Skeletal System Final PDF

SKELETAL SYSTEM  SKELETAL SYSTEM -Objective After you finish this presentation you should be able to : Mention the function of the skeletal system Define the Axial skeleton Define the Appendicular skeleton Identify types of bones Know the shape of the...

SKELETAL SYSTEM  SKELETAL SYSTEM -Objective After you finish this presentation you should be able to : Mention the function of the skeletal system Define the Axial skeleton Define the Appendicular skeleton Identify types of bones Know the shape of the skeletal system  INTRODUCTION The skeletal system is all of bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligament and cartilage that connect them. There are about 300 bones in babies but they then fuse to become 206 bones in adults.  THE FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The functions of the skeletal system are : 1. Protection 2. Support 3. Movement 4. Providing the shape of the body 5. Producing blood 6. Storing minerals  1- PROTECTION The skeletal system help in protect our internal organs such as : oThe skull protect the brain and eyes oThe rib cage protects the heart and lungs oThe vertebrae protect the spinal cord  2- SUPPORT The main function of the skeletal system is to provide support for our body.  3- MOVEMENT Body movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal system * Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Bones are connected together by ligament. Where Bones meet one another is typically called a joint.  4- PROVIDE THE SHAPE OF THE BODY Without bones our bodies would collapse.  THE BONE COMPOSITION Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms i.e. compact, or dense and spongy or cancellous bone. Most bones contain both types. Compact bone is dense, hard and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones. Spongy bone is in the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bones occurs in most bones. The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of organic salt mostly (calcium and phosphorous) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibres and ground substances to give the flexibility.  5- PRODUCING BLOOD Blood cells are produced by the marrow. Located in some bones. Averages of 206 million RBCs are produced each second by bone marrow to replace those destroyed by the liver.  6- STORAGE MINERALS Bones serve as storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is present in the blood , build up will occur within the bones. When the supply of these minerals within the blood is low , it will be withdrawn from the bones to replenish the supply.  COMPACT BONE  It is a type of connective tissue  OTHER TISSUES FOUND IN BONE  Bone marrow  Endosteum  Periosteum  Nerves  Blood vessels  Cartilage DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The human skeleton is divided into two parts : 1. The Axial Skeleton 2. The Appendicular Skeleton THE AXIAL SKELETON  THE AXIAL SKELETON It consist of bones that form the axis of the body , support and protect the organs of the head , neck and trunk. It consist of : 1. The Skull 2. The vertebral column* 3. The ribs 4. The sternum  THE AXIAL SKELETON 1. The Skull It is a bony structure the head in the skeleton, which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. It is the bony frame work of the head. It is comprised of eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones. The  THE AXIAL SKELETON 2. The Vertebral Column : It consist of about 33 irregular shaped bones called vertebrae. And they are divided into five groups. Depending on where there are located in the back bone.  Body Vertebral Pedicle foramen Transvers process Superior articular facet Spinous process  THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Group Location Numbe r 1- Cervical vertebrae The back of the neck 7* 2-Thoracic vertebrae The back of the chest 12-13 3-Lumbar vertebrae* The back of the 7at animal abdomen 5 at human 4-Sacral vertebrae* The back of the pelvic 3-4 at Childs 5-Coccyx * The end of the back 3-5 (tail-bone) (Caudal)  THE AXIAL SKELETON 3. The Ribs They are thin ,flat ,curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body. They are comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs. They are divided into three groups.  THE AXIAL SKELETON i- True ribs : They are the first seven pairs of the ribs. They are connected to the back-bone in the back They are connected in the front directly with sternum.  THE AXIAL SKELETON ii- False ribs : They are the next three pairs of the ribs. They are slightly shorter than the true ribs. They are connected to the back-bone at the back and not directly connected with sternum in front  THE AXIAL SKELETON iii- Floating ribs : They are the last two sets of the rib bones. They are smaller than both of true and false ribs They are attached to the back-bone at the back and not connected to anything in the front.  