Incidents after birth. Head injuries, nutritional deprivation, poisonous substances, (e.g., lead), and child abuse can contribute to learning disabilities Characteristics Students who have learning disabilities may exhibit a wide range of traits, including: problems with reading comprehension spoken language writing reasoning ability Hyperactivity Inattention perceptual coordination problems may also be associated with learning disabilities. Characteristics behaviors such as impulsiveness low tolerance for frustration problems in handling day-to-day social interactions and situations inconsistent school performance difficulty remembering today what was learned yesterday, but may know it tomorrow short attention span (restless, easily distracted) nletter and number reversals (sees "b" for "d" or "p", "6" for "9", "pots" for "stop" or "post") npoor reading (below age and grade level) nfrequent confusion about directions and time (right-left, up-down, yesterday-tomorrow) Characteristics impulsive and/or inappropriate behavior (poor judgment in social situations, talks and acts before thinking) failure on written tests but high scores on oral exams (or vice versa) speech problems (immature language development, trouble expressing ideas, poor word recall) difficulty understanding and following instructions unless they are broken down to one or two tasks at a time seems immature and has difficulty making friends Learning Disabilities Learning disabilities may occur in the following academic areas: Spoken language: Delays, disorders, or discrepancies in listening and speaking; Written language: Difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling; Arithmetic: Difficulty in performing arithmetic functions or in comprehending basic concepts; Reasoning: Difficulty in organizing and integrating thoughts; and Organization skills: Difficulty in organizing all facets of learning. Learning Disabilities Some of these problems can be found in all children at certain stages of development. When a child has a cluster of symptoms that do not disappear as she/he gets older, you might suspect learning disabilities. Types of Learning Disorders DYSLEXIA DYSGRAPHIA DYSCALCULIA Dyslexia - difficulty in acquiring and processing language that is typically manifested by the lack or proficiency in reading, spelling and writing Dyslexia - it is not a visual disorder - a complex condition that involves a network of brain regions Symptoms of Dyslexia Visual Confusion - difficulty in db qp distinguishing similar-looking letters Symptoms of Dyslexia Visual Instability/Distortions - perceives unstable visual images Symptoms of Dyslexia Phonological Processing Difficulty - difficulty in determining or recognizing phenomes Causes of Dyslexia - focuses on the left hemisphere of the brain Language Processing Phonological Processing Visual Word Recognition Causes of Dyslexia Causes of Dyslexia - the right hemisphere is involved as well Miscommunication between the left and right hemispheres Increased risk of dyslexia History of Dyslexia Rudolf Berlin - coined the term, ‘Dyslexia’ - observed the difficulties faced by some of his adult patients in reading History of Dyslexia 1960s - became known as a “middle-class” myth - interpreted by middle-class parents as a pseudo-medical diagnosis to explain their children’s poor performance in reading How to Help a Child with Dyslexia Break down the reading into manageable sentences. Regularly read aloud reading materials Discuss the content of the reading material to assess comprehension Break down the words into syllables Encourage daily reading practice How to Help a Child with Dyslexia Dyslexia Glasses - type of colored overlay or tinted lenses Chromagen Lenses Irlen Specctral Filters How to Help a Child with Dyslexia Dyslexia Glasses - the selection of a specific color is based on an individual's response to different colors, a process known as colorimetry. How to Help a Child with Dyslexia Dyslexia Glasses - the colored overlays help in providing contrast between the text and the background Dysgraphia - neurological condition in which someone has difficulty turning their thoughts into written language Symptoms of Dysgraphia Struggling with Fine Motor Skills Illegible Handwriting - Inconsistent letter formations and spacing - Letter reversals Symptoms of Dysgraphia Struggling with Fine Motor Skills Physical Discomfort - difficulty in maintaining legibility Symptoms of Dysgraphia Struggling with Fine Motor Skills Visual-Motor Integration - ability to coordinate visual information with motor actions Causes of Dysgraphia - dysgraphia in adults occur after trauma - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Stroke - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Degenerative