Developmental Disabilities Lecture Notes PDF

Developmental disabilities Lec.3 Dr.Sarkawt S.Kakai KHCMS (Ortho. & Trauma) Developmental Disabilities Are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments. People with developmental disabilities have problems with major life activities such as language...

Developmental disabilities Lec.3 Dr.Sarkawt S.Kakai KHCMS (Ortho. & Trauma) Developmental Disabilities Are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments. People with developmental disabilities have problems with major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living. The prevalence of DDs is increasing. From 1997 to 2008 Autism prevalence increased by 289.5 percent while ADHD prevalence increased by 33 percent. Developmental disabilities (DD) includes conditions such as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism Intellectual disability Learning difficulties (e.g. developmental coordination disorder (DCD) / dyspraxia, auditory processing disorder) Blindness Cerebral palsy Moderate to profound hearing loss Seizures Causes Genetic or chromosome abnormalities. These cause conditions such as Down syndrome. Prenatal exposure to substances. For example, drinking alcohol when pregnant can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Certain infections in pregnancy Preterm birth Developmental Milestones Birth to 4 months Includes smiling, and bringing hands to mouth. 6 months. Includes playing with others, sitting without support, and rolling over. 9 months. Includes making sounds like "mama" and "dada," understanding the word "no," crawling, and pulling to a stand. 1 year. Includes playing peekaboo, following simple directions, and walking while holding on to furniture. 18 months. Includes speaking and understanding several words, eating with a spoon, walking, and walking up and down stairs. 2 to 3 years. Includes recognizing labels and colors, naming pictures of common objects, getting dressed and undressed, and walking and running easily. Screening test The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends developmental and behavioral screenings for all children during regular well-child checkups at the following ages:9, 18 and 30 months Ages and Stages Questionnaire Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) Intellectual disability A term used when there are limits to a person’s ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life. Levels of intellectual disability vary greatly in children. Children with intellectual disability might have a hard time letting others know their wants and needs, and taking care of themselves. are generally assessed through the use of standardized individually administered IQ tests. Signs sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking find it hard to remember things have trouble understanding social rules have trouble seeing the results of their actions have trouble solving problem Classification Heber (1959, 1961) linked his description of “retardation in measured intelligence” to the following IQ scores: “borderline”(IQ range of 70–84), “mild” (IQ range of 55–69), “moderate” (IQ range of 40– 54), “severe” (IQ range of 25–39), and “profound” (IQ below 25). Definition and Examples of Intensities of Supports Intermittent Supports. Supports on an “as needed basis.” Characterized by episodic nature, person not always needing the support(s). Limited Supports. An intensity of supports characterized by consistency over time, time-limited but not of an intermittent nature Extensive Supports. This is characterized by regular involvement (e.g., daily) Pervasive Supports. This is characterized by their constancy and high intensity, provided across environments, potentially life-sustaining in nature. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. It seems to be due to abnormalities in the dopamine system and a change in frontal lobe development. While its cause is unknown, it is considered a genetic disorder, with environmental factors (e.g. diet, physical and social environments) playing a small role in its etiology. The following factors can increase the risk of ADHD: Very low birth weight Premature birth Exceptional early adversity ADHD is diagnosed based on reported behaviors or psychiatric assessment. The primary symptoms associated with ADHD are inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. However, fine and gross motor skills are affected in around 30 to 50 percent of children with ADHD, particularly in the predominantly inattentive and combined ADHD group. These motor problems are often ignored due to behavior difficulties, but children typically struggle with: Dressing, Handwriting, Learning to ride a bicycle and Tying shoelaces Autism Leo Kanner (1943) described a group of 11 children who displayed a similar pattern of specific symptoms that were significantly different from those of other childhood behavior disorders. Kanner called this form of childhood psychopathology “early infantile autism” Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a different way of thinking involving a neurological developmental difference that changes the way a person relates to the environment and people around them. A person with autism sees, experiences and understands the world in a different manner Etiology/Epidemiology ASD is a neurobiological disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain. Currently, no single universal cause has been identified but research is ongoing to discover potential etiologic mechanisms in ASD. ASD (according to some research) is becoming more prevalent. This finding is questioned, possibly be attributed to increased awareness, overdiagnosis, or overinclusive diagnostic criteria. Its prevalence is reported to be 1 in 68. Diagnoses based on combined clinician observation and caregiver reports are consistently more reliable than those based on either observation or reports alone. Later diagnoses often occur in presence of co-occurring problems such as anxiety, hyperactivity, or mood disorders that might have triggered the ASD, along with the same factors that play a part in delayed diagnoses in younger children. There is a need for clinical follow-up and reassessments of children diagnosed with ASDs, especially during the preschool years Diagnosis