SLG 4.4.1 Domain Eukarya - Plants PDF

LEARNING GUIDE Subject Code IS 2 Integrated Science 2 Module Code 4.0 Diversity of Life Lesson Code 4.4.1 Domain Eukarya - Plants Time Frame 30 minutes Components Tasks...

LEARNING GUIDE Subject Code IS 2 Integrated Science 2 Module Code 4.0 Diversity of Life Lesson Code 4.4.1 Domain Eukarya - Plants Time Frame 30 minutes Components Tasks TA​a ATA​b After completing this module, you are expected to: Target 1 min 1. Enumerate the distinguishing characteristics of the members of Kingdom Plantae ( 2. Discuss relevant Filipino scientists and science careers Filipino Scientist in Focus: Leonardo L. Co (1953-2010) Hook 4 mins Leonard Co, a Filipino plant taxonomist, posed beside ​Rafflessia leonardi​, a parasitic plant named after him. (Photo by Bonifacio Pasion) Leonardo Legaspi Co was considered the foremost authority in ethnobotany in the Philippines until his untimely death in an alleged crossfire between government forces and a rebel group in November 15, 2010. Born in December 19, 1953, he was only 56 when he died. Co was given credit for discovering 8 new species of plants during his career. Two species of endemic plants have also been named in his honor: ​Mycaranthes ​leonardi orchid and the ​Rafflesia ​leonardi, ​a parasitic plant known for bearing the third largest flower in the world (“A Glimpse of Paradise Lost”, 2012). His research career did not follow the usual path for the typical scientist. He did not finish his bachelor’s degree on time because he was always busy working in the field (Wempa, 2011). He first enrolled in the University of the Philippines in Diliman during the early 70’s and graduated about 3 decades later in 2008 after submitting his book on medicinal plants that can be found in the Cordilleras in lieu of a thesis. By doing so, Co holds several records in the history of UP--Diliman: the last student of the BS Botany program of UP (before being merged PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​1​ of ​8  with BS Zoology to form the BS Biology program); and the only student to graduate from BS Botany without holding a thesis. One year prior to his death, Co cataloged 160 unique plant species in the 23,688-hectare Bataan National Park. This was essential in the reforestation efforts in the park. Co, together with forester Sofronio Cortez and farmer Julius Borromeo would die in an alleged crossfire between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the New People’s Army in the forests of Kananga, Leyte while on field work. Although Co was not the most behaved student, his body of work is a testament to his dedication to science and learning with the grassroots society. Do you know what ethnobotany is? ​Ethnobotany is the study of interrelations between humans and plants. Current use of the term implies the study of indigenous or traditional knowledge of plants. It involves the indigenous knowledge of plant classification, cultivation, and use as food, medicine and shelter (Iwu, 2002). By now, you know that only photoautotrophic organisms such as Cyanobacteria, some protists like algae, and plants are able to photosynthesize. In this module, we will focus on plants - their general shared characteristics and how successful their adaptations are in conquering terrestrial environments that led to proliferation of life’s diversity. Photosynthesis is the sole biochemical pathway that can Ignite convert energy from the sun to a form of energy that every 15 organism uses for its metabolic needs. In general, plants are mins multicellular and autotrophic eukaryotes that obtain energy through photosynthesis. They are said to be autotrophic because they have chlorophyll – the green pigment responsible for absorbing light energy that enables them to photosynthesize. Thus, they are fondly described as “stationary animals that eat sunlight”. They serve as the base of the food chain in every terrestrial ecosystem. Also, their cells are protected by cell walls made of cellulose, a complex form of carbohydrate. The land plants that we are familiar with today are believed to have evolved from a freshwater environment 400 million years ago. Their successful colonization of the terrestrial PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​2​ of ​8  environment brought about the proliferation of diverse groups of organisms nowadays. What were the challenges they faced in a terrestrial ecosystem and how did they adapt to these challenges? To live in a terrestrial ecosystem, there were several major problems to solve: (1) How to get nutrients out of bare rock? An intimate, mutual association between plant roots and fungi paved the way for terrestrial survival. This association called ​mycorrhiza (meaning “fungus roots”) helps plants absorb phosphorus and other nutrients they need as fungi release them from rocks, and in return, the sugars produced by plants nourish the fungi. In nature, nearly all plants have mycorrhizae. In fact, mycorrhizae appear in fossils of the oldest known plants, suggesting the importance of this relationship in plant adaptation to land. Figure 1.