Skeletal System Part 2 PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 07 Skeletal System GROSS ANATOMY Seeley’s ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Thirteenth Edition Cinnamon VanPutte, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom....

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 07 Skeletal System GROSS ANATOMY Seeley’s ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Thirteenth Edition Cinnamon VanPutte, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.  Lecture Outline The skeletal system has many functions including protection of organs, serving as storage for minerals, helping support the body, and helping move the body. It also serves as the location for the production of all types of blood cells. © McGraw Hill, LLC 2  I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BONE ANATOMY 206 bones – average adult skeleton Anatomists use several common terms to describe the features of bones E.g. foramen, canal, fossa, tubercle, process, condyle The bones of the skeleton are divided into axial and appendicular portions © McGraw Hill, LLC 3  ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR BONE FEATURES © McGraw Hill, LLC 4  BONES IN THE ADULT HUMAN SKELETON © McGraw Hill, LLC 5  COMPLETE SKELETON © McGraw Hill, LLC 6  II. AXIAL SKELETON Composed of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage Includes: 1. Skull – 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles 2. Vertebral column – 26 bones 3. Thoracic (rib) cage – 12 pair of ribs, associated cartilage, and sternum © McGraw Hill, LLC 7  II.1. SKULL 22 bones divided into: a. Neurocranium/ Braincase Encloses the cranial cavity Consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones Form the structure of the face 14 facial bones All are paired, except mandible and vomer © McGraw Hill, LLC 8  II.1. SKULL a. Neurocranium/ Braincase 2. Frontal bone- flat bone; makes up the forehead and the upper portion of the eye sockets. 3. Parietal bones- pair of flat bones located on either side of the head, behind the frontal bone. 4. Temporal bones- pair of irregular bones located under each of the parietal bones. 5. Occipital bone- flat bone at the back of the skull; contains an opening that connects the spinal cord to the brain (foramen magnum) 6. Sphenoid bone- irregular bone that sits below the frontal bone 7. Ethmoid bone- irregular bone located in front of the sphenoid bone, makes up part of the nasal cavity © McGraw Hill, LLC 9  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 1. Maxilla 2. Zygomatic bone 3. Palatine 4. Nasal bone 5. Lacrimal 6. Inferior nasal concha 7. Mandible 8. Vomer © McGraw Hill, LLC 10  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 1. Maxilla Jawbone Forms the upper jaw & articulates by sutures to temporal bone; contains the superior teeth © McGraw Hill, LLC 11  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 2. Zygomatic bone Cheekbone Anterior to sphenoid bone Zygomatic Arch: consists of joined processes of temporal & zygomatic bones that forms a bridge across the side of the face and provides a major attachment site for muscle moving the mandible © McGraw Hill, LLC 12  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 3. Palatine Roof of oral cavity that separate the nasal cavity & nasopharynx from the mouth; enables chewing & breathing at the same time; these consist of: Hard Palate: forms the roof of the mouth, which is also the floor of the nasal cavity. Soft Palate: made up of connective tissue & muscles & extend posteriorly from hard palate. : © McGraw Hill, LLC 13  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 4. Nasal bone forms the bridge of the nose; mostly consists of cartilage Nasal Cavity: one of the most prominent openings into the skull. Nasal Septum: divides the nasal cavity into right & left halves; formed by two structures, vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone (superior part). Nasal Conchae: consist of 3 bony shelves (inferior nasal concha is separate bone, and middle & superior nasal concha that project from ethmoid bone) in nasal cavity that increase the surface area which facilitates in moistening and warming of air inhaled through the nose. Paranasal Sinuses – open into the nasal cavity which decrease the weight of the skull & act as resonating chambers during voice production; include frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses © McGraw Hill, LLC 14  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 5. Lacrimal a small bone in the eye sockets, just above the opening of the nasolacrimal canal Orbits / Eye Sockets: cone-shaped fossae in which the eyes rotate within; the bones provide both protection for eyes & attachment point for muscles that move the eyes. Superior & Inferior Orbital Fissures: provide openings through which nerves & blood vessels communicate with the orbit or pass to the face. Optic Foramen: passage of optic nerve entering the cranial cavity. Nasolacrimal Canal: passes from the eye sockets into the nasal cavity which contains a duct that carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity. © McGraw