Bayelsa State School of Nursing and Midwifery 2024 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

BAYELSA STATE SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TOMBIA, YENAGOA. 13 March, 2024. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 (MID 111) SECTION A SECTION A: PICK...

BAYELSA STATE SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TOMBIA, YENAGOA. 13 March, 2024. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 (MID 111) SECTION A SECTION A: PICK THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER FROM THE LIST OF OPTIONS GIVEN. 1. The tendency of an offspring to resemble its parent is known as a. Variation b. Heredity c. Resemblance d. Inheritance 2. Who is known as the “Father of Genetics”? a. Morgan b. Mendel c. Watson d. Bateson 3. The alternate form of a gene is a. Alternate type b. Recessive character c. Dominant character d. Allele 4. The crossing of F1 to either of the parents is known as a. Test cross b. Back cross c. F1 cross d. All of the above 5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the “law of segregation”? a. Law of segregation is the law of purity of genes b. Alleles separate from each other during gametogenesis c. Segregation of factors is due to the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis d. All of the above 1 6. An exception to Mendel’s law is a. Independent assortment b. Linkage c. Dominance d. Purity of gametes 7. The smallest unit of genetic material which produces a phenotypic effect on mutation is a. Muton b. Gene c. Recon d. Nucleic acid 8. Mendel’s findings were rediscovered by a. Correns b. De Vries c. Tschermark d. All 9. Alleles are a. Alternate forms of genes b. Linked genes c. Chromosomes that have crossed over d. Homologous chromosomes 10. Cystic fibrosis is a. Sex-linked recessive disorder b. Autosomal dominant disorder c. Autosomal recessive disorder d. Sex-linked dominant disorder 11. How many phenotypes can occur in the human blood group ABO with alleles IA IB i? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1 12. The lymphatic system consists of all the following except: a. blood b. lymph nodes c. lymphatic vessels d. lymph 2 13. Which of the following applies to the thoracic duct? a. it drains the entire body above the diaphragm b. it empties its contents into the subclavian vein c. it carries blood into the lymphatic system d. it arises in the vessels of the brain 14. Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries because lymphatic capillaries a. have the same permeability as blood capillaries b. lead to the vena cava c. have a lining of endothelium d. are thick-walled tubes 15. The T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are the major cells of the a. lymph nodes b. lymphatic vessels c. adrenal gland d. thymus 16. All the following are important functions of the lymph nodes except a. they serve as sites for production of antibodies b. they remove foreign material phagocytized by macrophages c. they are the sites where antigens stimulate the immune system d. they function in the production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils 17. Lymph nodes may be located in the human body in the tissues of the a. stomach and brain b. groin and neck c. ventricle and atrium d. thyroid gland and adrenal gland 3 18. In the human body, the thymus is located a. along the femoral artery b. in the medulla oblongata c. in the mediastinum of the upper thorax d. between the 19th and 20th vertebrae 19. The movement of fluid through the lymphatic vessels is assisted by a. pressure from the right ventricle b. pressure of contracting skeletal muscles c. movement of phagocytes such as macro phages d. movement of red blood cells 20. Which of these bones fits into the glenoid cavity in a ball and socket joint? a. Ischial tuberosity b. Acetabulum c. Head of femur d. Head of the Humerus 21. ________ is loss of motor power (power of movement). a. Atrophy b. Photolysis c. Paralysis d. Haemolysis 22. Living Anatomy is best studied by the following EXCEPT a. Autopsy b. Percussion c. Electromyography d. Endoscopy 23. One of these genetic defects is X-linked recessive a. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy b. Haemophilia c. Down’s syndrome d. Huntington’s diseases 24. All EXCEPT one is true of Cadaveric study of Anatomy a. Can be study in regional and systemic way b. Regional study involves; arthrology, angiology, splanchnology, myology and articulatory. c. Uses dead embalmed bodies d. Also referred to as gross Anatomy 25. Which part of the human skeleton do we sit on? a. Ischial tuberosity b. Iliac crest c. Pelvic bone d. Hip bone 26. The prenatal developmental changes in an individual that occurs historically is called? a. Phylogeny b. Ontogeny c. Embryology d. Physiology 4 27.One of these refers to the paralysis of both the lower limbs a. Anaesthesia b. Monoplegia c. Quadriplegia d. Paraplegia SECTION B INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION 1AI. What is hereditary? - - - - - [1 Mark] 1AII. Write short note on the human genome- - - [1 Mark] 1BI. Give a schematic illustration of gene expression - [3 Marks] 1BII. Comment on the following terms i. Lithotomy position ii. Opposition of thumb iii. Anastomosis [1 Mark each X 3 = 3 Marks] 1C. Draw and label clearly the diagram of the Human Humerus. [2 Marks] 2A. When studying rare disorders, 6 general patterns of inheritance are observed. Comment on them with examples of complications respectively. [2 marks each × 6 = 12 marks] 2B. The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, ducts, nodes, and other tissues. Write vividly on the functions of the lymphatic system. [2 marks each × 3 = 6 marks] Answers to the theory questions 1AI. [1 Mark] 5 1AII [1 Mark] THE HUMAN GENOME 1BI [3 Marks] A schematic representation of how genes are express to make up an organism’s traits 1BIIi. Lithotomy position: Person lying on her back with legs up and feet supported in straps. This position is mostly used during delivery of the baby. [1 Mark] 1BIIii. Opposition of thumb: When tip of thumb touches the tips of any of the fingers. [1 Mark] 1BIIiii. Anastomosis is a precapillary or postcapillary communication between the neighbouring vessels [1 Mark] 1C. [2 Marks] 6 ANSWER Q2A [2 marks each × 6 = 12 marks] 7 8 ANSWER FOR Q2B [2 marks each × 3 = 6 marks] 9 The lymph system has three main functions. 1. Fluid balance The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance. It returns excess fluid and proteins from the tissues that cannot be returned through the blood vessels. The fluid is found in tissue spaces and cavities, in the tiny spaces surrounding cells, known as the interstitial spaces. These are reached by the smallest blood and lymph capillaries. Around 90 percent of the plasma that reaches tissues from the arterial blood capillaries is returned by the venous capillaries and back along veins. The remaining 10 percent is drained back by the lymphatics. Each day, around 2-3 litres is returned. This fluid includes proteins that are too large to be transported via the blood vessels. Loss of the lymphatic system would be fatal within a day. Without the lymphatic system draining excess fluid, our tissues would swell, blood volume would be lost and pressure would increase. 2. Absorption Most of the fats absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract are taken up in a part of the gut membrane in the small intestine that is specially adapted by the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system has tiny lacteals in this part of the intestine that form part of the villi. These finger-like protruding structures are produced by the tiny folds in the absorptive surface of the gut. Lacteals absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins to form a milky white fluid called chyle. This fluid contains lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids. It delivers nutrients indirectly when it reaches the venous blood circulation. Blood capillaries take up other nutrients directly. 10 3. The immune system The third function is to defend the body against unwanted organisms. Without it, we would die very soon from an infection. Our bodies are constantly exposed to potentially hazardous micro-organisms, such as infections. The body’s first line of defense involves: 1. physical barriers, such as the skin 2. toxic barriers, such as the acidic contents of the stomach 3. “friendly” bacteria in the body However, pathogens often do succeed in entering the body despite these defenses. In this case, the lymphatic system enables our immune system to respond appropriately. If the immune system is not able to fight off these micro-organisms, or pathogens, they can be harmful and even fatal. A number of different immune cells and special molecules work together to fight off the unwanted pathogens. SILAS, M. MATTHIAS 11