​ Mycorrhiza fungus Source​:​https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorhizae_fungus_(10333483254 ).jpg (2) How to transport nutrients from the soil and products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant body? Almost 90 percent of plants have ​vascular tissue​, a network of cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body. The plant’s vascular tissue has two types - ​xylem which conducts water and minerals up from the roots; and ​phloem which distributes sugars throughout the plant. Figure 2.​ Vascular bundles are of two types, the xylem and the phloem. Source​: CNX OpenStax. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_30_01_02f.jpg PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​3​ of ​8  (3) How to minimize water loss? Helping plants to retain water is a waxy ​cuticle that covers their aerial parts, the stems and leaves. Although this waxy cuticle prevents the efficient exchange of gases in plants, there are ​stomata present on leaf surfaces that help facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases. (4) How to reproduce without a water medium? To be able to live on land, plants must keep their gametes (sex cells - the egg and sperm) and developing embryo from drying out. Thus, most plants produce gametes in gametangia​, the structures that consist of protective jackets of cells surrounding the gamete-producing cells. The egg remains in the female gametangium until it is fertilized there. Once fertilized, the embryo develops attached to and nourished by the parent plant. Figure 3.​ The female and male gametangia where egg and sperm cells are produced. Source: ​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archegonium#/media/File:Archegonium.jpg https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/2179efa3-35e8-4bff-8db6-e410233d84d8 Demands of land environment led to ​cell differentiation​, in which each cell assumes a role, and thus develop into a specific plant tissue or organ​. The body of a land plant is partly below ground, in soil, and partly above ground, in air. A plant must be able to hold itself upright because air provides no support. ​Roots anchor them to the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The elongation and branching of a plant’s roots and stems maximize its exposure to the resources in soil and in air. Upright stems and leaves require structural support, and this is provided by the rigid cell walls of plant tissues. The ​stem connects the plant’s subterranean and aerial parts, conducting water and minerals upwards and transporting the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the different parts of the plant body. The ​leaves of plants display adaptations shaped by the need to gather sunlight. Most plants in our country, being in a tropical rainforest biome, have broad leaves or large surface area to maximize the amount of light absorbed. Also, the leaves have drip tips which enable rain drops to run off quickly. Plants need to shed water to avoid growth of fungus and bacteria in the warm, wet PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​4​ of ​8  tropical rainforest. The adaptations of other plants in different biomes, like in a desert, are also different from other biomes. Plant reproduction occurs through an ​alternation of generations, ​in which the life cycle alternates between a haploid stage called a ​gametophyte and a diploid stage called a ​sporophyte stage. (Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes, whereas diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.) Ninety percent of plant species on Earth have dominant sporophyte structure that is visible to the eye, while the gametophyte structure remains dependent and inconspicuous. Figure 3 below shows the alternation of generations in fern. Figure 4.​ alternation of generations in ferns. Source​: Finkelstein. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alternation_of_generations_in_ferns.png Concept Check: How did plants adapt in living in terrestrial environments? Enumerate and describe these adaptations. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Navigate FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Based on what you have read. Write your answers in the 5 questions below. mins 1. Multicellular green algae, like sea lettuce and ​Spirogyra,​ have a lot of common features with plants like the presence of chlorophyll pigments a and b and cell wall composition of cellulose. However, taxonomists are still in argument whether they should be under Kingdom Protista or Plantae. What do you think? Give at least two reasons why you would consider them plant or protist. PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​5​ of ​8  ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 2. Last year, eight Filipino scientists were recognized by The 2019 Edition Asian Scientist magazine as best in their fields (Good News Pilipinas). Truly, this shows that Filipino scientists are at par with the best scientists not just in Asia, but in the world. It is of great pride and joy to mention that some leading scientists in the country, then and now, are products of the PSHSS. You may visit the official site of the PSHS National Alumni Association “the Alumni Hub” at https://pshsnaa.roundtablelive.org/page-388108/424643 to check them out. Did someone from the list inspire you or is in the field you are interested in pursuing? What do you think are the qualities of these scholars that are worth emulating? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Note to teacher: ​Truly, the field of taxonomic classification is still very dynamic until now. Please guide the students in answering this part during your Google meet up or chat sessions. Knot In summary: Plants are multicellular and autotrophic eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. 5 To successfully colonize lands, they developed special mins tissues and organs like roots, stems and vascular bundles, and leaves. Other important features include the waxy cuticle and the stomata. To cut their dependency on water during fertilization, they have developed gametangia which keep the gametes and developing embryo from drying out. Plant reproduction occurs through an alternation of generations. GRADED FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Answer the following questions. Encircle your final answer. 1. Which of the following characteristics is NOT always present to all plants? A. cellulose cell wall B. mycorrhizal association C. eukaryotic and autotrophic cells D. gametophyte and sporophyte structures PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​6​ of ​8  2. Which vascular tissue is responsible for transporting products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body? A. bark B. phloem C. stem D. xylem 3. Mycorrhiza is a beneficial relationship between plant roots and fungi. This symbiotic relationship is also known as ______________________. 4. In which stage in alternation of generation is pollination part of? ______________________________________________ 5. Identify one of the challenges faced by plants living in the desert and explain how plants overcome this challenge. ______________________________________________ a​ suggested time allocation set by the teacher b​ actual time spent by the student References: “A Glimpse of Paradise Lost.” (2012, Sep. 28). Archived from http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20110423-332553/A-Glimpse-of-Parad ise-Lost. on June 11, 2014. Campbell, N. A., Taylor, M. R., Reece, J. B., and Mitchell, L. G. (2003) ​Biology concepts and connections.​ (4​th​ ed). San Francisco, CA. Benjamin Cummings. Caves, O. (9 September 2011). ​Mycorrhizae fungus.​ [Image]. Retrieved on July 21, 2020 from ​https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorhizae_fungus_(10333483254).jpg CNX OpenStax. 27 May 2016. ​Biology​. [Labeled diagram of vascular bundle]. Retrieved on July 21, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_30_01_02f.jpg Duckworth, D. (n.d.) ​Kingdom Plantae​. [Presentation] Rustburg High School, Campbell County. Finkelstein, J. (28 April 2006). ​Alternation of generations in ferns​. [Diagram]. Retrieved on July 22, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alternation_of_generations_in_ferns.png Global Plants. 2020. Co, Leonardo (Leonard) Legaspi (1953-2010). [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 July 2020]. Hewitt, Paul G., Lyons, S. A., Suchocki, J. A., & Yeh, J. (2014). ​Conceptual integrated science​. Pearson Education Limited. PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​7​ of ​8  Iwu, M. M. (2002). ​Ethnomedicine and Drug Discovery.​ 1st ed. eBook ISBN: 9780080531250 Kirchoff, B. (n.d). ​Bryophyta Mnium antheridium 05.​ Retrieved on August 4, 2020 from https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/2179efa3-35e8-4bff-8db6-e410233d84d8 Miller K. R. and Levine J. (2002). ​Biology.​ Singapore. Prentice Hall. Pasion, B. (2010, Nov 19). ​Leonardo Co.​ [Photo]. Retrieved on July 21, 2020 from https://iskomunidad.upd.edu.ph/index.php/File:Leonardo_Co.jpg#filelinks​. The Good News Pilipinas Team. (2019, May 7). ​8 Filipino scientists among Asia’s best.​ Retrieved on July 30, 2020 from https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/8-filipino-scientists-among-asias-best/ Wempa, M. (2011, Nov. 17). ​The passion of famed botanist Leonardo Co. Bulatlat.​ Available at:. [Accessed 21 July 2020]. Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by: FABELLA I. TABADERO ROWENA M. LABRADOR REX S. FORTEZA Special Science Teacher III Special Science Teacher IV Special Science Teacher IV Cordillera Administrative Region Western Visayas Campus Central Luzon Campus PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM Integrated Science 2 Page ​8​ of ​8