Hill, LLC 15  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 6. Inferior Nasal Concha – a separate bone that forms nasal conchae. © McGraw Hill, LLC 16  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 7. Mandible Forms the lower jaw; contains the inferior teeth. Mandibular Fossa: anterior to mastoid process in which the mandible articulates with temporal. © McGraw Hill, LLC 17  II.1. SKULL b. Viscerocranium/ Facial bones 8. Vomer forms the inferior half of the nasal septum. © McGraw Hill, LLC 18  II.1.a. SKULL (LATERAL VIEW) Parietal and temporal bones : Forms a large portion of the side of the head Join each other at the squamous suture Anteriorly, parietal bone is joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture Posteriorly, parietal bone is joined to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture. Prominent features of temporal bone: External auditory canal Mastoid process Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch Maxilla, mandible © McGraw Hill, LLC 19  II.1.a. SKULL (LATERAL VIEW) Prominent features of temporal bone: External auditory canal Mastoid process Prominent projection posterior to the ear Important neck muscles involved in head rotation attach to the mastoid process Sphenoid bone Part of it can be seen immediately anterior to the temporal bone Resembles a butterfly Zygomatic bone/ Cheekbone Zygomatic arch Maxilla, mandible © McGraw Hill, LLC 20  II.1.b. SKULL (ANTERIOR VIEW) Most prominent structures: Frontal bone, zygomatic bone, maxillae, mandible Most prominent openings: Orbits/eye sockets Cone-shaped fossae Bones of the orbits provide both protection for the eyes and attachment points for the muscles that move the eyes Nasal cavity Divided into halves by the nasal septum Other openings: Superior and inferior orbital fissures Optic foramen Nasolacrimal canal © McGraw Hill, LLC 21  II.1.b. SKULL (ANTERIOR VIEW) Nasal cavity Divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum Nasal septum- formed by 2 structures: a. Vomer bone b. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Each of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity has three bony shelves, called the nasal conchae a. Inferior nasal concha b. Middle nasal concha c. Superior nasal concha Paranasal sinuses Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses Mastoid air cells © McGraw Hill, LLC 22  II.1.c. SKULL (INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CRANIAL CAVITY) When the floor of the cranial cavity is viewed from above with the roof cut away, it can be divided roughly into three cranial fossae (anterior, middle, and posterior) Bones forming the floor of the cranial cavity: Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid- central region- sella turcica Temporal Occipital Foramina in the floor of middle fossa: Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Foramina at the posterior fossa: Foramen magnum © McGraw Hill, LLC 23  II.1.c. SKULL (BASE VIEWED FROM BELOW) Foramen magnum – located in the occipital bone near the center of the skull’s base Occipital condyles- smooth points of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column, are located beside the foramen magnum Styloid processes - project from the inferior surface of the temporal bone; origination point of muscles involved in moving Tongue Hyoid bone Pharynx (Throat) Mandibular fossa- where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone, is anterior to the mastoid process Hard palate Soft palate © McGraw Hill, LLC 24  II.2. HYOID BONE Unpaired, U-shaped bone It is not a part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones The only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone, and is attached to the skull by muscles and ligaments Provide an attachment for: Some tongue muscles Important neck muscles that elevate the larynx/voicebox during speech/swallowing © McGraw Hill, LLC 25  II.3. AUDITORY OSSICLES consist of 6 bones in total, 3 in each middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes). © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  II.4. VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINE The central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of pelvis. In adults, it usually consists of 26 individual bones, grouped in 5 regions: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacral bone, & 1 coccyx bone. Major functions: Supports weight of the head and trunk. Protects the spinal cord. Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord. Provides a site for muscle attachment. Permits movement of the head and trunk. © McGraw Hill, LLC 27  II.4. VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINE © McGraw Hill, LLC 28  II.4. VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINE Major vertebral column curvatures: Anterior curve of cervical & lumbar regions Posterior curve of thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal regions Abnormal vertebral curvatures: Kyphosis – an abnormal posterior curvature of spine, mostly in the upper thoracic region; results in a hunchback condition. Lordosis – an abnormal anterior curvature, mainly in the lumbar region; results in a swayback condition. Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. © McGraw Hill, LLC 29  II.4.a. GENERAL PLAN OF THE VERTEBRA Each vertebra consists of a body, an arch, and different processes. Body – the weight-bearing portion of each vertebra and are separated by pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral disks. Vertebral Arch – surrounds a large opening called vertebral foramen, in which collective forms vertebral canal to enclose & protect the spinal cord from injury; consists of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae. Pedicles – extend from body to the transverse process of each vertebra Laminae – extend from the transverse processes to the spinous process © McGraw Hill, LLC 30  II.4.a. GENERAL PLAN OF THE VERTEBRA Processes provide attachment sites for the muscles that move the vertebral column and include: Spinous Process – one in each vertebra that projects dorsally from where the two laminae (thin plates) meet; can be seen & felt as series of projections down the midline of back. Transverse Processes – extend laterally from each side of the arch, between the pedicle & lamina. Superior & Inferior Articular Process – where the vertebrae articulate with each other; has a smooth “little face” called articular facet. *Intervertebral Foramina – gaps between successive vertebrae which is formed by notches in the pedicles; serves as an exit of spinal nerves from the spinal cord © McGraw Hill, LLC 31  II.4.a. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF THE VERTEBRA © McGraw Hill, LLC 32  Comparison of Vertebral Regions Feature Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Body Absent in C1, small in Medium-sized with Large others articular facets for ribs Transverse process Transverse foramen Articular facets for ribs, Square except T11 and T12 Spinous process Absent in C1, bifid in Long, angled inferiorly Square others, except C7 Articular facets Face superior/inferior Face obliquely Face medial/lateral © McGraw Hill, LLC 33  Cervical Vertebrae 1 (c) Trent Stephens Superior seven vertebrae. Have very small bodies, tend to have bifid spinous processes, and have transverse foramina. Vertebral prominence: most prominent spinous process in area. Usually 7th cervical. Superior articular facets face superiorly; inferior facets face inferiorly. © McGraw Hill, LLC 34  Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis © McGraw Hill, LLC 35  Thoracic Vertebrae Long, thin spinous processes directed inferiorly. Long transverse processes. Articular facets on transverse processes for ribs (first 10 thoracic vertebrae). Facets on body for articulation with ribs. Most ribs have heads that (c) Trent Stephens articulate with two sequential vertebrae. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 36  Lumbar Vertebrae Large thick bodies. Heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes. Superior articular facets face medially; inferior articular facets face laterally. Adds strength. Limits rotation. (c) Trent Stephens © McGraw Hill, LLC 37  Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum. Alae: superior lateral parts of fused transverse processes. Auricular surface: articulates with pelvic bone. Median sacral crest: partially fused spinous processes. Sacral hiatus: site of anesthesia injection. Sacral foramina: intervertebral foramina. Sacral promontory: anterior edge of body of first vertebra. Marks separation of abdominal and pelvic cavities. Coccyx: tailbone; 3-5 semifused vertebrae. © McGraw Hill, LLC 38  Thoracic Cage Functions. Protects vital organs; forms semi-rigid chamber for respiration. Parts. Thoracic vertebrae. Ribs (12 pairs). True ribs: superior seven. Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages. False ribs: inferior five. Ribs 8 to 10 are joined by common cartilage to costal cartilage of rib 7 and then to the sternum. Floating ribs (11 to 12) - do not attach to (c) Trent Stephens sternum. Sternum. © McGraw Hill, LLC 39  Sternum Manubrium. Articulates with first rib and clavicle. Jugular notch superiorly. Sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib articulates here. Body: third through seventh ribs articulate. Also called gladiolus. Xiphoid process: inferior tip. (c) Trent Stephens © McGraw Hill, LLC 40  III. Appendicular Skeleton Girdles. Pectoral. Pelvic. Upper Limbs. Arm. Forearm. Wrist. Hand. Lower Limbs. Thigh. Leg. Foot. © McGraw Hill, LLC 41  Pectoral Girdle: Scapula and Clavicle Scapula. Acromion process. Forms protective cover. Attachment for clavicle. Attachment for muscles. Scapular spine: divides posterior surface into supra- and infraspinous fossae. Coracoid process: attachment for muscles. Glenoid cavity: articulates with humerus. Clavicle: articulates with (d) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education photographer acromion and with manubrium of sternum. © McGraw Hill, LLC 42  Arm: Humerus Head. Neck: anatomic and surgical. Tubercles: greater and lesser. Deltoid tuberosity. Capitulum: rounded, articulates with radius. Trochlea: spool-shaped, (c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education