Neurological Disorders Causes of Dysgraphia - usually associated with damage to the parietal lobe of the brain - involves fine motor control, spatial processing, and sensorimotor integration Types of Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dysgraphia Motor Dysgraphia Spatial Dysgraphia Brown, M. (2019) Types of Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dysgraphia Motor Dysgraphia - has difficulty with - has difficulty with the spelling and writing physical act of writing Spatial Dysgraphia - has difficulty with the spacing of letters Brown, M. (2019) History of Dysgraphia Oswald Berkhan - coined the term, ‘Dysgraphia’ in 1904 History of Dysgraphia Mid-20th Century - dysgraphia gained more attention from researchers and educators Dr. Samuel T. Orton - identified dysgraphia as a specific learning disability in the 1960s History of Dysgraphia Late 20th Century - discovered the types of dysgraphia How to Help a Child with Dysgraphia Use worksheets that focuses on letter formation and size Use paper with colored lines or raised lines Break down the forming of letters into smaller steps Encourage daily writing, like in a journal Dyscalculia - a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to do math Symptoms of Dyscalculia Difficulty with Basic Number Concepts - struggles in mentally doing basic arithmetic operations Symptoms of Dyscalculia Difficulty in Recalling Numbers - struggles in memorizing the multiplication table - struggles in counting backwards Symptoms of Dyscalculia Inconsisties in Learning - struggles in grasping and retaining mathematical concepts - can incorrectly solve an equation that they previously answered correctly Causes of Dyscalculia - can be genetic - exposure to alcohol while in the womb - caused by brain injury - known as ‘Acquired Dyscalculia’ History of Dyscalculia Ladislav Kosc - coined the term, ‘Dyscalculia’ in 1974 - defined dyscalculia as “a structural disorder of mathematical abilities History of Dyscalculia Late 1990s - MRI results revealed that dyscalculia exists where one or more parts of the brain, responsible for basic calculations, can’t coordinate well. How to Help a Child with Dyscalculia Break down math problems into smaller steps Regular practice in mathematics Use physical objects to demonstrate and illustrate math concepts Prevalence of SLD Dyslexia Dysgraphia - affects 20% of the - affects 5-20% of population the population Dyscalculia - affects 3-6% of the population Treatment for SLD There is no cure for SLD Early intervention helps lessen the effects of SLD Educational Support Individualized Learning Plans (IEP) Special Education Services Treatment for SLD There is no cure for SLD Therapy Speech and Language Therapy - for individuals with dyslexia and dysgraphia Occupational Therapy - for individuals with dyscalculia Treatment for SLD There is no cure for SLD Professionals in the field of special education and learning disabilities can provide guidance and support in developing a personalized treatment plan. References https://dyslexiahistory.web.ox.ac.uk/brief-history-dyslexia https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health- information/disorders/dysgraphia#:~:text=Cases%20of%20dysgraphia%20in%20adults,memory%20or%20ot her%20neurological%20problems. https://www.diseasemaps.org/dysgraphia/top-questions/history/ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23949-dyscalculia https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/about-dyscalculia https://www.romanempireagency.com/blog/learning-disabilities/what-is- dyscalculia/#:~:text=and%20reasonable%20instruction.-,What%20is%20the%20History%20of%20Dyscalculia %3F,traced%20back%20to%20ancient%20times. https://numberdyslexia.com/history-of-dyscalculia/ https://dyslexia.yale.edu/dyslexia/dyslexia-faq/ https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/treatment https://www.churchillstl.org/learning-disability-resources/specific-learning-disabilities/ https://www.americanbrainfoundation.org/diseases/dyslexia/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=410HMVsmlMg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k18-4L-XSSU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLWBqz_GrRQ&pp=ygUIZHlzbGV4aWE%3D When was Cerebral Palsy discovered? Dr. John little is recognized as the first person to study cerebral palsy and define it in 1853.He battled a long childhood full of illness and decided to turn his experiences into a lifelong project to help other children with similar issues. His work began in the 1830s when he gave lectures on how birth injuries can significantly impact children. 