THE AXIAL SKELETON 4. The Sternum It is a flat , dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest along with the ribs. It forms the rib cage that protect the heart lung ,and major blood vessels from damage. The Sternum THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON  THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON It composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular means a part that is joined to something larger It consist of : 1. The upper limbs 2. The lower limbs 3. The shoulder girdle 4. The pelvic girdle  1- THE UPPER LIMBS It is the region in an animal extending from the deltoid muscles region to the hand it consist of : I. The arm called humerus II. The fore-arm called radius and ulna III. The hand  GREATER AND LESSER TUBERCLES  On the lateral side of the humerus, there is an expanded bony area called the greater tubercle. The smaller, lesser tubercle of the humerus is found on the anterior aspect.  Both the greater and lesser tubercles serves as attachment sites for muscles that act across the shoulder joint.  2- THE LOWER LIMBS It is the entire lower extremity or limb of the human body. it consist of : I. the thigh called femur II. the leg called tibia and fibula III. the foot (hind-limb)  3- THE SHOULDER GIRDLE It is the set of bones which connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side. The shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle) is composed of four bones : o Two clavicles o Two scapulae The shoulder girdle  4- THE PELVIC GIRDLE It is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs. It also called the hip girdle It is composed of two coxal bones There is different between the male pelvis and female pelvis TYPES OF BONES  TYPES OF BONES the bone of the body fall into four general categories : 1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Irregular bones 4. Flat bone  1- LONG BONES  Feature :they are longer than they are wide  Location : in the appendicular skeleton in the upper limbs and lower limbs  Function : they hold the body weight and facillitate movement  2- SHORT BONES feature : they are short, cube shape Location : in the wrists and in the ankles Functions:  Their primary function is to provide support and stability with limited motion  3- SESAMOID  Features: very small bones and less rounded  Location: embedded in tendons and they can be found on joints throughout the body  Function: to modify pressure and to diminish friction  4- FLAT BONES  Flat bones are thin and flat bones may be slightly curved.  Their main function is to either protect your internal organs or to provide a connection point for your muscles.  These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in skull (cranium), pelvis (ilium), sternum and rib cage.  5- IRREGULAR BONES  They are all types of bones that do not fall under any of the previous categories.  They have varied shapes, size , and surface features , and include the bone of the vertebrae and few bones in skull.  They are 33 bones in the body. The spine is the place in the human body where most irregular bones can be found. DISEASES  OSTEOPOROSIS What is osteoporosis? It’s a disease where the density and quality of bone are reduced. As a result the bone will become more porous and fragile, so the risk of bone breaking is more.  CAUSES OF OSTEOPOROSIS  Age  Lack of hormones  Genetics  Body size  Calcium intake  Alcohol  Lack of activity  SYMPTOMS  Back pain  Loss of height over time  Stooped posture  Bone break easily  TREATMENT  Eating meals rich of calcium  Taking vitamin D  Excersizing  Stop drinking and smoking  ARTHRITIS Arthritis is a joint disorder where inflammation occurs at the joints There are many types of arthritis such as:  Gout  Rheumatoid  CAUSES  Reduction in normal amount of cartilage tissue  An inflammation or injury to the joints  Attack of the body immune system to the tissues  SYMPTOMS  Pain  Limited joints function  Joint stiffness  Swelling  Redness  Tenderness in the joints  TREATMENT  Surgeries  Home remedies  Medications  Joint injection  Some forms of arthritis involve weight reduction  SCOLIOSIS What is Scoliosis? It’s a disorder that causes abnormal curve in the spine or backbone Most people with scoliosis live normally, but in severe scoliosis have unnatural spine curvature.  CAUSES  Birth defect  Childs growth  Aging  Injury  Previous spine surgery  SYMPTOMS  One shoulder blade that’s higher than the other  Uneven hips  A rotating spine  Back pain  Problems breathing because of reduced area in the chest for lungs to expand  TREATMENT Treatment depend on severity  Bracing  Surgical operation We Finished !