articulates with ulna. Olecranon fossa: accommodates olecranon process of ulna. © McGraw Hill, LLC 43  Forearm: Radius Medial: thumb side. Proximal end. Head rotates in radial notch of ulna. Radial tuberosity: site of biceps brachii insertion. Distal end. Articulates with carpals and ulna. Styloid process. (c2) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 44  Forearm: Ulna Lateral: little finger side. Proximal end. Trochlear notch: fits over trochlea of humerus. Olecranon process: point of elbow. Coronoid process. Distal end. Head articulates with radius and with carpals. Styloid process. (c2) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 45  Surface Anatomy Showing Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb Aaron Roeth/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 46  Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand Wrist and Hand Wrist: eight carpal bones. In order from lateral to medial for proximal row and medial to lateral for distal row: Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb. Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium. As a unit are convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly. Carpal tunnel: on anterior surface. Ligament from tubercle of trapezium to hook of hamate. Hand: five metacarpals (palm of hand); five digits with their phalanges. © McGraw Hill, LLC 47  Pelvic Girdle: Hip Bones and Sacrum Hip bones and sacrum form ring. Pelvis: pelvic girdle and coccyx. Coxal bones: Right and Left. Ilium. Ischium. Pubis. Acetabulum: articulates with head of femur. Obturator foramen. Sacrum. © McGraw Hill, LLC 48  Pelvis © McGraw Hill, LLC 49  Hip Bones Formed as fusion of embryonic ilium, ischium, pubis. All three contribute to acetabulum. Ilium: iliac crest, anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, greater sciatic notch, auricular surface, sacroiliac joint, iliac fossa. Ischium: ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch, ischial spine, ischial ramus. Pubis: pubic crest, superior and inferior pubic rami, symphysis pubis (pubic symphysis). Pelvic brim. False (greater pelvis) pelvis superior to brim. True pelvis inferior to brim. Pelvic inlet. Pelvic outlet. (c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 50  True and False Pelvises In Males and Females © McGraw Hill, LLC 51  Differences Between Male and Female Pelvises TABLE 7.12 Differences Between the Male Pelvis and the Female Pelvis (see figure 7.41) Area Description General In females, somewhat lighter in weight and wider laterally but shorter superiorly to inferiorly and less funnel-shaped; less obvious muscle attachment points in females Sacrum Broader in females, with the inferior part directed more posteriorly; the sacral promontory does not project as far anteriorly in females Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped in males; oval in females Pelvic outlet Broader and more shallow in females Subpubic angle Less than 90 degrees in males; 90 degrees or more in females Ilium More shallow and flared laterally in females Ischial spines Farther apart in females Ischial tuberosities Turned laterally in females and medially in males © McGraw Hill, LLC 52  Thigh: Femur Femur. Head: articulates with Right Femur acetabulum. Neck. Trochanters: attachment for muscles that fasten lower extremity to hip. Greater and lesser. Distal condyles: articulate with tibia. Medial and lateral. Epicondyles: ligament attachment. Medial and lateral. (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 53  Thigh: Femur Right Patella Patella or kneecap: sesamoid bone. In tendon of quadriceps femoris. Changes force relationship between femur and tibia. (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education © McGraw Hill, LLC 54  Leg: Tibia and Fibula Tibia. Larger and supports most of weight. Tibial tuberosity: attachment of quadriceps femoris. Anterior crest: shin. Condyles: medial and lateral; articulate with condyles of femur. Intercondylar eminence. Medial malleolus: medial side of ankle. Fibula. Articulates with tibia not femur. Lateral malleolus: lateral wall of (c2) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education ankle. © McGraw Hill, LLC 55  Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges Tarsals (7). Ankle bones. Proximal row: Navicular, Talus, Calcaneus. Distal row: Medial, Intermediate and Lateral Cuneiforms. Metatarsals (5). Phalanges: toes; 5 digits with their phalanges. Hallux = great toe. © McGraw Hill, LLC 56  Arches of the Foot Function. Distribute weight of body between heel and ball of foot: weight transferred from the tibia and fibula to the talus. From there, the weight is distributed first to the calcaneus then through the arch system along the lateral side of the foot to the ball (head of the metatarsals). Footprint in wet sand: only heel, lateral margin, ball, and toes of foot imprinted. Three major arches. Longitudinal arches: Medial and lateral. Transverse arch. © McGraw Hill, LLC 57  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. © McGraw Hill, LLC No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.