Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide Spring 2025 PDF

**Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide** \*\*DO NOT GOOGLE ANSWERS! Sometimes you will find inconsistencies between the textbook material and the internet. Exam questions will be based on TEXTBOOK material! \*\*Any Notes and/or explanations that are written in the study...

**Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide** \*\*DO NOT GOOGLE ANSWERS! Sometimes you will find inconsistencies between the textbook material and the internet. Exam questions will be based on TEXTBOOK material! \*\*Any Notes and/or explanations that are written in the study guides are testable material \*\*\* **You do NOT have to submit your answers to me**. **How to complete the Study Guide questions** The Study Guide questions are grouped by textbook Chapter sections and are listed in the order that they appear in the reading. Complete the questions as follows: 1\) Read the textbook section. This is important because it will give you the context and background needed to understand and answer the questions. 2\) Go to the questions for that section and re-read the section while answering the questions. 3\) Answer the questions very carefully. 75% of the exam questions are based on the information in the Chapter Study Guides. Most of the exam questions **will not be** asked word for word from the Study Guide questions but will be based upon the information. **NOTE**: The Study Guide questions are for your benefit and should be used as a valuable study tool. You do NOT have to submit your answers to me. **EXAMPLE**: **Question 5 in Section 1.2 asks: What is the scientific method**? The answer is: The **scientific method** is a system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation. Questions that could be asked: A\) The **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is a system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation. (**ANSWER: scientific method**) B\) A system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (**ANSWER: scientific method**) C\) What is the name of the systematic method of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation? (**ANSWER: scientific method**) **Section 1-1** To make the most of your learning, read the text and view the art together Read section. No questions. **Section 1-2** Anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are closely integrated 1\) What is the difference between *anatomy* and *physiology*? 2\) Define *gross (microscopic)* and *microscopic anatomy*. 3\) Define *histology*. 4\) What is the difference between a *sign* and a *symptom*. Give examples of each. 5\) What is the *scientific method*? **Section 1-3** Levels of organization progress from chemicals to complete organisms 1\) List the levels of organization from most simple to most complex. 2\) List what each organizational level is comprised of (ie: Tissue: comprised of similar cells which work together) 3\) Use the information in **Spotlight Figure 1-2 Levels of Organization: the Organ Sytems** to answer the following: Name the 12 organ systems and list the organs that belong to each. FYI: this figure separates the male and female reproductive systems, due to the various structures that comprise each. This is why I am asking for 12 organ systems, instead of 11. **Section 1-4** Medical terminology is important to understanding anatomy and physiology 1\) What are *Terminologia Anatomica* (TA), *Terminologia Histologica* (TH), and *Terminologia Embryologica* (TE) , and why are they important? **Section 1-5** Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections 1\) Describe the stance of a body in the *anatomical position*. 2\) Learning anatomical terms of body regions is imperative when describing specific parts of the body amongst healthcare professionals. When studying the course material this semester, you will see many of the scientific terms that are listed below. Knowledge of these anatomical terms will facilitate learning and understanding of topics that we will cover in subsequent chapters this semester. Use the textbook **Figure 1-3** **Anatomical Landmarks** to complete this question. -What is the common name for the following scientific terms. (ie: popliteal refers to the back of the knee) 1\) acromial 11) femoral 2\) antebrachial 12) inguinal 3\) axillary 13) ocular 4\) brachial 14) olecranal 5\) buccal 15) otic 6\) calcaneal 16) pedal 7\) carpal 17) plantar 8\) cephalic 18) popliteal 9\) cervical 19) tarsal 10\) cranial 20) thoracic 4\) What is the difference between *anatomical quadrants* and *anatomical regions*? Which one would give a more precise location of a structure? 5\) Define the following directional references and understand how they are properly used when describing one body region in comparison to another. (ie: distal means "away from an attached base" and proximal means "closer to an attached base". In general, the "base" is the trunk of the body. Therefore, the tarsals are distal to the patella, which means that the ankle bones are further away from the trunk of the body than the kneecap is.) a\) proximal/distal d) anterior/posterior b\) medial/lateral e) dorsal/ventral c\) cranial/caudal f) superficial/deep 6\) What body parts are separated when cut by a *frontal/coronal section*? 7\) What body parts are separated when cut by a *sagittal section*? What is a *parasagittal* section? 8\) What body parts are separated when cut by a *transverse section*? **Section 1-6** Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape 1\) What *muscular sheet* separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? 2\) Which two cavities are located within the *thoracic cavity*? 3\) Which organ is found in the *pericardial cavity*? 4\) Which organ is found in the *pleural cavity*? 5\) What does the *peritoneal cavity* surround? 6\) Which serous membrane type covers organs? Which serous membrane type lines body cavities? 7\) What is the function of *serous fluid*? 8\) The kidneys and pancreas are positioned retroperitoneally. Where in the body does *retroperitoneal* describe? **Section 1-7** Physiological Processes Continuously Regulate Homeostasis 1\) Define *homeostasis*. 2\) What is the difference between *autoregulation* and *extrinsic regulation*? 3\) When describing homeostatic regulation, what are the functions of *receptors*, *control centers*, and *effectors*? 4\) Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? **Section 1-8** Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback enhances them 1\) Describe the functions of *positive* and *negative feedback*. Do most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve positive or negative feedback? 2\) What type of feedback mechanism is used for *thermoregulation*? 3\) What type of feedback mechanism is *blood clotting*? 4\) What is *dynamic equilibrium*?