Skeletal System Part 1 PDF

The Skeletal System  The bones of the human skeleton are divided into two groups. 1)The axial skeleton includes all the bones along the body’s long axis. 2)The bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder girdl...

The Skeletal System  The bones of the human skeleton are divided into two groups. 1)The axial skeleton includes all the bones along the body’s long axis. 2)The bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder girdle, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs. The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6  Bones are composed of about 50% water and 50% a solid, calcified, rigid substance known as osseous (AH see us) tissue. 1. Bones provide shape, support, and the framework of the body. 2. Bones protect internal organs. 3. Bones serve as a storage place for minerals such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus. 4. Bones play an important role in hematopoiesis (hee MAT ah poh EE siss)… the formation of blood cells that takes place in bone marrow. 5. Bones provide a place to attach muscles. 6. Bones make movement possible through articulation (manner in which the parts come  Bones of the Human Body Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Spongy bone Figure 5.2b Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3 Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1  Bones can be classified by shape. 4 of those classifications are: LONG bones include the femur (thigh), tibia (larger shin), fibula (smaller shin bone), humerus (upper arm), radius (larger forearm), and ulna (smaller forearm).  Bones can be classified by shape. 4 of those classifications are: SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankle. Bones can be classified by shape. 4 of those classifications are: FLAT bones include the skull, sternum (breastbone), and scapula (shoulder bone).  Bones can be classified by shape. 4 of those classifications are: IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine), and pelvic.  The features in this long bone illustrate those found in all bones. Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) - growing end Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) - shaft Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) - outside covering Medullary (MED ul air ee)- inner space containing bone marrow Endosteum (en DOS tee um)- lining of medullary cavity Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c  Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a Skull The skull consists of the cranial bones and the facial skeleton. The cranial bones compose the top and back of the skull and enclose the brain. The facial skeleton, as its name suggests, makes up the face of the skull. The Skull Figure 5.7 Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11  The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14  The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a–b Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20c–d  Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.24a–b  The leg has two bones Bones Tibia of the Lower Limbs Fibula Figure 5.24c  Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 Joint Movements Joint.