1843 he published lectures entitled "On the nature and treatments of the deformities". Around 1861 he presented a research where he provided the first definition of cerebral palsy (back then called Little's desease named after Dr. Little) "Children with the condition have an injured nervous system that results in spasticity" Sir William Oster and the term Cerebral Palsy 1887 the cerebral palsy was applied to the condition Dr. Little studied through a book entitled "Cerebral Palsies of children" Sigmund Freud,the father of psychoanalysis propose the idea taht cerebrla palsy might result from abnormal fetal development. Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy describes a group of disorders of the development of movement,posture,and coordination.Cerebral means having to do with the brain while Palsy means weakness or problems with muscle use. Prevalence 2.5 cases per 1,000 live births in developed countries. The pediatric Society registry shows that there are 2,993 cases of unspecified cerebral palsy cases.426 spastic quadriplegics,59 spastic deplegics,15 dyskenitis,10 ataxics,and 190 categorized under others but they may be more which have not yet been reported. Causes Cerebral palsy largely depend on the extent of the brain injury involved. Conditions that may cause are: 1. Prenatal disturbance of cell migration 2. Prenatal poor myelination of nerve cells. 3. Perinatal brain cells death 4. Postnatal non-functional or inaappropriate synapses. Characteristics Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement and posture. Common characteristics of CP include: 1. Motor Impairments: CP primarily affects motor function, leading to muscle stiffness, weakness, and coordination difficulties. This can result in altered gait and limited mobility. 2.Spasticity: Many individuals with CP experience muscle spasticity, causing stiff and tight muscles that can affect range of motion. 3. Athetosis: Some CP types involve involuntary, writhing movements, known as athetosis, which can affect fine motor skills. 4. Ataxia: Another type of CP may cause ataxia, leading to balance and coordination issues. 5. Delayed Milestones: Children with CP may reach developmental milestones like crawling, sitting, or walking later than typically developing peers. 6. Speech and Communication Difficulties: CP can affect the muscles used for speech, making communication challenging. Some individuals may require alternative communication methods. 7. Joint Contractures: Prolonged muscle stiffness can lead to joint contractures, limiting joint movement. 8. Seizures: About one-third of individuals with CP may experience seizures. 9. Intellectual and Cognitive Impairments: CP can be associated with intellectual and learning disabilities, although many individuals with CP have normal intelligence. 10. Sensory Issues: Some individuals with CP may have sensory processing difficulties, affecting how they perceive and respond to sensory stimuli. 11. Associated Conditions: CP can co-occur with other health issues, such as visual or hearing impairments, gastrointestinal problems, and respiratory difficulties. Other Motor Disabilities Muscular dystrophy (MD) -a genetic disorder that affects the genes governing muscle protein production. Multiple sclerosis (MS) - occurs when the protective myelin layer around an individual’s nerve cells erodes, causing misfiring or non- communication between the brain and the skeletal muscles. Spina bifida - congenital condition in which a fetus’s spine fails to close fully around the spinal cord during the earliest stages of pregnancy, causing a bulge in a person’s back where the spinal membrane has protruded beyond the spine. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s Disease) -is a degenerative disease that inhibits communication between the skeletal muscles and the brain. ALS can cause slowness in movement and speech as well as partial paralysis. Arthritis - is most common among the elderly but can also occur in young people. Joint pain caused by advanced arthritis can lead to fatigue. Parkinson’s disease - is a central nervous system disorder that can cause both muscle rigidity and muscle tremors.. Trauma Spinal cord injuries - interrupt the communication between the brain and the skeletal muscles and can cause partial or complete paralysis in the legs and lower body (paraplegia) or the arms, legs, and torso (quadriplegia). Limb loss - impact an individual’s ability to operate a computer when the injury has occurred to the arm or hand. Some type of traumatic limb damage, such as damage to the nerves. References hReferences: AAP Textbook of Pediatric Care Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 3rd ed https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/index.html http://www.mayoclinic.org https://ninds.nih.gov

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