Body Mechanics Slides PDF

Activity, Body Mechanics & Positioning MSn.Lecturer : Hawra’a Ghannam Alnassar  Physiology of Movement and Alignment Coordinated movement of the body and maintenance of alignment require the integrated functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.  The...

Activity, Body Mechanics & Positioning MSn.Lecturer : Hawra’a Ghannam Alnassar  Physiology of Movement and Alignment Coordinated movement of the body and maintenance of alignment require the integrated functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.  The framework of bones, the joints between them, and cartilage that protects our organs and allows us to move is called the skeletal system.  The framework of bones, the joints between them, and cartilage that protects our organs and allows us to move is called the skeletal system.  Functions of The Skeletal System 1- Supporting the soft tissues of the body (maintains body form and posture). 2- Protecting crucial components of the body (brain, lung, heart, spinal cord). 3- Furnishing surfaces for the attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments, which, in turn, pull on the individual bones and produce movement. 4- Providing storage areas for minerals (such as calcium) and fat. 5- Producing blood cells (hematopoiesis).  Classification of The Joints Joints are classified according to : A- The amount of movement they permit. B- The basis of the material between the adjoining bones. Types of Joints: 1- Synarthrosis joints : are immovable joints consist of fibrous tissue located between bones ( e.g. structures between the bones of the skull) 2- Amphiarthrosis cartilaginous joints : Are slightly movable joints, consist of cartilage located between bones ( e.g. pubic symphysis; joints between bodies of vertebrae) 3- Diarthroses synovial joints : Are freely moving joints that consist synovial fluid in joint cavity.  Nervous System Nerve impulses stimulate muscles to contract by the following mechanism: 1- Nerve cells called neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another. 2- The afferent nervous system conveys information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the central nervous system (CNS) 3- This information is processed by the CNS, leading to a response. 4- The efferent system conveys the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system (e.g., muscles in the arm, wrist, and hand contract, and the fingers brush the fly from the face).  Range of Motion ( ROM) It means the extent or limit to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point; the totality of movement a joint is capable of doing. Types of ROM : 1- Active ROM 2- Active-assistive ROM 3- Passive ROM  Body Mechanics Involves the coordinated efforts of muscles, bones, and the nervous system to maintain balance, posture, and alignment during moving, transferring, and positioning patients. Purposes of Body Mechanics: 1-To facilitate the safe and efficient use of appropriate muscle groups 2-To maintain body balance 3-To reduce the energy required 4-To reduce fatigue 5-To decrease the risk of injury Body Balanced Can Be Greatly Enhanced by: A -Widening the base of support B -Lowering the center of gravity bringing the load closer to the base of support.  Important Terms Body alignment: refers to how the head, shoulders, spine, hips, knees and ankles relate and line up with each other. Proper alignment of the body puts less stress on the spine and helps you have good posture. Posture: position of body parts in relation to each other.  Principles For Proper Body Mechanics 1. Use stronger, larger muscles to perform tasks. 2. When moving heavy objects, try to push or pull. 3. Get help if object feels too heavy to lift 4. Lift in a smooth motion to prevent injury. 5. Maintain a good posture. 6. Avoid twisting the body. 7. Bend knees, keep back straight.  Moving & Positioning Mobility: patients ability to move about freely. Immobility: patients unable to move about freely, all body systems at risk for impairment. Pressure Sores: tissues are compressed, decreased blood supply to area, therefore, decreased oxygen to tissue & cells die.  Proper or Correct Positioning Is maintaining body alignment and comfort, preventing injury to the musculoskeletal system, and providing sensory, motor, and cognitive stimulation. Aim – least possible stress on patient’s joints & skin. Maintain body parts in correct alignment so they remain functional and unstressed. Patients who are immobile need to be repositioned every 2 hrs.  Positioning Patients 1. Fowler’s Position: when the top of the bed is raised up & the legs of the patient may be straight, or either bent at the knees. Several types A. Fowler’s Position (Standard ): the head of the bed is raised up to 45-60° B. Semi-Fowler’s Position: 30-45° C. Low-Fowler’s Position: 15-30° D. High Fowler’s Position: 60-90°  High-Fowler’s Position(60-90° ) Purposes: To eat and drink without risk of choking. To assist patients who have difficulty breathing  Semi-Fowler’s Position (30-45° ) purposes: To comfortably watch television or converse with visitors. After abdominal surgeries to relieve tension on incision. To assist patients who have difficulty breathing.  Low-Fowler’s Position (15-30° ) Purposes: To prevent aspiration during tube feeding.  Orthopedic Position Sitting upright with head of bed elevated 90 degrees or on the side of the bed with feet flat on the floor, patient leaning slightly forward with arms raised and elbows flexed, supported on an over- bed table. Purposes: to assist patient in severe respiratory distress, by allowing chest to expand to maximum capacity for moving air in and out of the lungs  Dorsal Recumbent Position Lying on the back with arms at sides, legs apart, knees bent, and feet flat on the bed. Purposes: For physical examination of abdomen and genitalia, perineal care, examination during labor  Supine Position (dorsal) Lying on the back with arms at sides or cross the abdomen. PURPOSES: For physical examination, resting in bed, undergoing anesthesia  Prone Position: the patient lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side with one or both arms flexed over head. Purposes: 1-useful for unconscious patient. 2-To improve oxygenation in patient with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). 3-To relieve pressure on sacral and hip during & after some surgeries (e.g. mouth & throat).  Lateral Position (side-lying position): lying in the left or right side, supported behind back and between knees and ankles with pillows, in good body alignment. Purposes: 1-for patient comfort and to promote lung and cardiac function. 2-To relieve Pressure on bony prominences of the sacrum.  Sims Position: the patient lies on the left side. The right knee is bent against the abdomen while the left knee is slightly tilted.  The right arm is positioned comfortably in front of the body while the left one is rested behind the body, preferably on the closest part of the buttocks.  Purposes: postpartum, perineal examination & per-rectal examination, and for client receiving enema.  Trendelenburg Position: lying on back with arms at sides, bed positioned so foot is higher than the head.  Purposes:  1-During some abdominal surgeries to shift abdominal contents upward.  2-To promote venous circulation.  Reverse Trendelenburg Position: The head of the bed is raised with the foot lowered. Opposite to Trendelenburg Position. Purpose: To promote stomach emptying and prevent esophageal reflex in client with hernia.  [email protected] THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION