Lecture 1: Biological Bases of Physical Activity and Health PDF

1/15/2025 LECTURE 1 1 1. Wikipedia says, “Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.” 2. Ph...

1/15/2025 LECTURE 1 1 1. Wikipedia says, “Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.” 2. Physical Activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements above REE. 3. WHO says: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” 2 Why is understanding the role of physical activity on health important? 3 1  1/15/2025 Physical Activity Biological and Physiological Adaptations Health Benefits 4 Distribution of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States in 2022 Leading causes of death in the United States 2022 Percentage of all death causes 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Heart disease 21.4% Malignant neoplasms 18.5% Accidents (unintentional injuries) 6.9% COVID-19 5.7% Cause of death Cerebrovascular diseases 5% Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4.5% Alzheimer’s disease 3.7% Diabetes mellitus 3.1% Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis 1.8% Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 1.7% Other 27.7% Directly affected by Physical Inactivity Indirectly affected by physical activity Note(s): United States Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 8. 2 Source(s): CDC; NCHS; ID 248619 5 Chronic Disease Chronic disease accounts for $3 of every $4 spent on health care 7 out of 10 deaths are related to chronic disease Projection: Chronic disease will cost $47 trillion dollars by 2030 6 2  1/15/2025 What is chronic disease? Disease that develops over a long period of time Typically, due to a combination of genetics, lifestyle behaviors which result in exposure to a risk factor If disease process is chronically present and genome is “expressed” the pathophysiology does not go away (although the symptoms might) the study of how a disease, injury, or other condition affects a patient, including both the physical and functional changes that occur. Goal is to reverse the pathophysiology – Most drugs do not do this, they only eliminate the symptom or outcome 7 EXAMPLE: Type II Diabetes Lack of physical activity, excess weight gain and high sugar intake can result in insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. The symptom in high blood sugar. Chronic hyperglycemia results in complications. Drugs (hypoglycemic agents) can lower blood sugar levels, but they do not reverse Type II diabetes. Lifestyle changes (increased physical activity and good nutrition) help improve the effectiveness of insulin, thus lowering blood sugar levels and the resulting complications. 8 9 3  1/15/2025 What if there was one pill that could prevent and reverse dozens of diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity? 10 Would you take ONE pill that: – REDUCES BLOOD PRESSURE – REDUCES CHOLESTEROL – REDUCES RISK OF DIABETES – REDUCES RISK OF CANCER – REDUCES EXCESS BODY-FAT – REDUCES RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS – REDUCES RISK OF HEART ATTACK – REDUCES ANXIETY – REDUCES DEPRESSION – IMPROVES MEMORY – IMPROVES FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES….AND MORE! 11 This Magic Pill Does All of That!! Physical Activity alters pathophysiology which PREVENTS and alleviates disease. The adaptations that occur from being active are medicinal! 12 4  1/15/2025 Physical Activity Biological and Physiological Adaptations Health Benefits 13 Physical Activity alters the cause AND pathophysiology which PREVENTS and alleviates disease. The adaptations that occur from being active are medicinal! 14 How important to health is physical activity? Four behaviors are responsible for most chronic disease. What are they? 15 5  1/15/2025 We know that PA is essential for disease prevention; however…..we have a problem! 16 17 More Bad News Physical Inactivity is a result of societal and environmental challenges Why is this a challenge? 30%-50% of all cases of type II diabetes, heart disease and cancers are caused by physical inactivity Inactivity increases medical costs by an estimated $75 billion…..in the USA alone! People are living longer. 18 6  1/15/2025 Daily PA Levels PI related disease rates Current PA Guidelines PA LEVELS TIME (Years) 19 Study Guide Questions Define “Biological Bases of Physical Activity and Health” What is Chronic Disease? List some chronic diseases that are prevented by physical activity. Why is physical activity important when it comes to chronic disease? What is the relationship between physical activity levels and disease rates? 20 7